C/C复合材料与石墨材料干态摩擦磨损行为

在M-2000型摩擦磨损实验机上,以GCr15钢为配副,对石墨材料和C/C复合材料在干态条件下的滑动摩擦进行研究。结果表明:C/C复合材料的摩擦系数和体积磨损均比石墨材料的低。具有光滑层炭结构 (SL) 的C/C复合材料的摩擦系数和体积磨损量比具有粗糙层结构 (RL) 的C/C复合材料低;低密度石墨的摩擦系数和体积磨损量比高密度石墨材料高。随时间延长,RL结构的C/C复合材料摩擦系数在60、80、200 N时有小幅度的增长,另三种则下降; SL结构的C/C复合材料摩擦系数除60 N外基本保持平稳;石墨材料的摩擦系数随时间延长表现出增长趋势。SEM观察表明: RL结构的C/C复合材料摩擦表面随载荷增加而趋向完整,SL结构的C/C复合材料的摩擦表面随载荷增加变化不大。而高密度石墨摩擦表面比密度低的石墨完整。C/C复合材料比石墨更适宜用作航空发动机轴间密封材料。      

真空吸注法制备C/SiC摩擦材料及其性能

以针刺碳毡为预制体,将成品SiC粉末、酚醛树脂机械搅拌成混合浆液,采用真空吸注法制备C/SiC摩擦材料,测定了不同SiC含量摩擦材料的致密性,利用销盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同接触载荷工况下C/SiC摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能,并采用USB电子显微镜观察其表面磨损形貌。研究结果表明:C/SiC复合材料的磨损率随着SiC含量的增加呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,其摩擦系数呈增加趋势,但随着接触载荷的增加其磨损率、摩擦系数均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势。综合比较,当SiC含量为25%时,其复合材料的致密性、摩擦性能最好,磨损率为2.3×10~(-7)g·N~(-1)m~(-1),摩擦系数为0.42,密度达到1.28g/cm~3。     

添加石墨对热压法制备C/C复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

以表面酚醛树脂包覆处理过的石墨颗粒,硝酸氧化处理的炭纤维和沥青为原料,经热压烧结制备短切炭纤维增强沥青基C/C复合材料,利用环一块磨损试验机对材料进行了摩擦磨损实验,借助SEM观察样品的磨痕和磨屑,研究了不同石墨含量对样品摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明,随着石墨含量的增多,样品的密度和弯曲强度逐渐提高,同时在摩擦磨损表面形成具有自润滑作用的摩擦膜,有利于降低磨损量,并保持摩擦系数的稳定.添加适量的石墨可获得摩擦磨损性能优良的C/C复合材料.     

C/ C坯体对 C/ C2Cu复合材料摩擦磨损行为的影响

采用无压熔渗方法制备炭纤维整体织物/炭2铜 (C/ C2Cu) 复合材料 , 在 MM22000型环2块摩擦磨损试验机上考察复合材料的摩擦磨损性能 , 利用扫描电子显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌 , 研究 C/ C坯体对材料的摩擦磨损行为的影响及机制。结果表明 : 随着 C/ C坯体密度的增加 , 摩擦系数及 C/ C2Cu材料自身和对偶的磨损量均降低 ; 采用浸渍/炭化 ( I/ C) 坯体的 C/ C2Cu材料摩擦系数及自身和对偶件的磨损量均高于采用化学气相渗透(CVI) 坯体的试样; 摩擦面平行于纤维取向的试样摩擦系数低于垂直于纤维取向的试样 , 但磨损率较高。     

Mo_2C改性C/C-Cu复合材料的组织及载流摩擦磨损性能

采用熔盐法在低密度炭/炭(C/C)坯体内孔表面制备了Mo_2C涂层,然后通过无压熔渗制备了C/C-Cu复合材料,研究了C/C-Cu复合材料的组织结构及载流摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:熔融Cu可自发渗入制备了Mo_2C内涂层的C/C坯体,复合材料中Cu相与C/C坯体形成相互贯穿的连通网络结构,Mo_2C涂层与Cu和热解炭(PyC)间均有良好的界面结合,反应生成Mo_2C过程中的催化石墨化及应力石墨化共同作用使C/C-Cu复合材料中Mo_2C涂层附近PyC的有序度提高。随载荷增大,C/C-Cu复合材料的摩擦系数逐渐降低,体积磨损率增大,而对偶的质量损失逐渐降低;载荷较大时材料磨损表面被摩擦膜覆盖的面积增大,但因粘着磨损摩擦膜的粗糙程度提高。材料磨损过程中还发生了氧化磨损,且载荷增大磨损表面O含量提高。     

不同转速及载荷下炭/炭复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

在MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机上,对3K炭布叠层结构的炭/炭(C/C)复合材料进行低能条件下的摩擦磨损实验,用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面形貌进行观察分析.结果表明:在于摩擦条件下,随转速增加,复合材料的摩擦系数降低,磨损量增大.随载荷增加,复合材料的摩擦系数降低,磨损量增大.摩擦初始时主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,润滑膜产生后主要磨损机理为疲劳磨损.炭/炭复合材料在低能条件下的磨损是正常磨损,其摩擦系数在0.1～0.2,温度在0～100℃之间.     

C/C复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

综述了国内外对C/C复合材料摩擦磨损性能的研究现状.指出C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损机理为机械磨损和氧化磨损,在高温下(500℃以上)C/C复合材料的磨损是机械磨损和氧化磨损共同作用的结果,而氧化是磨损的根本原因;影响C/C复合材料摩擦磨损性能的因素有材料本身的因素,如复合材料的热解炭结构、密度、石墨化度、防氧化涂层等,也有实际操作条件的因素如刹车环境、刹车过程中的刹车速度、刹车能量等.提出对不同工艺制备的C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损性能有待于进一步研究.     

低能载条件下C/C复合材料滑动摩擦磨损性能

采用MM-200型环-块摩擦磨损试验机测试了针刺碳毡增强C/C复合材料试样在不同载荷和转速条件下的摩擦磨损性能,借助数码显微镜和扫描电镜观察分析了摩擦表面形貌。结果表明:当转速较低时,摩擦系数比较稳定,磨损率随载荷提高而增大;当转速较高时,低载荷试样摩擦系数不大,磨损率有所增加,而高载荷试样的摩擦系数在5分钟左右时出现峰值然后回落并保持稳定,磨损率急剧增加,说明磨损机制发生变化;摩擦面平行于X-Y向的C/C复合材料磨损率较小,具有较好的摩擦磨损性能。     

石墨化度对2.5D碳/碳复合材料在低能条件下的摩擦学性能影响

在MM-200型摩擦磨损实验机上,对2.5D编织结构的不同石墨化度的碳/碳(C/C)复合材料进行低能条件下的摩擦磨损实验,用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面形貌进行了观察分析.结果表明:石墨化温度升高到一定值之后,可使摩擦系数下降,而试样的摩擦系数不稳定,相应磨损量也会增大.在摩擦初始时,摩擦系数呈现交错变化,随时间的推移,摩擦系数出现分化,石墨化度高的试样摩擦系数较低,当石墨化度增加50%时,磨损率增加0.05%,磨损量变化不是很大.石墨化程度以及石墨化的均匀程度都对材料的摩擦磨损性能有很大影响.     

稀土镧催化热解二甲苯制备炭/炭复合材料的导热与摩擦性能

采用薄膜沸腾CVI以LaCl_3催化热解二甲苯、浸渍树脂及高温处理后获得密度为1. 72～1. 73 g/cm~3的炭/炭(C/C)复合材料,应用激光热导仪、摩擦试验机及扫描电镜等研究了催化剂含量对材料导热和摩擦性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂含量由0增加至15 wt%时,材料的热导率先升高后降低,摩擦系数及磨损率的变化与之相反。含量6 wt%下材料的导热性能较高,垂直与平行摩擦面方向的热导率最大分别为40. 3和86. 1 W/(m·K),较含量为0时提高约58. 5%和75. 6%;制动过程中,摩擦面易于形成纳米丝状碳增强的光滑摩擦膜,是该含量下材料摩擦系数和磨损较低、制动稳定性高的重要原因。     

Friction and wear properties of polyphenyl ester and graphite filler in the carbon fibre‐reinforced ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene composites

Ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reinforced with carbon fibre (CF) underwent an enhancement of heat and wear resistant with the addition of polyphenyl ester (POB) and graphite, respectively. The effect of graphite content on the tribological properties of the composites was studied. The wear surface was examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the sliding wear tests showed that with graphite loading, wear resistance increased and the coefficient of friction was much more stable. In addition, graphite improved the tribological properties of the composite. Hardness, impact strengths and thermal stability of the composites were enhanced. With increased load, the wear rate of the ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene+carbon fibre+polyphenyl ester+10 % graphite composite tended to increase, whereas the coefficient of friction decreased. The adherence and plastic deformation were dominant wear mechanisms for the ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene+carbon fibre+polyphenyl ester+graphite composites. The formation of a thin and uniform transfer film was observed.     

炭纤维增强C/SiC双基体复合材料的制备及性能(英文)

以针刺炭纤维整体毡为预制体,联用化学气相沉积法与熔融渗硅法制得炭纤维增强C/SiC双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材料;研究了C/C-Si材料的显微结构、力学性能和不同制动速度下的摩擦磨损性能及机理。结果表明:C/C-SiC材料具有适中的纤维/基体界面结合强度,弯曲强度和压缩强度分别达240MPa和210MPa,具有摩擦系数高(0.41～0.54),磨损小(0.02cm3/MJ),摩擦性能稳定等特点.随着制动速度提高,C/C-Si材料的摩擦磨损机制也随之变化:在低速制动条件下主要表现为磨粒磨损;中速时以黏着磨损为主;高速时以疲劳磨损和氧化磨损为主。     

Preparation, Properties and Application of C/C-SiC Composites Fabricated by Warm Compacted-in situ Reaction

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and SiC dual matrices composites (C/C-SiC) show superior tribological properties, high thermal shock resistance and good abrasive resistance, and they are promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. The microstructure, mechanical properties, friction and wear properties, and application of the C/C-SiC composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction were introduced. The results indicated that the composites were composed of 50-60 wt pct carbon, 2-10 wt pct residual silicon and 30-40 wt pct silicon carbide. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibited good mechanical properties. The value of flexural strength and compressive strength could reach 160 and 112 MPa, respectively. The impact strength was about 2.5 kJ·m^-2. The C/C-SiC brake composites showed excellent tribological performance, including high coefficient of friction (0.38), good abrasive resistance (1.10 μm/cycle) and brake steadily on dry condition. The tribological properties on wet condition could be mostly maintained. The silicon carbide matrix in C/C-SiC brake composites improved the wear resistance, and the graphite played the lubrication function, and right volume content of graphite was helpful to forming friction film to reduce the wear rate. These results showed that C/C-SiC composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction had excellent properties for use as brake materials.     

莫来石与碳纤维协同填充的聚四氟乙烯基复合材料及其摩擦学性能

为了提高聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）的摩擦学性能,采用机械混匀、带温预压及烧结等工艺制备了莫来石和碳纤维填充的PTFE基复合材料,并通过FTIR、XRD、万能材料试验机、洛氏硬度计、DSC及热机械分析分别表征了PTFE基复合材料的显微结构、力学性能和热学性能;然后,使用MRH-3 型高速环块磨损试验机测定了复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率,通过自制的硅油砂浆磨损装置测定了复合材料在不同温度下的耐砂浆磨损性能;最后,借助3D测量激光显微镜研究了复合材料摩擦面形貌,并分析了摩擦磨损机制。结果表明:莫来石和碳纤维在PTFE体系中起到填充增强作用,20wt%莫来石-10wt%碳纤维/PTFE复合材料的弹性模量由364 MPa增加至874 MPa;20wt%莫来石-10wt%碳纤维/PTFE复合材料的干摩擦系数较大,但其磨损率与纯PTFE相比降低了3个数量级以上,且此复合材料在水摩擦条件下仍能保持较好的摩擦系数和磨损率,摩擦系数为0.157,磨损率为7.40×10-6 mm3·N-1·m-1;此外,20wt%莫来石-10wt%碳纤维/PTFE复合材料在较高温度下仍能表现出良好的耐砂浆磨损性能。所得结论表明改性得到的PTFE 基复合材料的摩擦学性能显著提高,复合材料可用于有杆抽油井防偏磨。      

Mechanical and sliding wear properties of multi-layered laminates from glass fabric/graphite/epoxy composites

Multi-layered laminates of bi-directionally woven E-glass fabric/epoxy with different loading of graphite particles were made by hand layup followed by compression molding. Tensile and flexural behaviors, impact strength, hardness and density of these laminates were determined. Wear behaviors of these composites were investigated by a pin-on-disc wear test apparatus. Specific wear rates of these composites strongly depend on their filler content and applied normal loads. The hybrid composite containing 3 wt% of graphite exhibits the optimum mechanical and wear performances. A further increase in the graphite content increases the specific wear rate and deteriorates the mechanical behavior. The lowest (σ e)⁻¹ factor (the reciprocal of the product of tensile strength and elongation at break) signifies the lowest specific wear rate. The results of the morphology study of the wear test specimens support the results of the wear test.     

PTFE微粉/CF改性PEEK复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

为解决核电水循环系统中鼓型旋转滤网驱动装置的耐腐蚀问题,本文研究了碳纤维和聚四氟乙烯微粉改性的聚醚醚酮复合材料在干摩擦、水润滑和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能.通过机械共混、高温模压的方法,制备了不同质量分数的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微粉/碳纤维(CF)/二硫化钼(MoS_2)/聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料.采用拉伸试验机和塑料洛氏硬度计测试其力学性能,采用摩擦磨损试验机测试了复合材料在干摩擦、水润滑和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜对其摩擦表面形貌进行分析.结果表明:复合材料在水润滑和油润滑时摩擦系数及磨痕宽度均较小,但水润滑时摩擦系数波动幅度较大且磨痕宽度略高;复合材料在干摩擦条件下的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,伴有疲劳磨损,油润滑时摩擦面可形成连续的润滑膜而保持光滑,水润滑时水流冲刷破坏了摩擦面上固体润滑膜的稳定性;CF质量分数增加时,复合材料的洛氏硬度和压缩强度递增,压缩强度达到164 MPa,PTFE微粉质量分数增加时,复合材料的洛氏硬度和压缩强度递减;CF质量分数增加时,复合材料的干摩擦系数及磨痕宽度下降,PTFE微粉质量分数增加时,复合材料的干摩擦系数下降,达到0.17.     

Process and wear behavior of monolithic SiC and short carbon fiber-SiC matrix composite

The process and wear behavior of monolithic SiC and 10 vol. % short carbon fiber-SiC matrix (C-SiC) composite have been studied. The results indicate that, among ethyl alcohol, acetone, n-hexane and n-octyl alcohol, n-octyl alcohol was the most effective dispersing agent in dispersing both SiC powder and short carbon fiber. Among AlN, Al₂O₃, B₄C, graphite, AlN/B₄C, AlN/graphite, B₄C/graphite and Al₂O₃/B₄C, the most effective sintering aid for the fabrication of SiC and C-SiC composite was a mixture of 2 wt% AlN and 0.5 wt% graphite. The monolithic SiC hot-pressed at 2100°C exhibited higher density but lower flexural strength than those hot-pressed at 2000°C due to a grain growth effect. For the C-SiC composite, both density and strength of the composite hot-pressed at 2100°C were generally higher than those hot-pressed at 2000°C. The density and strength of C-SiC composite were lower than those of monolithic SiC under the same hot pressing conditions due to a higher porosity level in the composite. When monolithic SiC slid against C-SiC composite, the weight losses of SiC and the composite were each less than that of self-mated SiC or self-mated C-SiC. In the self-mated SiC tribosystem, a mechanically stable film could not be established, resulting in an essentially constant wear rate. When sliding against C-SiC, a thin, smooth and adherent debris film was quickly formed on the SiC surface, resulting in a lower wear.     

纤维取向对碳/碳复合材料摩擦磨损性能影响

本文研究了碳纤维取向对碳/碳(C/C)复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,通过对二向、三向C/C复合材料结构分析和摩擦试验表明:二向C/C复合材料中的碳纤维有时单根、有时呈现一小束被沉积碳包围,材料的刹车初始力矩峰值较低,摩擦系数小,但磨损率大;三向C/C复合材料中每根碳纤维被沉积碳包围,材料的刹车力矩曲线平稳,摩擦系数稍大,磨损率小.     

Friction and wear behavior of carbon fiber reinforced brake materials

A new composite brake material was fabricated with metallic powders, barium sulphate and modified phenolic resin as the matrix and carbon fiber as the reinforced material. The friction, wear and fade characteristics of this composite were determined using a D-MS friction material testing machine. The surface structure of carbon fiber reinforced friction materials was analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Glass fiberreinforced and asbestos fiber-reinforced composites with the same matrix were also fabricated for comparison. The carbon fiber-reinforced friction materials (CFRFM) shows lower wear rate than those of glass fiber- and asbestos fiber-reinforced composites in the temperature range of 100°C-300°C. It is interesting that the frictional coefficient of the carbon fiber-reinforced friction materials increases as frictional temperature increases from 100°C to 300°C, while the frictional coefficients of the other two composites decrease during the increasing temperatures. Based on the SEM observation, the wear mechanism of CFRFM at low temperatures included fiber thinning and pull-out. At high temperature, the phenolic matrix was degraded and more pull-out enhanced fiber was demonstrated. The properties of carbon fiber may be the main reason that the CFRFM possess excellent tribological performances.     

空心微珠-碳纤维共混改性聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦学性能

通过模压成型制备了碳纤维与空心微珠共混改性的聚酰亚胺复合材料, 采用MRH-3型摩擦磨损试验机研究了空心微珠含量、滑动速度及载荷对复合材料摩擦学性能的影响, 并对其磨损形貌及机制进行了分析。结果表明: 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦学性能优于其单独填充的聚酰亚胺基复合材料; 空心微珠含量对共混改性的复合材料摩擦系数影响不大, 但其磨损率随着空心微珠含量的增加先减小后增大; 15%空心微珠-10%碳纤维(质量分数)共混增强的复合材料的减摩耐磨性能最佳; 随着滑动速度提高, 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦系数下降, 磨损率增大; 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦系数随着载荷增加先下降后上升, 而磨损率则随着载荷增加而增大; 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺的主要磨损机制在较低载荷时为磨粒磨损, 在较高载荷时为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。