差异旋风分离器并联性能测量及流场分析

通过改变旋向和芯管直径,设计了3种差异旋风分离器,并按中心对称方式组成了3种并联方案：相同分离器、旋向差异分离器和芯管差异分离器并联。在冷态实验装置上,测量了单分离器和并联分离器的性能,并利用FLUENT软件分析了并联分离器的流场。结果表明,并联分离器的效率均高于单分离器,且效率-气速曲线未出现“驼峰”;与相同分离器并联相比,旋向交替变化时并联总压降较小,分离效率也更低,但各分离器流量分配均匀,未发现“窜流”现象;当芯管有差异时,并联总压降增大,各分离器进口流量分配不均匀,且进、出口流量平均相差6.0%,公共灰斗中存在“窜流”,旋流稳定性变差,效率降低。为了保证并联分离器的性能,应采用相同分离器对称并联的方式。     

Function and effect of the inner vortex on the performance of cyclone separators

The inner vortex plays a key role in the performance of cyclone separators. To explore the function and effect of the inner vortex in cyclone separators, a series of metal rods and metal blades are inserted in the typical Lapple cyclone separator to reduce the intensity of the inner vortex. First, the changes in general performance of cyclones are measured by experimental methods after insertion of the metal rods and metal blades. The flow field and particle motion are then simulated, respectively, by means of a Reynolds stress model (RSM) and a Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) model. The results show that when the length of the metal blades is less than the boundary between the inner and outer vortexes, that is, the outer vortex remains unchanged and the inner vortex is destroyed partly, the separation efficiency remains constant and the pressure drop significantly decreases. When the length of the metal blades exceeds the boundary, the inner vortex is completely destroyed, and the outer vortex is significantly damaged, which results in sharp decrease of both the separation efficiency and pressure drop. The results indicate that the inner vortex has a notable effect on the pressure drop and virtually none on the separation efficiency. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4508–4518, 2017     

Effects of the Inlet Section Angle on the Flow Field of a Cyclone

The gas flow fields of a cyclone with different inlet section angles have been studied numerically. The gas flow fields were simulated by means of the Reynolds Stress Transport Model (RSTM). The velocities and pressure drop profiles of these cyclones were investigated. The shortcut flow rates at the bottom of the vortex finder were calculated with different inlet section angles. To analyze the relationship between the inlet section angle and the vortex finder insertion deepness, this paper details the shortcut flow rates at the bottom of the vortex finder for three vortex finder insertion depths. The results indicate that the inlet section angle can decrease the shortcut flow from the bottom of the vortex finder, which has practical importance for the improvement of the separation efficiency. The inlet section angle can also decrease the pressure coefficient of a cyclone. When the inlet section angle is 45 °, the level of decrease is up to 30 %. However, the effect of the inlet section angle on the separation performance is related to the dimension of the vortex finder, i.e., the insertion depth and diameter of the vortex finder, and the effect is different when the cyclone has different vortex finder insertion depths.     

Modeling, analysis and optimization of aircyclones using artificial neural network, response surface methodology and CFD simulation approaches

The pressure drop is an important performance parameter to evaluate and design cyclone separators. In order to accurately predict the complex non linear relationships between pressure drop and geometrical dimensions, a radial basis neural network (RBFNN) is developed and employed to model the pressure drop for cyclone separators. The neural network has been trained and tested by experimental data available in literature. The result demonstrates that artificial neural networks can offer an alternative and powerful approach to model the cyclone pressure drop. Four mathematical models (Muschelknautz method “MM”, Stairmand, Ramachandran and Shepherd & Lapple) have been tested against the experimental values. The residual error (the difference between the experimental value and the model value) of the MM model is the lowest. The analysis indicates the significant effect of the vortex finder diameter D_x and the vortex finder length S, the inlet width b and the total height H_t. The response surface methodology has been used to fit a second order polynomial to the RBFNN. The second order polynomial has been used to get a new optimized cyclone for minimum pressure drop using the Nelder-Mead optimization technique. A comparison between the new design and the standard Stairmand design has been performed using CFD simulation. CFD results show that the new cyclone design is very close to the Stairmand high efficiency design in the geometrical parameter ratio, and superior for low pressure drop at nearly the same cut-off diameter. The new cyclone design results in nearly 75% of the pressure drop obtained by the old Stairmand design at the same volume flow rate.     

旋风分离器进口涡旋感生速度场的减阻增效作用

旋风分离器进口段管路的结构关系着进口气速的分配,直接影响到下游分离空间三维速度场的形式,合理设计进口管的样式是挖掘分离器分离潜力的可能入手之处。采用实验及数值模拟手段,对环管和直管2种进口管路下轴对称双进口分离器的性能与流场作了对比研究。结果表明,环管进口的分离器分离总效率比两侧进口的平均高1.5个百分点,而压降损失降低25%以上。前者阻力小的原因在于进口环管内气流为局部的涡旋,与分离器内旋涡流动的形式接近,两股气流交汇时碰撞程度轻,附加的额外能耗较小;而总效率提高的原因为,环管进口的分离器切向速度比两侧进口的分离器约高0.15倍进口气速,能增强颗粒受到的离心作用、减小切割粒径,从而提升分离器总效率。根据涡旋理论,局部区域的涡旋会对整个流动空间产生感生的速度场,由于环管进口的分离器进口管内局部涡旋的存在,整个分离空间的切向速度场被增强。这种由涡旋感生速度场提升分离器切向速度的方式,加深了分离器运行过程中压头向速度转换的程度,不会消耗额外的能量。因此,采用旋涡流的进气方式,并合理提高进口涡旋的强度,是分离器分离性能进一步提升的新途径。     

并联旋风分离器的旋流稳定性分析

分别选用2台和4台直径300 mm的相同PV型旋风分离器作为分离元件,共用进气管、集气室和排尘室,以中心对称方式组成两种并联分离器,并通过数值模拟比较单分离器与两种并联方案中各分离元件气相流动的特点. 气体介质为常温常压空气,入口气速15~30 m/s. 结果表明,2台或4台并联时各分离元件流量偏差分别不超过0.35%和0.28%,压降最大偏差为0.79%和0.43%,流量分配均匀,灰斗内窜流返混不明显,且4台并联时效果更好. 4台并联时分离元件排尘段的稳定性指数比2台并联或单分离器降低过半,旋流稳定性显著增强. 对称排列的分离元件在公共灰斗中会形成具有自稳定性的对称涡系,对分离元件内旋进涡核的摆动有约束作用,旋流稳定性增强.     

Design of parallel cyclones based on stability analysis

The uniform distribution of gas solids flow across parallel cyclones is required for high efficiency. In this study, we introduced mass flow rate ratio between solids and gas (C_T) to present multi‐phase interaction. And the direct Liapunov method is used to detect the instability of uniformity. Due to the special symmetry in this system, the criterion can be simplified into identifying the concavity (concave or convex) of pressure drop across a single cyclone with respect to C_T. Then, based on the stability analysis of uniformity, a novel design principle is provided to prevent non‐uniform distribution at dense phase. The effect of geometrical factor, i.e. dimensionless vortex finder diameter d_r, on the stability of uniformity has been further investigated. The phase diagram, illustrating the effects of both operational parameter (C_T) and geometrical parameter (d_r) on stability of uniformity is calculated to give a clue of designing a robust parallel cyclones system. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4251–4258, 2016     

Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology

A cyclone technology for a vacuum cleaner—axial inlet flow cyclone and the tangential inlet flow cyclone — to collect dusts efficiently and reduce pressure drop has been studied experimentally. The optimal design factors such as dust collection efficiency, pressure drop, and cut-size being the particle size corresponding to the fractional collection efficiency of 50% were investigated. The particle cut-size decreases with reduced inlet area, body diameter, and vortex finder diameter of the cyclone. The tangential inlet twin-flow cyclone has good performance taking into account the low pressure drop of 350 mmAq and the cut-size of 1.5 μm in mass median diameter at the flow rate of 1 m³/min. A vacuum cleaner using tangential inlet twin-flow cyclone shows the potential to be an effective method for collecting dusts generated in the household.     

Modelling of the Pressure Drop in Tangential Inlet Cyclone Separators

This article introduces a new mathematical model that predicts the pressure drop in a tangential inlet cyclone. The model calculates the pressure drop from the frictional losses in the cyclone body, using a wall friction coefficient based on the surface roughness and Reynolds number. The entrance and exit losses are also included in the model by defining new geometrical parameters. The pressure drop coefficient is obtained as a function of cyclone dimensions and operating conditions. The model is validated by studying 12 different cyclones presented in the literature. Comparison of the model results with predictions and measurements published in the literature show that the new model predicts the experimental results quite well for a wide range of operating conditions covering a flow rate of 0.3–220 l/s and a temperature range of 293–1200°K, in different cyclones. The pressure drop coefficient is also examined in view of the outlet pipe diameter, friction coefficient, surface roughness, and Reynolds number.     

Comparing Efficiency per Volume of Uniflow Cyclones and Standard Cyclones

A competitive alternative to the standard reverse flow cyclone for gas-solids separation is the uniflow cyclone. Gas and particles passing through it in only one direction, allowing a cost-effective usage in space limited applications. Comprehensive studies of uniflow cyclones have strongly improved their understanding and led to approved design criteria and calculation methods. Here it is shown that uniflow cyclones can achieve higher efficiencies per volume with a low pressure drop than standard cyclones.     

Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop for Small Long‐Cylinder Cyclones Operating at High Flow Rates

To address the gas flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics for small long‐cylinder cyclones (SLCCs) in the high operating flow rate range, experimental investigation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)‐based simulation were performed. The pressure drop coefficient depends insignificantly on the Reynolds number at high flow rates. The tangential and axial velocities present the Rankine vortex and the roughly inverted V‐shaped distribution, respectively, similar to those in typical cyclones. The CFD simulation approximated well the experimental data of pressure drop. The pressure drop caused by vortex loss, turbulent energy loss, and resistance loss accounted for 72.5 % of the total pressure drop. The Stairmand model was found to be relatively accurate among the classical pressure drop models for the proposed cyclone. The results may help in the design and applications of cyclone separators and reactors.     

Effect of a Stick on the Flow Field in a Cyclone and the Pressure Drop Reduction Mechanism

Measurements of the flow field in a cyclone separator with and without a reducing pressure drop stick (Repds) showed that the Repds reduces the peak tangential velocity, the axial velocity gradient, and the radial gradients of static and total pressure and reverses the axial static pressure gradient. These changes reduce the energy consumed by the rotating kinetic energy, the internal friction, the turbulent kinetic energy, and the drag of the negative pressure difference. The results are used to discuss why the separation efficiency remains high while the pressure drop is reduced. The results also show that a 24% "short flow" occurs near the cyclone entrance. Analysis of the changes in the flow field and the pressure drop due to the thin stick shows that the Repds increases the pressure drop in the outer vortex zone and reduces the pressure drop in the inner vortex zone. Therefore the pressure drop reduction with the Repds is due to its wake vortex, which leads to the hypothesis that the pressure drop in turbulent flow can be reduced by adding vortexes.     

Optimization of the cyclone separator geometry for minimum pressure drop using mathematical models and CFD simulations

The response surface methodology has been performed based on the Muschelknautz method of modeling (MM) to optimize the cyclone geometrical ratios. Four geometrical factors have significant effects on the cyclone performance viz., the vortex finder diameter, the inlet width and inlet height, and the cyclone total height. There are strong interactions between the effect of inlet dimensions and vortex finder diameter on the cyclone performance. CFD simulations based on Reynolds stress model are also used in the investigation. A new set of geometrical ratios (design) has been obtained (optimized) to achieve minimum pressure drop. A comparison of numerical simulation of the new design and the Stairmand design confirms the superior performance of the new design compared to the Stairmand design.     

Effect of the Solid Loading on a PFBC Cyclone with Pneumatic Extraction of Solids

This paper presents the effects of solid loading on the performance of a cyclone with pneumatic extraction of solids. The cyclone is a non‐conventional design, especially used for hot‐gas cleaning applications such as pressurized fluidized bed combustors (PFBC). A scaled‐down cold‐flow model was employed for the research. Experiments were conducted at 9–14 m/s inlet gas velocities, inlet solid loadings ranging from 30 to 230 g/kg gas, and bottom gas extraction percentages from 0.3 to 1.5%. Experimental results of pressure drop resistance coefficients and collection efficiency were compared with literature predictions. At PFBC operating conditions, cyclone geometry and solid concentration are the main parameters influencing cyclone pressure drop and collection efficiency. The vortex penetration in dipleg causes lower pressure drop values and higher collection efficiencies than predicted. These parameters can be suitably predicted for PFBC cyclones by introducing a modified penetration length in Muschelknautz's model [1]. For the present cyclone design, a new correlation of pressure drop, including the influence of solid loading, is proposed. A new method for detecting cyclone fouling, not previously addressed, is also presented, based on the evolution of the pressure drop resistance coefficient. An enhanced separation efficiency has been found, related to collection efficiency, which is especially important for particle sizes below 10 μm revealing agglomeration effects.     

MVR系统中管柱式气液旋流分离器性能研究

机械式蒸汽再压缩技术中,蒸发器产生的蒸汽进入压缩机前需要进行气液分离,考虑到结构紧凑性与分离稳定性,本文提出采用管柱式气液旋流分离器进行此操作,对其进行了结构参数设计和Fluent数值计算。经过研究：发现溢流管和底流管尺寸对分离器性能影响较大,改变二者数值大小,当溢流管直径为50mm、底流管直径为40mm时,溢流管和底流管的气、液相体积分数可分别达到1,且满足文献中对于出口流速的要求;证明了分离器流场内外旋流与内旋流的运动规律,两者旋向相同,运动方向相反;相比较单入口,采用双入口的管柱式气液旋流分离器,内部流场参数分布高度对称,分离过程更加稳定;适当增加旋流器直径,可降低流体通过压降,缩短纯液相区与纯气相区间过渡区域,改善分离器性能。     

气液旋流分离器进口宽高比优化的数值模拟

利用FLUENT提供的RSM和DPM模型对不同入口高度和宽度的气液旋流分离器进行了数值模拟. 结果显示,当增大宽度或高度时切向速度与分离效率减小,但压降降低;当宽度大于环形空间的间隙时,部分进气流量直接作用于排气管上,影响内部流场;减小入口宽度或高度时引起的压降无明显差别,但减小宽度可提高分离效率而高度则相反. 入口高度(a)与分离器筒体直径(D)的比值a/D和宽度(b)与分离器筒体直径(D)的比值b/D约为0.2时,压降基本相同,但分离效率相差约3.6%. a/D约为0.38时,分离效率约为95.6%,压降约为340 Pa;而b/D约为0.25时效率为96.3%,压降约为320 Pa,入口宽度对分离器性能的影响比入口高度更显著.     

排气管对旋风分离器轴向速度分布形态影响的数值模拟

采用数值模拟考察了排气管直径及结构对旋风分离器内轴向速度分布形态的影响。结果表明,改变排气管直径可使旋风分离器内轴向速度径向分布出现倒V形和M形两种不同的形态。排气管直径由小到大,轴向速度径向分布逐渐由倒V形转变为M形,轴向速度滞流最先产生于排气管内并不断向分离器下部空间扩展,排气管直径大到一定程度,轴向速度滞流甚至扩展至整个分离器空间。滞流区的径向范围亦随排气管直径的增大而增大;同时分离器中心轴向速度不断减小,滞流程度增加,甚至出现倒流。排气管下端扩口或缩口均可影响轴向速度的分布形态。上述轴向速度的分布形态与压力的轴向梯度相关,当排气管内能耗在总能耗中所占比例较小时,分离器中心压力的轴向梯度为正,从而使轴向速度产生滞流。     

环流式旋风除尘器内颗粒运动的数值模拟

采用CFD软件Fluent提供的雷诺应力模型（RSM）和随机轨道模型,对环流式旋风除尘器内颗粒运动轨迹进行了数值模拟研究。预测了不同粒径颗粒的运动轨迹和分离效率。结果表明：颗粒在环流式旋风除尘器内的运动路径比常规除尘器长;特殊的流路设计,避免了常规旋风除尘器易产生的上灰环和颗粒短路问题,使除尘效率大幅度提高;除尘器内颗粒运动有较强的随机性,尤其对于小颗粒,受气流湍动影响显著。对不同粒径颗粒分离效率的预测表明：环流式旋风除尘器的分割粒径为1．25μm。     

Numerical and experimental study on the effect of solid particle sphericity on cyclone pressure drop

The continuous flow inside cyclone separator is usually simulated by solving the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations in Eulerian reference frame whereas the dispersed phase is modeled using Lagrangian approach. Although these methods have had a remarkable success, more advanced ideas are needed to model particulate phase in cyclones, especially the non-spherical shaped particles. Numerical simulation is verified with experimental results for the gas-solid flow in a cyclone separator. Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) employing the RNG-based k–ε turbulence model are used to simulate the gas phase. 3-D particle tracking procedure is used for the solid phase. Three different equations for the drag coefficient are utilized in the numerical modeling to acquire more understanding of the behavior of non-spherical particles in cyclones. Computations resulted in the difference of pressure between the inlet and exit of the cyclone, and results are compared with experimental data. Experiments included measuring the separation efficiency of different shapes and sizes of particles. The results indicate that the CFD simulation can effectively reveal the pressure drop behavior as well as separation efficiency of gas-non-spherical particle flow in cyclone.     

Reducing Pressure Drop in Cyclones by a Stick

It is found that a thin stick inserted into a cyclone separator can substantially reduce the pressure drop. The percentage reduction in pressure drop is dependent on the cross-section shape, size, and placed position of the stick. By using talcum powder (mass mean diameter is 10.14 mu m) as the test powder, the experiment results show that the stick can reduce the pressure drop of the cyclone by approximately 20% at the same total separation efficiency and flow rate. If the cyclone is used in a two-stage separation system and a reduction of the efficiency within 5% is permitted, the pressure drop can be reduced more than 50%.