不同类型碳化物在基体中的分布对高速钢轧辊性能的影响

通过对具有不同组织的两种进口高速钢轧辊及一种国产辊环进行冷热疲劳试验及摩擦磨损试验,研究了不同类型碳化物在基体中的分布对高速钢轧辊性能的影响。结果表明,在晶界处分布的大块未溶共晶碳化物周围容易萌生裂纹,且大块的未溶共晶碳化物在经过多次冷热疲劳循环后容易碎裂并脱落,在磨损过程中,大块未溶共晶碳化物同样容易发生碎裂及脱落现象,大大影响耐磨损性能;裂纹容易沿晶界处分布的碳化物扩展,且晶界处分布大块的未溶共晶碳化物或碳化物联结成网状容易促进裂纹的扩展;晶界处M2C型碳化物与晶界成一定角度分布,具有一定阻碍裂纹扩展的作用;不同类型碳化物在基体中的弥散分布对于提高其耐磨性能具有很大作用。     

含稀土轧辊用高速钢淬回火过程微观组织转变

利用金相(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及能损谱(EELS)等手段,研究了含稀土轧辊用高速钢在1100℃淬火和550℃两次回火热处理过程的微观组织变化特征,重点探讨了碳化物行为。结果表明,淬火加热过程中热稳定性较高的MC和M6C型一次共晶碳化物难以溶解,亚稳态的M2C型一次共晶碳化物则发生分解反应得到MC和M6C两种碳化物,分解形成的M6C较MC量多且尺寸较大,小颗粒MC包含在M6C之中;淬火基体组织由马氏体和残留奥氏体组成,淬火马氏体既有板条马氏体也有孪晶型马氏体。经两次回火后,残留奥氏体得以有效消除,大量细小富V的MC型二次碳化物弥散析出产生二次硬化现象。     

K/Na-V-Mo复合变质对轧辊用高速钢组织及性能的影响

通过对轧辊用高速钢进行复合变质及热处理。探讨了含碱金属K/Na以及V、Mo合金元素的变质剂的加入量对轧辊用铸造高速钢共晶组织的影响。试验结果表明：在1．0％范围内，随着复合变质剂含量的逐渐增加，共晶碳化物的形貌和分布得到了改善，晶粒得到细化，分布趋于均匀，轧辊用高速钢的硬度略有下降，但韧性有很大提高。变质剂含量继续增加，组织和性能没有明显改善。进一步分析表明：变质剂中的合金元素可促进在晶粒中或沿晶界均匀分布的非连续状硬质碳化物的生成．从而达到改善组织、提高力学性能的作用。     

Effect of casting technology on microstructure and phases of high carbon high speed steel

The as-cast microstructures of high carbon high speed steels (HC-HSS) made by sand casting,centrifugal casting and electromagnetic centrifugal casting, respectively, were studied by using of optical microscopy (OM) and D/max2200pc X-ray diffraction. The results show that the microstructure of as-cast HCHSS is dominated by alloy carbides (W2C, VC, Cr7C3), martensite and austenite. The centrifugal casting and electromagnetic centrifugal casting apparently improve the solidification structure of HC-HSS. With the increase of magnetic intensity (B), the volume fraction of austenite in the HC-HSS solidification structure increases significantly while the eutectic ledeburite decreases. Moreover, the secondary carbides precipitated from the austenite are finer with more homogeneous distribution in the electromagnetic centrifugal castings. It has also been found that the lath of eutectic carbide in ledeburite becomes finer and carbide phase spacing in eutectic ledeburite increases along with the higher magnetic field strength.     

稀土变质及热处理对低铬半钢力学性能的影响

从改变碳化物形貌的角度研究了稀土变质处理与热处理之间的协同作用。结果表明，综合运用稀土变质处理和热处理工艺是改善低铬半钢共晶碳化物的形貌，提高综合力学性能的有效途径。     

热连轧机轧辊用多元白口铁的冶金技术

从合金设计、凝固组织、凝固顺序、相图、相转变行为和热处理特性等方面综述多元白口铁作为热连轧精轧机架工作辊的新材质的研发.结果表明,共晶碳化物的类型和形态能通过合金成分组合控制.从连续冷却转变图获得的相转变行为对热处理过程提供了有用的指导.投入实际应用时其抗磨性优于常规轧辊.     

镧-铈混合稀土变质剂对铸态高速钢组织与性能的影响

研究了镧-铈稀土变质对铸态高速钢组织及性能的影响。试验表明经稀土变质处理后,高速钢铸态组织中共晶碳化物明显细化,镧-铈混合稀土的添加促使共晶碳化物断网和团球化。此外,镧-铈混合稀土的添加提高了高速钢的冲击韧性和抗弯强度,其强度分别提高了26％和7．8％。     

Effect of ferrovanadium inoculation on microstructure and properties of high speed steel

The effect of ferrovanadium inoculation on the microstructure and properties of high speed steel （HSS） used for rolls was studied. The results showed that the as-cast eutectic carbide network tends to be broken after ferrovanadium inoculation, and the carbides are changed to rod-like or nodular shape. After heat treatment, the carbides in the inoculated HSS are spheroidized and distributed more uniformly in the matrix. The impact toughness of high speed steel with ferrovanadium inoculation is obviously improved. The action mechanism of ferrovanadium inoculation on the microstructure of the alloy is also discussed.     

Effect of ferrovanadium inoculation on microstructure and properties of hign speed steel

The eriect of ferrovanadium inoculation on the microstructure and properties of high speed steel (HSS)used for rolls was studied.The results showed that the as-cast eutectic carbide network tends to be broken after ferrovanadium inoculation,and the carbides are changed to rod-like or nodular shape.After heat treatment,the carbides in the inoculated HSS are spheroidized and distributed more uniformly in the matrix.The impact toughness of high speed steel with ferrovanadium inoculation is obviously improved.The action mechanism of ferrovanadium inoculation on the microstructure of the alloy is also discussed.     

Solidification microstructure of M2 high speed steel by different casting technologies

The present work investigated the solidification microstructure of AISI M2 high speed steel manufactured by different casting technologies,namely iron mould casting and continuous casting.The results revealed that the as-cast structure of the steel was composed of the iron matrix and the M2C eutectic carbide networks,which were greatly refined in the ingot made by continuous casting process,compared with that by the iron mould casting process.M2C eutectic carbides presented variation in their morphologies and growth characteristics in the ingots by both casting methods.In the ingot by iron mould casting,they have a plate-like morphology and grow anisotropically.However,in the ingot made by continuous casting,the carbides evolved into the fiber-like shape that exhibited little characteristics of anisotropic growth.It was noticed that the fiber-like M2C was much easier to decompose and spheroidize after heated,as a result,the carbides refined remarkably,compared with the case of plate-like carbides in the iron mould casting ingot.     

Cr12MoV钢的固溶双细化研究

研究了常规热处理和固溶双细化热处理工艺对Cr12MoV钢中碳化物形态、分布及晶粒大小的影响.结果表明,经常规热处理后Cr12MoV钢中仍然存在比较粗大的共晶碳化物网,碳化物分布不均匀,晶粒较粗大;而经固溶双细化热处理可以细化钢中网状共晶碳化物,碳化物分布比较均匀,粒度细小、圆整,晶粒得到显著细化.     

离心铸造轧辊用高速钢的热处理

采用差式扫描量热法(DSC)及热膨胀法测定了离心铸造轧辊用高速钢的相变点,根据高速钢的临界转变温度,进行了退火、淬火和回火实验.着重研究了热处理过程中碳化物演变对轧辊用高速钢性能的影响.结果表明:退火温度需高于630℃,才能使铸态高速钢得到软化,硬度降低,便于切削加工.热处理前后,MC型一次共晶碳化物的成分、形态和数量基本没有变化;随着淬火温度的升高,处于亚稳状态的M2C型共晶碳化物的分解数量越来越多.高速钢最终硬度受回火温度影响较大,研究了回火温度与二次硬化之间的关系,确定了二次硬化峰值温度,研究了二次碳化物的溶解与析出对高速钢基体组织与力学性能的影响规律.     

热处理工艺对Cr12钢组织和性能的影响

对Cr12钢采用等温球化退火工艺处理,组织中共晶碳化物形态和分布得到明显改善,获得了均匀细小的球状珠光体和弥散分布的细粒状合金碳化物显微组织,然后采用等温球化退火→充分预热→淬火→中温回火新工艺处理Cr12钢后,获得优异的综合力学性能。经使用表明:新工艺处理后的Cr12钢的使用寿命比常规热处理工艺提高1~2倍。     

不同制备工艺对锻造高速钢轧辊组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、洛氏硬度计和磨损试验机对比研究了电渣重熔、喷射成形以及粉末冶金工艺生产的锻造高速钢轧辊的组织性能。结果表明,采用电渣重熔工艺所得锻造高速钢轧辊组织中存在明显沿锻造方向分布的网状共晶碳化物,碳化物尺寸粗大,分布不均,导致其耐磨性最差;喷射成形工艺所得锻造高速钢轧辊网状碳化物组织得到明显改善,但局部区域碳化物偏聚较严重,碳化物尺寸较大且主要以M₆C型为主,其耐磨性比电渣重熔工艺有明显提升;粉末冶金工艺所得锻造高速钢轧辊组织晶粒细小,碳化物细小且弥散均匀分布,碳化物类型中MC型占比很高,表现出最优的耐磨性能。根据3种制备工艺下的组织和性能分析,并结合目前3种制备工艺的成熟度、经济性和制造能力,未来可对喷射成形工艺做进一步研究,并逐步在较大规格锻造高速钢轧辊中推广应用。     

Microstructural characteristics of prematurely failed cold-strip mill work-rolls: Some observations on spalling susceptibility

A comprehensive metallurgical investigation was carried out on samples of prematurely failed cold-strip mill work-rolls used in an integrated steel plant to study the influence of microstructural characteristics on failure propensity and roll life. The samples pertained to 3 wt.% Cr-base forged steel work-rolls, which exhibited variations in roll life despite operation under similar mill environments. Optical and SEM revealed that while a uniform dispersion of fine globular carbides was conducive to higher roll life, carbides of angular and/or elongated morphologies acted as stress-raisers, induced microcracking of the tempered martensite matrix, and accentuated eventual spalling. From the standpoint of nonmetallic inclusions, higher life rolls were cleaner. Low/poor life rolls showed higher incidences of MnS and angular TiN inclusions, which often provided sites for the precipitation of undesirable elongated carbides. Although microprobe analysis indicated that carbides in these rolls were essentially M₇C₃, quantitative metallography revealed that, apart from morphology, roll performance was profoundly influenced by carbide content and count. Interestingly, while higher life rolls were characterized by carbide contents of >4.5 vol.% and counts of >200,000 number/mm², rolls exhibiting low and poor lives showed significantly lower values of these features. X-ray diffractometry of spalled roll specimens indicated that while higher life rolls contained minimal retained austenite, rolls exhibiting lower lives inevitably contained >10% retained austenite. The deleterious effect of excessive retained austenite on the spalling susceptibility of cold-strip mill work-rolls was attributed to its possible transformation to martensite under imposed rolling stresses.     

Control of graphite formation in solidification of white cast iron

Abstract

Graphite formation should be strictly suppressed for the most abrasion resistant white cast irons, since austenite (γ)+graphite eutectic structure shows lower hardness and selectively wears thus deteriorates the abrasion resistance even though the austenite transform to hard phase such as martensite. On the other hand, a small amount of fine graphite is desired to distribute in rolls for hot steel mills to suppress the scoring. However, strong carbide formers such as Cr, V, Nb have been increasingly added to rolls, in order to crystallise more harder carbides. As γ+carbide eutectic grows, the residual liquid among eutectic cells becomes poor in carbide formers and rich in elements which promote graphite formation. Therefore an appropriate alloy design is essential for the hot steel milling rolls. In this study, the graphite formation mechanisms are discussed for chromium cast iron, high speed steel type cast iron and Ni hard type cast iron.     

Effect of carbide properties of roll materials on lubricity in cold sheet rolling of low-carbon steel

The prevention of friction pick-up, which often occurs under the condition of high reduction and/or high speed, is required to improve the productivity in cold sheet rolling of low-carbon steel. Therefore, rolls made of high-chromium steels and high-speed steels with different carbide contents are tested in order to evaluate the effect of various properties of the carbide component of the materials on the lubrication characteristics. Coefficients of friction for the reduction in thickness and the limit of the reduction of friction pick-up are measured using the sliding–rolling simulation testing machine developed by one of the authors. The experimental results show that carbides on the surface of the roll can stop the increase in friction pick-up, and that keeping the carbide spacing small is effective in preventing friction pick-up. Because of the effectiveness of carbides, a high-chromium steel roll with controlled carbide morphology is manufactured and applied in a cold tandem mill. The results of the application show that the carbide-controlled roll has an excellent antiseizure property and is effective in improving productivity.     

Effect of alloying elements on the structure of cast hypereutectoid steels after heat treatment

Conclusions In selecting a treatment schedule providing uniform distribution of carbides in cast hypoeutectic steels for rolls it is necessary to take account of the fact that the cementite network along grain boundaries dissolves in the temperature range 850–950°C. In steel with a low content of carbide-forming elements eutectic cementite does not dissolve at these temperatures. As the heating temperature is increased from 850 to 1100°C intense surface graphitizing commences, which points to the possibility of forming graphite inclusions with bulk heat treatment. With an increase in the content of chromium and molybdenum in steel the graphitizing process is suppressed, and carbon is bonded into stable carbides. In such a steel eutectic carbides dissolve at 1050–1100°C. Preparation of a structure with uniform carbide distribution during heat treatment is only possible in steels containing about 2% Cr and not less than 0.3% Mo.Ukrainian Research Institute of Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 8, pp. 62–64, August, 1987.     

V90r5M02高速钢中碳化物三维形态研究

通过对试样进行深度腐蚀,利用扫描电镜研究不同碳含量的V9Cr5M02高速钢中碳化物的三维形貌,并进一步讨论了碳化物的形态与舍金凝固结晶过程的关系。结果表明,V9Cr5M02高速钢中碳化物主要由VC及以铬、钼为主的复合碳化物组成;共晶VC为枝晶状,先析出VC为不规则块状、开花状、卵石堆积状及团球状;以铬为主的复合碳化物为曲面板条状;富钼复合碳化物为鱼骨状。合金中含碳量1．6％时,碳化钒主要为共晶VC;碳含量为2．5％时,VC主要为大量共晶VC及部分不规则团块状、开花状的初生VC;碳含量为3．2％及4．2％时,VC为大量初生VC。随着含碳量的增加,VC的形态也由卵石堆积状向分散分布的团球状转变。