大凌河流域磷素输出时程变化特征分析

以大凌河流域为研究对象,同步监测地表径流磷素与水量变化特征,研究分析了流域不同连续天数磷素最大输出负荷占全年的比例特征和总磷浓度及其输出负荷的时程变化特征。结果表明:降雨径流过程对大凌河流域总磷浓度年内变化具有响应关系,相对于非汛期的年内总磷浓度汛期普遍极高;夏季汛期雨洪时段为流域总磷输出负荷主要集中期,大凌河流域总磷输出负荷在全年12%的时段内占全年的50%以上,且呈脉冲式输出特点。     

紫色土坡耕地磷素流失特征及施肥方式的影响

通过雨季典型降雨-径流事件中不同施肥方式下土壤磷素流失的野外定位观测,研究紫色土坡地磷素随地表径流和壤中流流失的通量、过程特征及其施肥方式的影响。结果表明,紫色土坡耕地地表径流过程呈多峰的时间变化特点,壤中流呈单峰且其产流时间滞后于地表径流;雨季次降雨平均径流量为23.6～29.1mm,壤中流是雨季的主要径流输出方式。地表径流总磷(TP)平均浓度远高于壤中流,泥沙吸附态磷(PP)是地表磷素流失的主要形态;溶解态有机磷(DOP)是壤中流流失的主要磷素形态。施肥方式显著影响地表径流TP浓度,常规施肥(NPK)、有机肥-化肥配施(OMNPK)、有机肥(OM)、秸秆-化肥配施(RSDNPK)各施肥处理的地表径流TP平均浓度呈依次减小的顺序。次降雨平均磷素流失负荷呈RSDNPKOMNPKOMNPK的规律;壤中流是紫色土坡耕地磷素流失不可忽视的重要通道。施肥方式仅能控制地表径流磷素流失,而控制壤中流磷流失的效果不佳,有待更深入的研究。     

双季晚稻田灌溉径流氮磷分布特征研究

以浙江绍兴地区曹娥江流域双季晚稻耕作区为研究对象,划分农田系统为引水系统、田间积水、排水系统等3个子系统,研究了在晚稻生长期灌溉动力作用下农田各沟渠径流氮素（总氮、硝酸盐氮、氨氮）及总磷浓度分布特征,并探索了秸秆覆盖裸田对氮、磷流失的影响。结果表明：（1）晚稻生长期间,硝酸盐氮是灌溉径流可溶性氮流失的主要形态,占总氮浓度的63.2%~92.9%。径流氨氮浓度所占比例较低,仅为5.1%~32.1%,且呈田间积水>排水系统>引水系统的分布特征;（2）晚稻生长期内农田排水系统总磷浓度是逐级下降的,降幅在14%~26%,但拔节孕穗期田间磷素流失较弱,而返青分蘖期和抽穗结实期则反之;（3）秸秆覆盖能明显减轻裸田氮素的流失,但对各沟渠径流总磷浓度影响不大。     

紫色土地区壤中流磷流失特征及其环境效应

在紫色土分布地区,由地表径流和土壤侵蚀引起的磷素流失一直以来备受关注,随着土壤磷素的不断累积,磷素随壤中流流失的风险也在不断增大。采用人工降雨的方法,对紫色土坡耕地壤中流的形成及其对磷流失的影响进行了研究。结果表明：紫色土坡耕地壤中流活跃,大孔隙流是壤中流的主要组成部分,且土质越松散,壤中流越大。土壤剖面较强的固磷能力及大流量的壤中流造成壤中流中溶解态活性磷流失浓度低于0.03 mg/L。而活跃的壤中流对土壤剖面存在侵蚀作用,使得非活性磷成为壤中流中磷输出的主要形态,其流失负荷占总磷的80%以上。同时壤中流的存在使土壤剖面磷素发生再分布。对于砂壤土而言,壤中流可以将表层磷素传输到土壤剖面底层,增大土壤底层磷饱和度,这将进一步增加壤中流磷流失的可能。对于砂质粘土,壤中流的传输能力有限,对土壤剖面磷素分布的影响较小。     

太湖典型小流域磷素流失特征分析

以宜兴梅林小流域为研究对象,采用数理统计和系统分析的方法,对典型降雨事件中不同种土地利用类型的磷素流失特征进行分析。结果表明,非点源污染物的流失总量和污染物的质量浓度依赖于降雨过程的产流特征和复杂的下垫面要素特征;不同土地利用类型上的磷素流失随降雨程度的不同而不同,旱地地区表面的磷素最容易随降雨流失,而植被较密林地的磷素流失缓慢;林地等植被覆盖较好下垫面的磷素主要以PO4－P的形态随降雨径流输出;土地的施肥程度、有机腐殖质等对磷素流失的影响不同,地表的扰动程度也直接决定磷素流失的特征。建议根据土地利用类型,通过工程和非工程措施对不同降雨阶段的磷流失特征进行调控,以减少太湖流域的非点源磷素污染。     

青海湖湖水中磷的空间分布特征

以青海湖湖水9个采样点135个水样为研究对象,分析了湖水总磷和可溶性磷的分布特征。结果表明:湖水总磷、可溶性磷浓度6月较高,其次是8月、9月;不同区域总磷浓度变化较大,其中沙柳河入湖湖区、布哈河入湖湖区、鸟岛浓度较大,不同区域可溶性磷浓度变化不大;同一采样点总磷浓度变化明显,其中151码头、江西沟、鸟岛、青海湖农场、沙岛、海晏湾6月的总磷浓度高于8月、9月的,黑马河入湖湖区、布哈河入湖湖区、沙柳河入湖湖区8月、9月的总磷浓度高于6月的;青海湖湖水中磷的分布与转化受湖水理化性质和雨季磷的外源输入影响较大。     

潭江泗合水流域降雨径流非点源污染特征分析

以广东省江门市潭江泗合水流域为研究对象,对2014年5月两场降雨事件的水质、水量进行同步监测,研究降雨径流条件下非点源污染物的输出机理和时空变化规律。结果表明:BOD5、TN和TP表现出明显的初期冲刷效应;输出污染物中可溶性磷占TP比例较大,NH3-N在径流前半段表现出初期冲刷效应,后半段其质量浓度与径流量呈负相关关系;CODMn质量浓度呈波浪锯齿状变化,后期质量浓度变化受到壤中流主导退水过程的影响;各污染物通量变化趋势和径流量变化趋势大体相同,两者相关性显著;各污染物的输出质量浓度与TSS输出质量浓度无明显的相关性,表明悬浮物对其他污染物输出质量浓度的贡献相对较小。最后,根据实验结果以及实践经验提出流域管理建议。     

投饵养鱼对潘家口水库水质影响围隔试验Ⅱ：磷素

前文讨论了投饵养鱼对潘家口水库水体中氮素的影响,本文进一步阐述围隔试验中,投饵养鱼对磷素的影响。结果表明,潘家口水库是典型的“磷限制”型水体,总氮和总磷质量浓度比高达112,投饵养鱼极大降低了水体中氮磷质量浓度比,试验结束时投饵养鱼围隔氮磷质量浓度比介于2.60~5.63;试验期间,投饵围隔中总磷、溶解性总磷和溶解性正磷酸盐质量浓度随时间变化一致,其质量浓度高低排序相同：投饵＞投饵单养花鲢＞投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼＞投饵单养鲤鱼,除投饵单养鲤鱼围隔,其余围隔中各形态磷质量浓度均显著高于对照围隔和水库水体。然而,颗粒态磷质量浓度顺序为：投饵＞投饵单养鲤鱼＞投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼＞投饵单养花鲢。假定单位质量鱼肉含磷量不随鱼体生长而改变,则捕捞可去除的磷素量分别是92.4mg（2#）、995.5mg（3#）和714.7mg （4#）,分别占投放鱼饵总磷的0.5%、4.1%和3.1%。     

不同芦苇生境下白洋淀底泥磷形态分析研究

该实验采用化学连续提取方法(EDTA方法)分析白洋淀底泥中磷形态，并且该底泥经过芦苇生态滤池的处理。结果表明总磷(TP)浓度高达1597—1860mg／kg，远远超出试验参照的当地土壤中TP的浓度。因此，底泥中的磷很有可能超过水体中的而成为主要的可溶性磷释放源。无机磷在总磷中占到53％—68％，高于有机磷(OP)含量。钙磷(Ca-P)是无机磷的中主要磷形态，占到41％～46％。OP主要以酸可溶性有机磷形态存在，占到总有机磷的65％～95％，酸可溶性有机磷酸盐的释放可能成为导致湖泊富营养化的重要过程。     

太湖流域典型平原河网区降雨径流氮磷流失特征分析

通过对研究区降雨径流中氮、磷浓度的野外实验和定点监测,研究典型平原河网区的农田降雨径流氮磷流失特征及其输出规律。得出平原河网区内不同土地利用方式对土壤氮、磷流失的影响很大,同时也得出在平原河网地区氮、磷的输出浓度与降雨时间、径流大小密切相关等结论,为进一步相关研究提供资料积累。     

Detention basins as best management practices for water quality control in an arid region

Flood control detention basins （DBs） can act as water quality control structures or best management practices （BMPs）. A key pollutant that DBs serve to settle out is particulate phosphorus, which adsorbs onto sediment. This study examines the sediment phosphorus concentration and its relationship with the particle size of sediment microcosms from pre- and post-rain event samples obtained from six DBs located in Clark County, Nevada. DBs were allotted a land use classification to determine if there was a correlation between the sediment phosphorus concentration and surrounding land use. The curve number method was used to calculate the runoff and subsequent phosphorus carried into the DB by the runoff. Our data show sediment phosphorus concentrations to he highest in soils from undeveloped areas. Runoff amount also plays a substantial role in determining the amount of phosphorus brought into the DB by sediment. This research has implications for improvement of water quality in arid regions.     

Simulation of runoff and phosphorus transport in a Carpathian catchment,Slovakia

A comprehensive, GIS‐based modelling approach is developed to estimate runoff and phosphorus transport within a watershed at a daily time step. The approach relies on the use of GIS data for deriving major critical model parameters that exhibit distinct spatial variability over the catchment. Surface runoff is calculated by a modified rational method, which depends upon rainfall intensity, soil moisture status, slope, land‐use and soil characteristics. Phosphorus loading is estimated as a function of the runoff volume and the event mean concentration for different land use categories. A diffusive approximation method is used to trace runoff and phosphorus transport to the basin outlet. The modelling approach is tested in the Margecany catchment, Hornad River basin, Slovakia, to simulate runoff, phosphorus loading, and its transport on a daily time scale using data observed between 1995 and 2000. Satisfactory results of the hydrographs and phosphorus concentration at the basin outlet are obtained, though more efforts regarding the phosphorus cycling and its biochemical reactions need to be clarified by further research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同土地利用类型降雨径流氮磷特征分析——以赣江下游地区为例

为研究赣江下游不同土地利用类型条件下农业面源污染的特征,分析了自然降雨条件下,不同土地利用类型（林地、蔬菜地、水田）的产流规律和降雨径流中氮、磷分布特点。结果表明,不同土地利用类型间地表径流产生量存在明显的差异,其大小依次为林地、蔬菜地、水田;降雨径流中氮、磷的浓度在降雨初期较高,短暂升高后,开始出现显著下降趋势,具有明显的初期冲刷效应;蔬菜地降雨径流中氮、磷浓度最高,其次为水田,而林地最低。研究结果可为防治赣江下游不同土地利用类型降雨径流中氮、磷流失提供参考依据。     

生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究

农田养分的大量流失已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,生态塘兼具排水和生态湿地双重功效,研究其对稻田排水氮磷的拦截效应对于防治农业非点源污染具有重要意义。针对降雨径流条件下生态塘对降雨径流中氮磷的动态拦截效应以及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应有待明了的需求,本文选取太湖西岸何家浜流域典型农田作为研究对象,并将该区域的塘堰改造为生态塘,研究了生态塘对水稻生长期内的三场降雨径流氮磷的拦截去除效果及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应。研究结果表明:(1)在三场降雨过程中,生态塘对总氮(TN)的平均去除率为34.7%,总磷(TP)的平均去除率为34.8%;(2)生态塘对降雨径流中不同形态氮磷的去除率大小排序为氨氮(NH_4~+-N)颗粒态氮(PN)硝态氮(NO_3~--N),颗粒态磷(PP)溶解态磷(DP),且径流状态下水体垂向分层氮磷浓度分布随降雨进行而变化,总体分布规律为底层氮磷浓度大于表层氮磷浓度;(3)降雨径流结束后,TN在生态塘中的去除率为50.4%,TP在生态塘中的去除率为52.3%,塘2对TN、TP的去除率大于塘1与塘3,生态塘表现了较强的抗冲击自修复性。     

生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期降雨径流氮磷的拦截效应研究

农田养分的大量流失已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,研究生态沟渠对稻田降雨径流氮磷拦截效应具有重要意义。针对水稻不同生长期内的降雨以及降雨的不同时段下生态沟渠对稻田径流氮磷的动态拦截效应研究缺乏的现状,本文选取太湖西岸何家浜流域典型农田作为研究对象,将该流域的自然排水沟渠改造为生态沟渠。研究了生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期内的3场降雨径流的氮磷去除效果。研究结果表明:(1)在3场不同强度的降雨过程中,生态沟渠对TN(总氮)的平均去除率为31.4%,TP(总磷)的平均去除率为40.8%;(2)生态沟渠对降雨径流不同形态氮磷的去除率大小为NH4+-N(氨氮)PN(颗粒态氮)NO3--N(硝态氮),PP(颗粒态磷)DP(溶解态磷),且PN和PP的去除率随沟渠径流量的增大而呈现下降趋势;(3)生态沟渠底泥总氮、总磷浓度在水稻的生长周期内呈现先增加后降低的趋势,说明生态沟渠具有一定的自净能力,对氮磷的拦截去除具有可持续性。     

Fine-scale nutrient enrichment and water quality on the rural shores of Southeast Lake Huron

Recently, there has been public concern that water quality in the nearshore of Southeast Lake Huron has been deteriorating, inferred partly from fouling of shoreline by algae. In 2010, fine-scale patterns in nutrient concentrations and other water quality features were examined to better understand the influence of the adjacent land on the nearshore environment in the region. Surveys at two areas of coastline were conducted over a seasonal cycle. Monitoring of water quality in tributaries to the study areas indicated that water of poor quality was periodically discharged to the lake as indicated by elevated levels of nutrients, fecal indicator bacteria, suspended solids and chloride. The extent of the nearshore that was directly influenced by land runoff was small, restricted to the shoreline fringe, relative to the broader nearshore. Pulse-like inputs of phosphorus from wave-induced erosional events and periods of precipitation-related runoff, both characterized by high levels of particle-bound phosphorus, contributed to highly dynamic and spatially variable levels of total phosphorus (TP), and proportions of TP in dissolved form, in the nearshore. The proportion of TP associated with particulate material was strongly correlated with lake depth. Phosphorus distributions in the nearshore indicate contrasting conditions with proximity to shoreline. Land runoff enriches nutrient levels along sections of the immediate shoreline, which contrasts sharply with the ultraoligotrophic conditions in the broader nearshore. The nearshore of Lake Huron arguably has always been highly sensitive to phosphorus pollution and it appears likely that the shoreline may be even more so today.     

Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China

The seasonal variation characteristics of the water quality of the Jinpen Reservoir and the impacts of rainfall runoff on the reservoir were investigated. Water quality monitoring results indicated that, during the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, iron ion, and manganese ion in the water at the reservoir bottom on September6 reached 2.5 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, 0.58 mg/L, 3.2 mg/L, 0.97 mg/L, and 0.32 mg/L, respectively. Only heavy storm runoff can affect the main reservoir and cause the water quality to seriously deteriorate. During heavy storms, the stratification of the reservoir was destroyed, and the reservoir water quality consequently deteriorated due to the high-turbidity particulate phosphorus and organic matter in runoff. The turbidity and concentrations of total phosphorus and total organic carbon in the main reservoir increased to 265 NTU, 0.224 mg/L, and 3.9 mg/L, respectively.Potential methods of dealing with the water problems in the Jinpen Reservoir are proposed. Both in stratification and in storm periods, the use of measures such as adjusting intake height, storing clean water, and releasing turbid flow can be helpful to safeguarding the quality of water supplied to the water treatment plants.     

An Integrated Approach for Targeting Critical Source Areas to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution in Watersheds

This study presents an integrated approach for targeting critical source areas (CSAs) to control nonpoint source pollution in watersheds. CSAs are the intersections between hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) and high pollution producing areas of watersheds. HSAs are the areas with high hydrological sensitivity and potential for generating runoff. They were based on a soil topographic index in consistence of a saturation excess runoff process. High pollution producing areas are the areas that have a high potential for generating pollutants. Such areas were based on simulated pollution loads to streams by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. The integrated approach is applied to the Neshanic River watershed, a suburban watershed with mixed land uses in New Jersey in the U.S. Results show that several land uses result in water pollution: agricultural land causes sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus pollution; wetlands cause sediment and phosphorus pollution; and urban lands cause nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. The primary CSAs are agricultural lands for all three pollutants, urban lands for nitrogen and phosphorus, and wetlands for sediment and phosphorus. Some pollution producing areas were not classified into CSAs because they are not located in HSAs and the pollutants generated in those areas are less likely to be transported by runoff into streams. The integrated approach identifies CSAs at a very fine scale, which is useful for targeting the implementation of best management practices for water quality improvement, and can be applied broadly in different watersheds to improve the economic efficiency of controlling nonpoint source pollution.     

北方半干旱地区棕壤总磷流失特点试验研究

采用直接套取土柱的方法采集原状棕壤土,通过模拟降雨和灌溉试验,分析了棕壤总磷流失的特点。结果表明:下渗率是影响总磷流失量的最主要因素;疏松性棕壤总磷主要通过下渗方式流失,密实型棕壤主要通过径流方式流失;灌溉条件下棕壤总磷流失量与时间成指数函数关系,累计流失量与时间成幂函数关系。