表面涂覆型低温脱硝催化剂的开发与中试应用

采用分步浸渍法制备4%V2O5-4%Mo O3-5%WO3/Ti O2低温粉末脱硝催化剂,将其打浆分散、添加粘结剂制备催化剂浆料,以黏土所制载体为基质制备表面涂覆型蜂窝催化剂.结果表明,涂层厚度达到110?m时,可获得与100%成型蜂窝体相近的脱硝活性,250℃下抗硫抗水中毒稳定性超过100 h,且耐磨性达到应用要求,活性粉末催化剂用量仅为挤出型催化剂的12.8%,显著降低了催化剂成本.该涂覆型催化剂在10000 Nm3/h烟气量的玻璃窑炉脱硝性能中试中,在入口烟气NOx浓度2800mg/Nm3、温度240?300℃、空速7150 h-1条件下稳定运行超过1100 h,脱硝率达80%,NH3逃逸量小于3?10-6(?).     

锰基NH_3-SCR低温脱硝催化剂研究进展

锰基催化剂在低温氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)脱硝反应中表现出良好的催化活性。讨论H_2O和SO_2对锰基催化剂活性的影响,综述通过制备方法改性、添加助剂和优化载体改善锰基催化剂抗H_2O和抗SO_2性能的研究进展,并对锰基低温SCR催化剂的研究方向进行展望。     

SCR脱硝催化剂抗砷中毒改性优化与再生研究进展

选择性催化还原（SCR）是目前应用最为广泛的烟气脱硝技术,催化剂是整个SCR脱硝系统的核心。在实际应用过程中,催化剂存在各种失活问题,其中砷中毒是催化剂失活的重要原因之一。本文详细阐述了SCR脱硝催化剂砷中毒的物理和化学失活机理,其中物理失活是由于As₂O₃在催化剂表面沉积、氧化造成催化剂孔道堵塞所致,而化学失活是由于砷氧化物破坏催化剂酸位点、改变活性基团形态、降低催化剂氨吸附及氧化还原能力所致。然后,系统介绍了抗砷中毒SCR脱硝催化剂的研发路线以及现有抗砷中毒催化剂优化改进的主要技术手段,主要包括调整催化剂孔隙结构、优化催化剂化学配方和烟气侧砷氧化物吸附固化等,其中MoO₃是优选的催化剂活性助剂,金属元素（如Bi、In、Sn、Mg）是主要的抗砷助剂,钙基物质是典型的烟气侧砷氧化物吸附添加剂。最后,对砷中毒废弃催化剂的再生技术进行了简要介绍,包括湿法清洗、热还原法、复合再生等,在实际工业应用中,主要以物理清扫、湿法清洗配合活性组分添加的复合再生方式实现中毒催化剂再生。本文可对未来抗砷中毒SCR脱硝催化剂的研发与优化提供重要支撑。     

WO_3负载量对V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

采用V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2作为脱硝催化剂,考察活性组分V_2O_5和助剂WO_3负载量对催化剂脱硝活性和抗硫抗水性能的影响。结果表明,3%V_2O_5/x WO_3-TiO_2催化剂(x=3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%)上NOx转化率随着WO_3负载量增加而升高,催化剂反应温度窗口不断拓宽。单独通水蒸汽及同时通SO2和水蒸汽对催化剂的毒害作用均较强,表明H2O和NH3的竞争吸附是催化剂抗硫抗水性能较差的重要原因。SO_2与H_2O和NH_3反应生成亚硫酸铵盐和硫酸铵盐,导致催化剂孔隙堵塞,催化活性降低。     

常规失活SCR催化剂制备的低温脱硝催化剂在玻璃窑炉上的应用研究

选择性催化还原技术(SCR)是国内外运用最多也是最为成熟的脱除氮氧化物的技术,而SCR脱硝催化剂是其核心所在。由于烟气中有K、Na、SO_2等物质,使用中烟气通过催化剂,随着时间累积,以上物质会导致催化剂中毒、失活。失活后的催化剂需进行如填埋、处置等,污染环境、浪费资源。以常规失活的SCR催化剂为载体,植入低温脱硝活性物质V_2O_5及掺杂Mn、Co、Ce、Fe和Cu制备了低温脱硝催化剂,并检测了植入前后低温催化剂的化学成分,评价了催化剂脱硝性能及抗水、抗碱、抗砷能力。结果表明:制备的低温脱硝催化剂脱硝效率高,抗水抗碱抗砷能力强。在某日用玻璃窑炉上应用后,脱硝效率超过89.3%,达到了设计要求。     

锰铈改性钒钨钛中低温SCR催化剂脱硝及抗水抗硫性能

结合Mn的低温脱硝活性与Ce的储氧能力,将Mn-Ce作为整体改性剂,添加到传统钒钨钛催化剂中,用浸渍法制备了8份样品,以NH_3为还原剂,于管式固定反应器内进行脱硝及抗水抗硫实验,通过NH_3-TPD、H_2-TPR、N_2物理吸附测试、XRD手段对样品进行表征。综合脱硝活性及240℃抗水抗硫测试结果,选出较优的改性催化剂为3V-10W-7.7Mn-4.3Ce/75Ti,其在180~330℃保持脱硝活性95%以上,240℃抗水抗硫活性稳定在80%左右。该样品的比表面积虽然不到67m~2/g,但是Mn O_2与Ce O_2高度分散在Ti O_2表面;7.7%含量的Mn O_2也使催化剂具有大量的强酸位点,能够增强对NH_3的吸附;适当含量的Ce也增强了催化剂的低温氧化还原能力。     

蜂窝状改性菱铁矿SCR脱硝催化剂的研究

为了开发低温选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂,采用混合法制备蜂窝状改性菱铁矿SCR脱硝催化剂,研究掺杂Mn改性对菱铁矿催化剂SCR脱硝活性的影响,并借助比表面积测试(BET)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,菱铁矿粉末与偏钛酸以7:3比例混合,添加硝酸锰和其他黏合剂,经搅拌混合、挤出成型、高温煅烧等工序,可制备出成型好、强度高、催化脱硝活性强的蜂窝状改性菱铁矿SCR脱硝催化剂。掺杂Mn改性后增大了催化剂的比表面积和表面酸性,降低了结晶度,使催化剂的中低温催化脱硝效率有较大提高,在180～270℃反应温度区间高于90%。能应用于燃煤锅炉尾部低温低尘烟气的SCR脱硝。     

表面涂覆型低温氧化催化剂的开发与中试应用

利用浸渍方式进行低温粉末脱销催化剂的制备。实验研究表明,涂层厚度为110μm,得到与100%成型蜂窝体相近脱销活性;250℃时,抗硫抗水中毒性稳定性超出100h。脱销性能中试实验,烟气NOx浓度为2 800mg/m3、温度处于240~300℃,稳定运行时间超出1 100h,脱下率能够达到80%。     

低温焦化烟气脱硝催化剂制备与中试验证研究

为满足低温脱硝催化剂应用需求,优化脱硝催化剂配方,采用偏钛酸水热法成型工艺,实现了低温蜂窝体脱硝催化剂的中试和连续化工业生产,并完成5 000 m~3/h焦炉烟气脱硝中试性能验证。结果表明,催化剂产品具有较好的低温活性、强度、耐磨性以及成本优势,可分别满足300℃高硫含量(500×10~(-6))和250℃低硫(200×10~(-6))的高水(体积分数18%)烟气氮氧化物达标(250×10~(-6))和超低(75×10~(-6))排放要求,氨逃逸低于3×10~(-6),催化剂连续运行两周以上未见明显失活。270℃高硫含量(500×10~(-6))烟气连续运行一周发现催化剂存在缓慢失活现象,表征证明催化剂失活是由硫铵类物质覆盖催化剂表面造成的,失活催化剂可通过高温焙烧再生。     

钙钛矿型催化剂La1-xSrxMn0.95Ni0.05O3氨气选择性催化还原NO

采用柠檬酸络合法制备了钙钛矿型催化剂La1-xSrxMn0.95Ni0.05O3,用XRD、BET、NH3-TPD等对催化剂的组成、结构进行表征。将该催化剂应用于NH3选择性催化还原NO反应中,考察了锶掺杂量对SCR催化活性的影响。结果表明,该催化剂在100~350℃范围内表现出良好的催化活性,锶取代量x为0.6时,NO转化率最高,达到了95%以上。此外,为了提高低温SCR活性和抗水抗硫性能,A位双取代锶和铈元素,显著提高了低温催化活性和抗水耐硫性能。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。