气化渣对硅酸盐水泥强度和微观结构的影响研究

气化渣是近年来兴起的煤化工工业产生的主要固体废弃物.研究了不同掺量的气化渣粉对普通硅酸盐水泥的凝结时间和抗压强度的影响规律,并采用XRD、FT-IR和SEM微观测试手段分析了气化渣在水泥浆体中的作用机理.结果 表明,未反应气化渣在水泥浆体中主要以团聚状态存在,低掺量气化渣(10％)在水泥浆体中能起到成核作用,有利于水泥发生水化反应,提高水泥浆体中水化产物数量,缩短凝结时间,提高水泥浆体抗压强度.气化渣掺量大于30％时,水泥浆体水化产物数量减少,水泥浆体结构松散,凝结时间随气化渣掺量增大显著延长,抗压强度明显降低.     

水灰比对磷酸钾镁水泥性能的影响

通过测试不同水灰比的含复合缓凝剂的新型磷酸钾镁水泥(MKPC)浆体的凝结时间、流动性和水化过程温度变化,测试其硬化体的抗压强度、分析硬化体的物相组成和微观结构,研究水灰比对MKPC浆体特性的影响.结果表明:水灰比对MKPC的抗压强度和微观结构有显著影响;存在最佳的水灰比范围(0.10,0.11),使MKPC硬化体的结构较完善和后期抗压强度较高.     

富含重金属的焚烧飞灰对磷酸钾镁水泥体系性能的影响

为了研究富含Pb、Cd的模拟垃圾焚烧飞灰对磷酸钾镁水泥(MKPC)性能的影响,测试了含垃圾焚烧飞灰的MKPC体系的流动度、凝结时间、抗压强度和其中重金属Pb、Cd的浸出浓度,分析了MKPC体系的水化放热特性、物相组成和微观形貌,结果表明:复合缓凝剂和适量垃圾焚烧飞灰可有效延缓MKPC浆体的凝结时间.垃圾焚烧飞灰的加入和含量增加使MKPC浆体的早期抗压强度明显降低,随着水化龄期的延长,其抗压强度逐步提高,水化28 d时,掺50％飞灰的MKPC的抗压强度仍大于20 MPa.含垃圾焚烧飞灰的MKPC浆体中Pb、Cd的浸出浓度随垃圾焚烧飞灰含量的增加而增加、随水化龄期的延长而明降低.但含50％飞灰的MKPC硬化体(28 d)中Pb、Cd的浸出浓度均满足《危险废物鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007)要求.     

原料颗粒对磷酸钙骨水泥水化硬化过程的影响

系统地研究了原料颗粒对磷酸钙骨水泥（ｃａｌｃｉｕｍｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｃｅｍｅｎｔ,ＣＰＣ）水化硬化过程的影响规律,以等摩尔的磷酸四钙（ｔｅｔｒａｃａｌｃｉｕｍｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ,ＴＥＣＰ）和无水磷酸氢钙（ｄｉｃａｌｃｉｕｍｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅａｎｈｙｄｒｏｕｓ,ＤＣＰＡ）的混合物为ＣＰＣ粉末作为研究对象,ｐＨ值变化表明,ＣＰＣ水化控制步骤在于ＤＣＰＡ的溶解,降低ＤＣＰＡ的粒径会国快ＣＰＣ的水化反应速     

–10℃条件下氯化钙溶液对硫铝酸盐水泥性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

研究了–10℃条件下氯化钙冷溶液拌合冷硫铝酸盐水泥所获得浆体的凝结硬化及试样的强度发展、物相组成、显微结构和氯离子含量。结果表明:分别采用16%(质量分数)、28%氯化钙冷溶液拌合的浆体存在明显而持续的水化温升过程,证实了该条件下水泥水化的启动与持续进行;提高溶液浓度,浆体达到水化温升最高温度对应的时间延长,从16%时约90 min延长至28%时约150min。采用16%氯化钙冷溶液拌合,浆体凝结硬化快、试样抗压强度高(初凝和终凝时间分别为15min和24 min,1 d和28 d抗压强度分别为41.0 MPa和85.2 MPa);而采用28%氯化钙冷溶液拌合,浆体凝结硬化慢、试样抗压强度低(初凝和终凝时间分别为85 min和155 min,1 d和28 d抗压强度分别为24.3 MPa和57.7 MPa)。溶液浓度16%时,水化产物主要为钙矾石,以针棒状晶体存在,试样中结合氯离子含量极低;而溶液浓度28%时,水化产物主要为F盐,以花瓣形六方板状晶体存在,试样中含有0.95%左右结合氯离子。–10℃条件下采用同处于负温环境的氯化钙冷溶液拌合冷硫铝酸盐水泥可实现冷物料拌合,防止浆体结冰,保证水泥持续水化,其中16%~20%氯化钙溶液拌合时可以获得较短凝结时间和较高强度。     

水泥增效剂对普通硅酸盐水泥性能的影响

本文研究水泥增效剂对硅酸盐水泥凝结时间、胶砂强度以及水化程度的影响,并利用XRD和SEM测试手段对水泥增效剂改性水泥的水化产物及硬化浆体的形貌进行了分析.实验结果表明:水泥增效剂的掺入,缩短了水泥浆体的凝结时间,提高了水泥胶砂的抗压强度及抗折强度,促进了硅酸盐水泥早期水化.XRD与SEM分析表明:水泥增效剂的掺入不仅提高了水泥的水化程度,增加了钙矾石的生成量,而且改善了水泥浆体的微观结构.     

改性硅酸盐水泥的水化动力学研究

将磷铝酸盐水泥熟料掺入到硅酸盐水泥中制备改性水泥,从水化动力学的角度研究其水化情况,并与硅酸盐水泥的相应行为进行了对比.首先通过测定水化放热速率、新拌水泥浆体中的Ca2+和SiO44-离子浓度、电导率及pH值研究了改性硅酸盐水泥的水化历程,并求得了水化动力学方程.其次,测定了改性硅酸盐水泥的净浆与砂浆的强度,并用XRD等分析方法初步探讨论了改性水泥的水化机理.研究发现,改性硅酸盐水泥的水化历程与硅酸盐水泥相似,也经历初始期、诱导期、加速期、减速期和稳定期,但水化放热速率明显提高;在加速期,两者的水化反应均主要由自动催化反应控制,在减速期,均主要由扩散过程控制,但反应速率常数前者明显高于后者.无论是砂浆强度,还是净浆强度,前者也均高于后者,且凝结时间相对缩短.XRD图谱显示,前者的C3S/C2S衍射峰强度的降低率高于相应龄期的硅酸盐水泥.上述结果均意味着改性硅酸盐水泥的水化速度明显高于硅酸盐水泥;水化加速的机理为磷铝酸盐熟料水化吸收了水化浆体中OH-离子,使水化体系的OH-离子浓度减少,从而加速了C3S、C2S的水化反应.     

磷酸钙骨水泥的制备条件对物性的影响

研究了原料颗粒大小、Ca与P摩尔比、调和液组成等制备条件对由磷酸四钙(TTCP)和无水磷酸氢钙(DCPA)组成的磷酸钙骨水泥(CPC)体系的凝结时间和抗压强度的影响，分析了CPC固化过程中涉及的物理化学变化、浆体微观结构的变化与力学性能的关系，为选择与优化工艺和性能提供了依据。     

磷渣对水泥浆体水化性能和孔结构的影响

通过对水泥浆体凝结性能、水化放热、力学性能和孔结构的测定,以及扫描电镜分析和差热-热重分析,研究了不同掺量磷渣对水泥浆体水化性能和微观结构的影响.结果表明:随着磷渣掺量的增加,浆体的凝结时间延长,水化热减少,早期抗压强度下降.但掺磷渣水泥浆体的后期抗压强度已接近或超过了纯水泥浆体的,磷渣掺量的增加对水泥浆体的后期抗压强度影响不显著.浆体中的Ca(OH)2量随龄期的延长而增加并随磷渣掺量的增加而降低.磷渣的活性效应和填充效应的发挥有效地改善了浆体水化后期的微观结构和孔结构,从而使浆体的力学性能有所提高.     

不同细度MgO对磷酸钾镁水泥性能的影响

研究了MgO细度对磷酸钾镁水泥(MKPC)流动性、凝结时间、水化温度变化、水化产物生成量与抗压强度等方面的影响。结合MgO的粒度分析,发现MKPC净浆的流动性和凝结时间是由30μm以下的MgO颗粒控制。水泥浆体的温升测试和差热分析结果表明MgO比表面积对MKPC的水化有显著影响。在MgO比表面积小于322 m2/kg时,MKPC水化过程中出现2个温度峰,其过程可分为快速溶解、水化过渡、加速水化和衰减4个阶段。当MgO比表面积大于322m2/kg时,水化过程只出现一个温度峰。强度测试结果表明,MgO的细度对MKPC的早期强度没有明显影响,但其后期强度主要由尺寸在30～60μm范围内的MgO颗粒所控制,因此,为控制MKPC早期的水化速率并获得较高的后期强度,MgO的比表面积应该控制在238～322m2/kg之间。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.