27Al MAS-NMR study of inorganic polymer formation at ambient temperature

Inorganic polymers are a novel class of materials formed by the polymerization of silicon, aluminium and oxygen species to form an amorphous three-dimensional framework structure. The basis of this process is the alkaline solutions to induce a certain amount of Si and Al atoms to dissolve from a feedstock such as aluminosilicate. A study of ²⁷Al MAS-NMR was carried out in an attempt to understand the reaction mechanism of the inorganic polymerization at ambient temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were also employed to establish the composition and microstructure of the inorganic polymerization. Specimens were prepared with different Al/Si mole ratios from the starting materials. The higher the Al content, the more sufficient the Al atoms that can combine with SiO₄, and the longer the reaction time, the more the bonded Si-O-Al-O polymer structure, and then the higher the Al content, the fewer the octahedral Al with a uniform Si-O-Al-O structure in four directions, because four Al atoms are combined with SiO₄, resulting in a uniform Si-O-Al-O structure in four directions. The results show that they have an amorphous microstructure.     

Aluminum as a suitable substrate for the deposition of conducting polymers: application to polyaniline and enzyme-modified electrode

Electrochemical polymerization of aniline onto an aluminum substrate electrode was studied. The obtained results were compared to those obtained with Pt substrate electrode. It indicates the possibility of aluminum for using as substrate electrode for electropolymerization. Moreover, the electrochemical polymerization of aniline on a passivated Al electrode was studied. The stability of the three different electrodes were studied and compared during potential cycling. Incorporation of glucose oxidase as a typical enzyme into the polymer films was investigated to prepare an enzyme-modified electrode. The activity of the enzyme incorporated into the polyaniline films formed on different substrate electrodes was also discussed.     

Solid electrolytic capacitors using an aluminum alloy electrode and conducting polymers

Solid electrolytic capacitors, in which an aluminum–zirconium (Al–Zr) alloy foil is used as an electrode and a composite conducting polymer layer as a counter-electrode, were prepared and investigated. Soluble polyaniline (PAn) doped with carboxylic acid was used as a conductive precoating layer; using the precoating layer as an anode a polypyrrole layer was formed by electrochemical polymerization to form a composite conducting polymer layer. This method was successfully used in forming the counter-electrode of new alloy electrode capacitors. The capacitors show high capacitance per unit area and excellent high-frequency performance.     

赤泥基胶凝材料的Na~+固化机理

采用SEM、EDS等分析手段研究了赤泥基胶凝材料的水化过程.结果表明,在低Ca/Si的赤泥基胶凝材料水化过程中,在Al对Si的取代作用下,桥[SiO_4]、[AlO_4]四面体数目逐渐增多,[Si(Al)O_4]结构单元聚合度逐渐增大,Si以Q~1、Q~2结构形式存在的C-S-H凝胶,逐渐转变为具有SiQ~2、SiQ~3和SiQ~4结构单元的(Na,Al)-C-S-H凝胶,从而使Na~+以化学吸附和化学固溶形式固化于水化产物中.     

Electrochemical polymerization of aniline on aluminum electrode from an oxalic acid and H2SO4 solutions

In this study, the polymerization of aniline on Al and Pt electrode was examined by cyclic voltammetry There had been reversible reaction on Al electrode. But on the other hand there had been irreversible reaction on Pt electrode. The addition of aniline into the solution led the decrease of current values. The current decreased by adsorption of anodic products on polymer surface. The fact that the anodic peak potential shifted to positive value shows that polyaniline (PANI) catalyzed the formation of polymer. This case shows that the aniline shifted the electrode potential to positive side by the adsorption on the surface. When Al electrode covered with polymer (in 50 mV s⁻¹ potential scanning rate after 20 cycles) was immersed into 1 N HCl solution, the inorganic layer decomposed on the metal surface. This led to decrease the polarization resistance of the metal. SEM microphotographs and EDX fingerprints also confirmed these results.     

Corrosion and biocompatibility of PPy/PEG coating electrodeposited on Ti6Al7Nb alloy

This work aims to improve the corrosion rate of Ti6Al7Nb alloy and to increase its biocompatibility at the same time, obtaining polymer composite films based on polypyrrole/polyethylene glycol (PPy/PEG). The elaboration method was electrodeposition. FT‐IR analysis was performed in order to emphasize the formation of the PPy‐PEG composite film by incorporating PEG into the polymer structure. The paper is focussed on PEG (400 molecular weight) effect on the corrosion in bioliquids (as tested electrochemical bioliquid was chosen Hank's balanced salt solution) and on the biocompatibility properties. The PPy film significantly improves the biocompatibility of the Ti6Al7Nb alloy. The PEG presence in the polymerization solution leads to more stable composite polymer films on the titanium alloy surface with a better corrosion resistance and a more hydrophilic behaviour comparing with the PPy film. The increase of cell viability and proliferation potential as compared to the PPy film is not important.     

Improved electrical and thermal properties of polypyrrole prepared by the repetition of a combination of chemical polymerization and 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid treatment

Electrical property and thermal stability of acid-treated polypyrrole (Ppy) film, which was prepared by the repetition of chemical polymerization of pyrrole (Py) followed by dipping in an aqueous solution of citric acid/boric acid (MCB), p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TS), 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (2-NS), and 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid (NTS) were investigated. The normalized capacitance, the C_p/C₀ value of capacitor fabricated with Ppy film (Ppy-II-2-NS) treated with 2-NS increased with increasing the number of times of polymerization and acid treatment, and reached 0.8 after 18 times repetition, whereas for the capacitor fabricated with Ppy film (Ppy-I) without acid treatment the C_p/C₀ value stayed at a poor level of 0.4. A similar C_p/C₀ = 0.8 was obtained for Ppy films treated with p-TS and NTS. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) value at 100 kHz of Ppy-II-2-NS showed a low value of 2 mΩ being about one-fifth of Ppy-I film. The normalized resistance (R_t/R₀) at 150 °C indicates that the conductivity decay of the Ppy-II-2-NS/Al₂O₃/Al capacitor was significantly suppressed compared to the Ppy-I/Al₂O₃/Al capacitor. These results indicate that 2-NS treatment in the chemical polymerization process is highly effective to improve the electrical properties of Ppy/Al₂O₃/Al capacitor at elevated temperatures.     

Effect of silicon on oxidation of Ni-15Al alloy

1　INTRODUCTIONChromium, aluminum, and silicon can formsatisfactory protective scales on Ni based alloys.Chromium is expensive and not suitable for use attemperatures above 1 000℃ due to the evaporationof CrO3. It has also been well established that theincorporation of Si in many alloy systems has abeneficial effect on their oxidation resistance[1, 2].In addition, silicon is abundant and cheap. More over, Si has one of the largest solubility in Ni3Alwhere it …     

Q235上电弧喷涂Zn55Al涂层在3.5wt%溶液中的腐蚀行为研究

本文使用电弧喷涂通过包套挤压+拉拔的方法制备的Zn55Al伪合金丝材成功的在Q235钢上喷涂出了Zn55Al涂层。通过扫描电镜和微区XRD研究了Zn55Al 伪合金丝材的显微结构。通过浸泡腐蚀实验和电化学方法研究了Zn55Al涂层、Zn15Al涂层和 Al涂层的腐蚀行为,并对比了三种涂层之间的差异。结果表明Zn55Al伪合金丝材由纯锌和纯铝组成,在整个成型过程中没有产生合金化。Zn55Al涂层由层片状的富锌相和富铝相组成。经过20天的浸泡实验,Zn55Al涂层形成了一层致密的钝化膜,比其他两种涂层有更好的耐腐蚀性。Zn55Al涂层的自腐蚀电位大约是-1.25v,高于Zn15Al涂层低于纯Al涂层和Q235基体.电偶腐蚀实验表明,Zn55Al涂层比Zn15Al涂层具有更好的点虎穴保护作用。这些结果说明Zn55Al涂层具有更好的耐腐蚀性和可以给Q235基体提供更强的电化学保护.本文也讨论了Zn55Al涂层的的腐蚀机理。     

Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of conducting polyparaphenylene using room-temperature melt as the electrolyte

Freestanding polyparaphenylene films were obtained on polymerization of benzene at potential of 1.2 V versus Al wire on substrates like platinum/transparent conducting glass as an anode. The electrolyte used was chloroaluminate room-temperature melt, which was prepared by intimate mixing of a 1:2 ratio of cetyl pyridinium chloride and anhydrous aluminum chloride to yield a viscous liquid. This liquid was miscible in all proportions with benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons in all proportions at room temperature. The polyparaphenylene films deposited on platinum anode exhibited a prominent cyclic voltammetric peak at 0.7 V versus Al wire as reference electrode in chloroaluminate medium. The impedance spectra gave low charge transfer resistance. The diffused reflectance electronic spectra of the film gave the peaks at 386 nm and 886 nm. The PPP films showed electronic conductivity around 3–4 × 10⁴ S/cm by four probe method under nitrogen atmosphere. The polymer was also characterized by IR spectra, thermal studies, and SEM studies.     

Characteristics of Schottky barrier solar cells using polyacetylene, (CH)x

We have constructed Schottky barrier solar cells using semiconductive polyacetylene, and investigated their characteristics which are influenced significantly by the surface conditions of the polyacetylene films. The surface contacting the glass wall during polymerization has greater trap density, and the device having a Schottky barrier on the surface shows inferior characteristics to that having a barrier on the other surface.The energy conversion efficiency was improved up to 1%, when the incident light intensity was 7 mW/cm² and the energy of 0.2 mW/cm² was input into the barrier region through the Al electrode.From the strong dependence of the photovoltaic current on the backward biasing voltage, it is inferred that excitons contribute to the photocarrier generation.     

Oxidation of Al2O3-dispersion chromizing coating by pack-cementation at 800℃

Preparation and oxidation of an Al2O3-dispersed chromizing coating were investigated by chromizing an aselectrodeposited Ni-Al2O3 nanocomposite film using a conventional pack-cementation method at a greatly decreased temperature (800℃).For comparison,chromizing was also performed with the same condition on an as-deposited Ni film without Al2O3 nanoparticles.Oxidation at 900℃ indicates that,compared with the Al2O3-free chromizing coating,the Al2O3-dispersed chromizing coating exhibits a increased oxidation resistance,due to the formation of purer and denser chromia scale.The effect of Al2O3 on the coating formation and the coating oxidation behavior was discussed in details.     

Fabrication of aluminum nano-scale structures using direct-embossing with a nickel template

Al plate was patterned by a direct embossing process. An electroformed Ni plate with a nano-sized surface protrusion pattern was used as an embossing mold. The Ni stamp with a nano-sized surface protrusion pattern was pressed onto an electro-polished Al plate; thus, a reversed Al nano-pattern was formed on the Al surface by the localized plastic deformation of Al. The Al plate was softened by annealing at 400 °C for 5 min; thus, high-fidelity pattern transfer was achieved at a low embossing pressure.     

Al-Ti-C晶粒细化剂制备工艺的研究

利用Al液的高温,使加入其中的Al、Ti、C混合粉末发生SHS反应,制备出了Al-Ti-C中间合金晶粒细化剂,通过扫描电镜（SEM）、光学显微镜（OM）和能谱分析（EDS）等手段,研究了铝粉颗粒大小对制备的Al-Ti-C晶粒细化剂组织结构的影响,考察了制备的Al-Ti-C晶粒细化剂对工业纯Al的晶粒细化效果.结果表明：当铝粉大小为100目～200目的细铝粉时,制备的Al-Ti-C中间合金由块状Al3Ti、粒状TiC和Al基体组成,对工业纯Al具有良好的晶粒细化效果.     

Critical shear stresses at aluminum–silicon interfaces

In the present study, the critical shear stress (CSS) for various Al/Si and Al/Al interfaces was determined using molecular dynamics and MEAM potential for different alignments (normal to the interface) and orientations (parallel to the interface). Bond angle distribution, pair correlation functions and shortest path ring analysis were used to determine the nature of plastic deformation due to the sliding. These analyses showed that the deformation is localized within an approximately 10 Å region near the interface only on the Al side. The critical shear stress of Al/Si interface was found to be significantly lower than the critical tensile stress due to the partial stick–slip in sliding. In addition, it was proven that there is not an explicit relationship between shear and tensile critical stresses, which is dramatically different from isotropic materials, where the shear stress is about half of the tensile stress. The misorientation effects differ dramatically in homogeneous Al/Al interfaces and in heterogeneous Al/Si interface: the misorientation can reduce the CSS at Al/Al interfaces by two orders of magnitude; while it has negligible effect on CSS in Al/Si. The only CSS of Al/Al larger than that of the Al/Si interfaces occurs when two Al surfaces are perfectly aligned and oriented into a single crystal. Therefore, in general, introducing Si improves its strength for different grain orientations.     

SHS法制备Al_3Ti/Al复合材料的研究

介绍了高熔点化合物颗粒增强的铝基复合材料的一种先进制备方法 ,即自蔓延高温合成法 (SHS法 ) ,并以Al3Ti/ Al为例进行了实验研究。结果表明 ,将 Ti粉与 Al粉混合 ,在铝合金液中进行自蔓延高温合成 ,可有效地控制 Al3Ti的形态。其中 Al∶Ti比是控制 Al3Ti形态的关键参数。当 Al∶Ti比远小于理论化学计量比 3∶ 1时 ,获得针状 Al3Ti组织。而当该比值等于或大于 3∶ 1时则获得块状 Al3Ti组织 ,其分布也更均匀。但该比值太大 (大于约3.75∶ 1)时 ,则因 Al粉升温和熔化吸热 ,将使得自蔓延合成反应终止。     

The nature of the third-element effect in the oxidation of Fe-xCr-3 at.% Al alloys in 1 atm O2 at 1000 °C

The oxidation of an Fe-Al alloy containing 3 at.% Al and of four ternary Fe-Cr-Al alloys with the same Al content plus 2, 3, 5 or 10 at.% Cr has been studied in 1 atm O₂ at 1000 °C. Both Fe-3Al and Fe-2Cr-3Al formed external iron-rich scales associated with an internal oxidation of Al or of Cr+Al. The addition of 3 at.% Cr to Fe-3Al was able to stop the internal oxidation of Al only on a fraction of the alloy surface covered by scales containing mixtures of the oxides of the three alloy components, but not beneath the iron-rich oxide nodules which covered the remaining alloy surface. Fe-5Cr-3Al formed very irregular external scales where areas covered by a thin protective oxide layer alternated with others covered by thick scales containing mixtures of the oxides of the three alloy components, undergrown by a thin layer rich in Cr and Al, while internal oxidation was completely absent. Conversely, Fe-10Cr-3Al formed very thin, slowly-growing external Al₂O₃scales, providing an example of third-element effect (TEE). However, the TEE due to the Cr addition to Fe-3Al was not directly associated with a prevention of the internal oxidation of Al, but rather with the inhibition of the growth of external scales containing iron oxides. This behavior has been interpreted on the basis of a qualitative oxidation map for ternary Fe-Cr-Al alloys taking into account the existence of a complete solid solubility between Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.     

利用Al氧化反应修复陶瓷宏观裂纹

基于金属Al在高温下氧化形成氧化铝并伴随体积膨胀的效应，利用该体积膨胀抵消烧结致密化导致的体积收缩，设计了Al、Al2O3为主要组成、少量的Y2O3和SiO2为烧结助剂的填充相组分，以95氧化铝方形小坩埚模拟陶瓷宏观裂纹，进行了陶瓷宏观裂纹的修复研究。通过比较Al含量、烧成温度和升温制度对填充组分膨胀量和修复界面微观结构的影响，证实氧化物陶瓷宏观裂纹可通过选择适宜的Al／Al2O，填充组分实现修复。     

退火工艺对采暖系统用耐沟状腐蚀钢带性能的影响

通过对耐沟状腐蚀现象的研究,结合生产设备能力,设计了6种成分钢带和6种退火工艺。借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸试验、中性盐雾试验等手段,研究了采暖系统用耐沟状腐蚀钢带生产过程中冷轧退火工艺对其性能的影响。结果发现:低于Ac₁温度(650、700 ℃)的退火不可能改变原来冷轧铁素体晶界的遗传结构,冷轧α相的再结晶长大不充分,碳化物的聚合和长大过程也不充分;当退火温度达到Ac₁左右(750 ℃),由于碳元素的固溶加剧,导致α相再结晶和析出物的聚合长大,得到极优的延展性,对深冲非常有利;退火温度位于Ac₁~Ac₃之间(850 ℃),发生α→γ相再结晶,可以取得最好的软化效果。对于含Ti的试验钢,随着退火温度的降低,其塑性应变比r值呈下降趋势。Cr的加入不利于耐沟状腐蚀性能,但是Al的加入有利于耐沟状腐蚀性能。采用两段式退火工艺进行工业化生产,可以得到外观和性能优良的采暖系统用耐沟状腐蚀产品。     

Effect of Al Content on Microstructure and Cyclic Oxidation Performance of Pt-Aluminide Coatings

The effect of Al content, i.e., the amount of Al picked up during aluminizing, on the microstructure and cyclic oxidation properties of Pt-aluminide coatings has been investigated. The cast Ni-base superalloy CM-247 was used as the substrate material and a single-step, high-activity pack aluminizing process was used to produce the Pt-aluminide coatings. The Al content of these coatings was varied by using packs with different compositions of the Al source. Pt-aluminide coatings having three different Al contents, namely 6.5, 16, and 21 mg cm^-2, were evaluated for their cyclic oxidation resistance at 1200°C in air. It was found that the Pt-aluminide coatings, irrespective of their Al contents, evolve in the same manner during aluminizing and result in a three-layer structure with an outer PtAl₂+NiAl two-phase layer, an intermediate NiAl layer, and the inner interdiffusion layer. The stability of this three-layer coating structure over long periods of aluminizing, however, is dependent on the availability of Al from the pack during this period. Below a certain threshold Al availability, the two-phase outer layer transforms to a single-phase NiAl structure causing the coating to change from its three-layer structure to a two-layer one. Cyclic oxidation results indicate that, while a minimum Al content in Pt-aluminide coatings is essential for deriving the best oxidation performance, increasing the Al content beyond a certain level does not significantly enhance oxidation behavior. The effect of Al content on aspects, such as coating degradation and nature of coating–surface damage during cyclic oxidation, is also discussed.