APP-DAP-CS 膨胀阻燃体系阻燃聚甲醛研究

为提高聚甲醛（POM）的阻燃性能,以聚磷酸铵（APP）-磷酸氢二铵（DAP）-玉米淀粉（CS）为膨胀阻燃体系,将其与POM 通过熔融共混制备了阻燃POM 复合材料。并采用氧指数（LOI）仪、水平垂直燃烧（UL-94）测定仪、热重-差示扫描量热仪（TG-DSC）、扫描电镜（SEM）及锥形量热仪（CONE）等仪器对所制备的样品进行了测试与表征,结果表明：当复配膨胀体系中APP ∶ DAP ∶ CS=4 ∶ 3 ∶ 1 时,阻燃POM 的LOI 可达38,UL-94 等级为V-1 级,热释放速率和总释热量均较小,炭层结构致密稳定,说明APP-DAP-CS 膨胀阻燃体系能够有效抑制POM的燃烧,具有良好的阻燃作用。     

石墨烯在聚乳酸膨胀阻燃中的协效作用

利用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨,再进一步制备石墨烯(GR)。将GR作为协效剂与膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)复配,应用于生物可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)的阻燃改性,研究GR在PLA膨胀阻燃中的协效作用。采用原子力显微镜、热重分析仪、氧指数仪、水平垂直燃烧测定仪、扫描电子显微镜、激光拉曼光谱对GR、PLA的性能进行表征。结果表明,制备的GR为单片层结构,其在N_2条件下700℃时有84.9%的残留量;加入IFR和GR后PLA复合材料均达到UL-94 V0级别,且LOI显著提高,GR能够显著提高PLA膨胀阻燃体系的热稳定性和阻燃性能。     

膨胀型无卤阻燃PP/EVA电缆材料

对以PP/EVA为基材的膨胀型无卤阻燃聚烯烃电缆材料的制备工艺及配方进行了探讨,并对其进行了性能表征,找出了合适的阻燃配方及工艺.氧指数测试结果表明,经过阻燃后氧指数已提高到29.3以上;水平垂直燃烧结果表明,燃烧等级已达到UL94V-0级;力学性能测试表明,拉伸强度为15.26 MPa,断裂伸长率为641.8%;TG测试表明,700 ℃时,残炭量为18.0%左右;锥形量热仪分析表明,点火时间达到29 s,最大热释放速率降到393 kW/m2.     

改性聚氨酯硬泡复合材料的阻燃性能研究

针对建筑保温材料所使用的硬质聚氨酯泡沫易燃的问题,对硬质聚氨酯泡沫进行化学接枝改性,使三聚氰胺基团均匀分散在阻燃材料体系中,通过对材料进行阻燃性能测试、力学性能测试、燃烧性能测试和扫描电镜分析,考察其在氢氧化镁/聚磷酸铵体系中的阻燃性能、压缩性能和抑烟性能。实验结果表明：三聚氰胺结构改性在对材料的压缩性能削弱较小的情况下可以大大提高纯聚氨酯材料的阻燃性能,不添加任何阻燃剂极限氧指数便可达26.4％,在氢氧化镁和聚磷酸铵协同阻燃体系中,极限氧指数可达28.4％,同时达到UL-94的V0等级。改性复合材料热释放速率最小可达到101.9 kW/m2,相较纯聚氨酯材料最大可下降35.3％,燃烧时产生的烟气释放速率相较纯聚氨酯最大可下降56.6％,并且形成致密的炭层,具有十分良好的阻燃效果。     

多孔磷酸镍VSB-5在膨胀阻燃聚丙烯复合材料中的协效阻燃研究

利用水热法合成多孔磷酸镍VSB-5,并用熔融共混法制备聚丙烯(PP)/膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)/VSB-5膨胀阻燃复合材料。其中IFR由硅包裹聚磷酸铵和一种三嗪类大分子成炭剂(CFA)组成。利用极限氧指数测试(LOI)、垂直燃烧UL-94测试、微型燃烧量热仪及热重分析仪研究复合材料的阻燃性与热稳定性。研究发现,在添加剂总质量分数保持25%的情况下,含有质量分数1.5%VSB-5的膨胀阻燃PP复合材料LOI达到最高的34.9,其最大热释放速率降低至780 W/g,热稳定性显著提高。利用扫描电镜观察复合材料燃烧后炭层表面形貌,发现加入适量VSB-5可以使炭层表面更加致密。研究结果表明适当的VSB-5可以提高膨胀阻燃剂阻燃效率。     

可膨胀石墨在防火涂料中的研究

针对膨胀型防火涂料的不足,本文引入物理性膨胀阻燃填料可膨胀石墨（EG）,与防火助剂高聚合度聚磷酸铵、三聚氰胺、季戊四醇共同构成防火体系,通过改变可膨胀石墨的种类调整涂层性能,对涂层进行了燃烧测试,得到了基材的背温随受热时间变化曲线,结合炭化层的综合性能评价确定了可膨胀石墨在环氧乳液型防火体系中的最适种类。结果表明,粒度0．18mm,起始膨胀温度150℃的可膨胀石墨在环氧基防火涂料中性能最佳,防火性能优良。     

可膨胀石墨在阻燃材料中的应用与发展

本文综述了可膨胀石墨的组成、性质及其在阻燃材料中的应用,并把它和传统膨胀阻燃体系进行了比较.     

氢氧化铝协同膨胀石墨阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫

选用氢氧化铝(ATH)作为可膨胀石墨(EG)协效剂,对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(RPUF)进行阻燃改性,研究了ATH与EG组分配比对阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料阻燃性能、力学性能、燃烧性能和生烟性能的影响。研究结果表明:适当增加ATH在RPUF/EG/ATH复合材料中所占质量比,可改善复合材料的力学性能,降低总热释放及生烟总量;当组分配比为15%EG和15%ATH时,其LOI达到31.0,总热释放和生烟总量较单独添加30%EG分别降低了32.9%和45.8%。     

一种值得重视的新型功能材料——可膨胀石墨

本文对可膨胀石墨的制备原理、理化性质以及当前应用状况作了介绍，并对这种新型功能材料在阻燃防火领域的应用前景进行了分析和探讨。     

阻燃环氧树脂/苯基膦酸铁复合材料燃烧性能研究

以苯基膦酸、硝酸铁为原料,乙醇、乙二醇为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、六亚甲基四胺分别为表面活性剂和配位剂,采用混合溶剂法制备层状化合物苯基膦酸铁（FePP）,并将其添加到环氧树脂中（EP）制备复合材料。热重（TG）结果显示,FePP可以提高EP的热稳定性,同时,EP/4FePP的垂直燃烧测试（UL-94）等级达到V-1,氧指数（LOI）也相应提高。为了进一步改善EP的阻燃性能,将FePP与含磷阻燃剂DOPO协效阻燃EP,测试结果显示EP/3DOPO/1FePP复合材料可以通过UL-94 V-0等级,LOI值高达34.5 %,热释放速率峰值（PHRR）与总热释放速率（THR）与纯EP相比分别降低了28.4%和18.1%,这主要是由于FePP能够在燃烧中降解为含磷和金属的氧化物,促进聚合物快速炭化,并且DOPO可捕捉气相中自由基,抑制链式反应的进行,抑制燃烧,达到气相和凝聚相协效阻燃效果。     

Enhanced flame retardancy of natural rubber composite with addition of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and MCM-41 fillers

Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate with melamine-formaldehyde resin (MCMF-APP) prepared by in situ polymerization and characterized by FTIR showed decreased water solubility and particle size in comparison to bare ammonium polyphosphate. APP was used as additive to natural rubber (NR) together with mesoporous silica MCM-41 as a synergistic agent to form intumescent flame retardant composite in this study. The flame retardancies of NR/APP, NR/MCMF-APP and NR/MCMF-APP/MCM-41 composites were studied using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 test, and their thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) as well as physico-mechanical properties. The results indicated that the LOI value of NR/MCMF-APP composite was higher than those of NR/APP composite and NR. Addition of MCM-41 into NR/MCMF-APP composite further increased the LOI values and also increased the UL-94 ratings of most ternary composites to V-0 due to a synergistic effect between MCM-41 and MCMF-APP in NR composites. As the results showed, the thermal stability and flame retardancy of NR were enhanced.     

植酸三聚氰胺盐阻燃环氧树脂研究

利用生物基阻燃剂植酸三聚氰胺盐 (MPA) 阻燃改性环氧树脂并对其性能进行研究。通过红外光谱 (FTIR) 以及X射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 对MPA化学结构进行表征。利用热重分析仪 (TGA)、极限氧指数测试仪 (LOI)、垂直燃烧测试仪 (UL-94) 及锥形量热测试仪 (CC) 研究阻燃环氧树脂的热稳定性及阻燃性能。热重分析结果表明，MPA阻燃剂在800 ℃残炭达到25.6%，引入环氧树脂后可提升材料高温区热稳定性。垂直燃烧测试显示MPA在15%添加量下可赋予环氧树脂UL-94 V-0等级，表明MPA对环氧树脂有较好的阻燃效果。进一步锥形量热结果表明，MPA的加入显著降低了环氧树脂的热释放速率及总热释放，同时表现出优异的抑烟性能。     

Synergistic effects of hydroxy silicone oil on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system

The effects of hydroxy silicone oil (HSO) as a synergistic agent on the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites (IFR-PP) were studied, and the IFR system mainly consisted of the ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The UL-94 test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter (CONE), digital photograph and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate the synergistic effects of hydroxy silicone oil. It has been found that the Polypropylene (PP) composite containing only APP and PER does not show good flame retardancy at 30% additive level. The cone calorimeter results show that the heat release rate, mass, total heat release, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide of PP/APP/PER/HSO composites decrease in comparison with the PP/APP/PER ternary composite. The digital photographs demonstrated that HSO could promote to form the homogenous and compact intumescent char layer. Thus, a suitable amount of HSO plays a synergistic effect in the flame retardancy.     

Preparation and properties of a single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Melamine salt of pentaerythriol phosphate (MPP), as a new single molecule intumescent flame-retardant, was prepared from pentaerythritol, phosphoric acid, and melamine, and then incorporated into polypropylene (PP) with organic montmorillonite (OMT) to obtain flame retardant PP/MPP/OMT composites. The flammability and combustion behavior of flame retardant PP composites were characterized by using LOI, UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter, respectively. The results showed that the flame retardant properties of the composite containing 29.0 wt% MPP and 1.0 wt% OMT are the best among all the composites. The digital photographs after cone calorimeter test demonstrated that moderate OMT could promote to form the homogenous and compact intumescent char layer.     

Synthesis and performance of three flame retardant additives containing diethyl phosphite/phenyl phosphonic moieties

Three novel intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) containing phosphorus and nitrogen based on Schiff bases, poly(phosphonate ester(s)) (designated as PAB, PEB, and PPB), were synthesized and characterized. Thermal stability and flammability properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/30% IFRs blends were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). The results from UL-94 showed that EVA/IFRs blends all could reach V-2 rating. The addition of PAB into EVA reduced the PHRR value by 31%, and the LOI value increased from 19 to 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation results indicated that the existence of the cohesive charred layer on the surface of the residue was responsible for the improvement of the flame retardancy of EVA.     

改性LDH与IFR对聚苯乙烯的协效阻燃研究

制备由聚磷酸铵（APP）、季戊四醇（PER）和十二烷基单磷酸钾改性的锌铝双氢氧化物（ZnAl-LDH-PK）组成的复合阻燃剂与膨胀阻燃剂IFR协效阻燃聚苯乙烯（PS）,研究了二者不同配比下对聚苯乙烯的阻燃性能、燃烧性能。结果表明,适当比例的ZnAl-LDH-PK和IFR协同作用于复合材料,可使材料具有更优异的热稳定性和成炭能力;当组分为PS、22%IFR、3%ZnAl-LDH-PK时,氧指数（LOI）达35,总热释放和生烟总量较纯PS分别降低了28%和38%,提高了耐火性能;SEM结果证实ZnAl-LDH-PK与IFR的协效作用使复合材料形成了高度膨胀和连续致密的炭层。     

蒙脱土对木材膨胀阻燃涂料性能的影响

采用极限氧指数、锥形量热仪等试验,研究了不同蒙脱土对膨胀阻燃涂料的木材阻燃性能的影响。试验结果表明:复配蒙脱土可以在膨胀阻燃涂料的基础上进一步增加木材的氧指数,涂覆复配阻燃涂料的木材氧指数可达40.8;同时,复配蒙脱土可以降低燃烧热释放速率,并减少总热释放量和总发烟量;采用层状结构显著的蒙脱土,可以更为高效的促进木条成炭,从而起到更好的阻燃抑烟功效。