中国猴头菇栽培菌株的系统进化研究

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)标记对7 个猴头菇之间的亲缘关系进行研究,获得了猴头菇不同菌株的DNA 指纹图谱。结果显示：14 个随机引物中有3 个随机引物的扩增产物的DNA 条带表现出明显的多态性。这3个引物共扩增出44 条带,其中36 条为多态性条带,多态性位点比率为81.81%。同时利用NTSYSpc 2.1 生物软件分析7 个供试菌株之间的遗传相似性,并绘制系统进化树。     

白平菇不同菌株菌丝体的RAPD分析及系统进化关系的研究

本研究采用RAPD技术分析白平菇四个不同株系的DNA序列多态性,用15个随机引物对菌株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,其中3个引物可以扩增出较好的多态性条带图谱,共产生66条清晰稳定的带。通过对供试菌株遗传相似系数的计算和系统聚类分析,构建了树状聚类图谱,在分子水平上分析了白平菇的种质遗传学差异,为白平菇菌株鉴定提供快速有效的技术和方法。     

常见水稻品种的DNA指纹图谱构建及其遗传

通过筛选的10条引物对供试的18种水稻材料进行PCR扩增。共扩增出清晰、重复性好的谱带144个,其中多态性带为138条,多态性比率高达95.8%;应用引物808、809、810、816及其组合获得了每个品种的ISSR特征带,有效区分出所有供试材料,并建立18个水稻品种的ISSR指纹图谱;统计10条ISSR引物的标记信息,对18个水稻样品的遗传相似性进行计算,得出遗传相似性系数在0.42⁰.94之间存在显著的遗传变异,平均相似性系数为0.680。通过UPGMA法构建的树状聚类图,在相似性系数为0.719时可以将18个供试样本以粳、籼稻严格地划分为2个大类群。     

中国莲子种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记对收集自全国不同地区的22个莲子(NympheaceaeNelumboAdans)栽培品种及野生品种的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明:筛选出的14个随机引物扩增出109条DNA指纹谱带,其中83条为多态性片断,为总数的76.1%。应用PhylTools统计数据软件进行差异条带的遗传距离系数分析,构建遗传距离系数矩阵,然后用PHYLIP软件包(版本3.573c)非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析并绘制聚类树状图,供试品种可以划分为五大类,其中江苏水选1号、建宁莲3号、建瓯莲分别单独为一类,其它19种聚为二类。从中可看出品种间的遗传距离与收集地区没有直接的关联,该研究为莲子育种提供重要的信息。     

大豆EST—SSR标记开发及与Genomic—SSR的比较研究

对458220条大豆EST序列进行SSR搜索,共检测出EST—SSR序列39989条,经拼接得到无冗余EST—SSR序列8190条,包括357种重复基元。其中二、三核苷酸重复基元类型居多,分别占无冗余EST总数的11．13％和16％,统计得到二核苷酸重复类型12种,三核苷酸重复类型60种。以含有简单重复序列的元冗余EST序列设计200对引物,其中148对引物有清晰且单一条带扩增产物,以30份大豆品种资源进行引物筛选,获得多态性引物31对。以21份大豆不同基因型的基因组DNA为模板选取30对显示多态性的大豆EST—SSR引物和30对大豆基因组SSR引物进行扩增,带型统计结果显示：大豆EST—SSR与基因组SSR在供试基因型间多态性指数均值分别为0．55和0．44,二者揭示的多态性水平差异不大。从而说明利用生物信息学方法基于大豆EST开发SSR标记是切实可行的,大豆EST—SSR可以用于大豆遗传多样性分析,是大豆DNA分子标记体系的一个重要补充。     

不同来源酿酒酵母菌株的随机扩增多态DNA分析

研究中试用了20个随机引物对16株不同来源的酿酒酵母菌株全基因组进行了随机扩增多态DNA分析,其中OPG06,OPG11和OPG20三条适宜引物具有鉴别作用,每一引物均可扩增1～10条DNA片段,大多数片段分子量大小在100～2000bp之间,共扩增出34条RAPD谱带,多态性为85.3%,获得了稳定清晰的菌株RAPD指纹图谱。RAPD分析结果表明,不同来源的酿酒酵母菌株之间的遗传相似系数在37.5%～94.1%之间,反映出较高的遗传差异性,并可通过聚类分析将16株不同来源的酿酒酵母菌株按亲缘关系的远近分为6个类群。结果表明,利用RAPD标记技术在基因水平上对酿酒酵母菌株进行分子鉴定和分型是可行的。     

利用MFLP标记分析栽培种花生遗传多样性

利用5对多态性良好的锚定微卫星片段长度多态性（MFLP）引物,对包含两大亚种四大类型的18份花生栽培种质的遗传多样性进行分析。5对引物共扩增出291条带,其中多态性条带236条,多态率为81.1%。供试材料间的遗传相似系数值在0.3143～0.8286之间,平均为0.5862。UPGMA聚类分析将18份供试材料按照亚种聚为两类（I,II）;在两大类群下,大多数品种基本按照类型聚类,少数存在交叉。本研究结果表明,MFLP分子标记技术能有效检测栽培种花生的遗传变异,且在遗传关系分析及分子分类上有较高的效率。     

双孢蘑菇RAPD标记的遗传多样性分析

随机抽取108个随机引物对40个双孢蘑菇栽培菌株的DNA进行RAPD-PCR扩增实验,发现有71个随机引物能够扩增出清晰的、稳定的、具有多态性的RAPD条带。结果表明,71个随机引物共扩增出567条DNA带,平均每个引物扩增出7.99条DNA带,其中434条DNA带具有多态性,占总数的76.5%。基于RAPD-PCR扩增资料,采用欧氏距离平方系数和组间连接法,应用SPSS 11.0软件进行聚类分析,探讨40个品种间的亲缘关系与类群划分。当取欧氏距离平方系数阈值为20.5时,所有品种分为三大类;当取欧氏距离平方系数阈值取8.5时,40种双孢蘑菇菌株可被分为6个类群,此结果与双孢蘑菇菌株群的同工酶分类研究结果相当吻合。     

田间不同繁殖代数烟草赤星病菌毒力变异的遗传本质

为弄清烟草赤星病菌毒力与DNA多态性的关系及田间不同繁殖代数烟草赤星病菌毒力变异的遗传本质,分别采用毒力测定和RAPD技术对采集于同一烟田不同生长期的6个烟草赤星病菌株进行测定。结果表明,田间赤星病菌繁殖代数越高毒力越强,毒力差异是病菌基因组DNA致病相关基因差异所致。根据供试菌株在3个烟草品种上的毒力反应,可将其分为2个组,利用RAPD标记可将其分为3个组。12个随机引物扩增供试菌株共产生105个RAPD标记,其中多态性标记占95.24%,表明烟草赤星病菌群体中具有丰富的遗传多样性,毒力多态性与DNA多态性之间存在一致性,但也存在一定的差异。     

豫南烟区烟草青枯病菌的致病力及遗传多样性分析

为有效防控豫南烟区烟草青枯病,对来自信阳市罗山县、驻马店市确山县和遂平县的烟草青枯病菌的致病力和遗传多样性进行了测定分析。人工接种试验表明,豫南烟区烟草青枯病菌的致病力分为强、中和弱3种,不同寄主来源的烟草青枯病菌具有显著的致病力差异。从100个随机引物中筛选出8个扩增条带清晰且具有丰富多态性的引物用于不同地区烟草青枯病菌菌株DNA的RAPD分析,共扩增出720条带,其中多态性带占88.9%。聚类结果和遗传相似系数分析显示,供试菌株可分为A、B两大类,遗传相似系数范围为0.49~1.00,且供试菌株间的遗传相似性与其地理来源有一定的相关性。综上所述,豫南烟区烟草青枯病菌的致病力存在明显差异且其DNA具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

锈菌对烟田杂草小蓟的侵染与为害

在山东青岛地区发现染病小蓟[Cephalanoplossegetum(Bunge)Kitam.]植株,轻者矮化,或不能正常开花结籽,重者死亡。病叶背面长满了锈色的孢子粉。病原经鉴定为蓟柄锈(Pucciniaobtegens)。首次对该病菌进行了详细地研究,以期为杂草小蓟的生物防治开辟新的途径。     

用SRAP标记研究烟草种质资源的遗传多样性

用15对SRAP引物组合对46个普通栽培烟草品种,包括30个普通烟草栽培种和16个黄花烟草进行了多态性分析,共获得3036条带,其中多态性条带为636条,每对引物平均提供42个多态性标记信息。基于UPMGA方法得到的聚类分析结果表明46个烟草品种间的遗传相似系数为0.67～0.98,聚类分析可将这46个品种划分为2个大类群,同种类型的烟草基本聚合在同一种类群中,表明SRAP标记是适合烟草种质资源遗传多样性研究的。     

甘蓝型油菜SSR核心引物研究

为了确定一组适用于品种纯度鉴定和遗传多样性分析的SSR核心引物,以100份具有代表性的甘蓝型油菜品种（系）为研究材料对746对SSR引物进行筛选,综合考虑PIC（平均多态信息量）值大小、引物重复性、扩增带型清晰度、连锁群分布等因素,确定44对引物为甘蓝型油菜核心引物,其中20对引物为首选核心引物,24对引物为备选核心引物。20对首选核心引物每对可检测到3~9个多态性位点,PIC值介于0.56~0.80,共检测到102个位点,分布于11个连锁群上。随机抽取1对核心引物对一个杂交组合大田制种F1纯度进行鉴定,其鉴定结果与田间自然鉴定结果一致,并可同时鉴别出来源于父本及外来的混杂单株。将44对核心引物应用于品种的系谱分析和100份品种遗传多样性聚类分析,同样得到了很好的验证结果。该套SSR核心引物适用于甘蓝型油菜品种鉴定及遗传多样性研究。     

Microbiological hazard identification and exposure assessment of street food vending in Johannesburg, South Africa

One hundred and thirty-two samples of beef, chicken, salad and gravy were collected from two street vendors over eleven replicate surveys to assess microbiological safety and quality. For each food type samples were collected during preparation and holding. Dish water was also collected and food preparation surfaces swabbed during preparation and display. Standard methods were used to determine aerobic plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts, coliform counts and spore counts. Six hundred and seventy-five predominant colonies were isolated from aerobic plate counts of all samples and characterised. The incidence of selected foodborne bacterial pathogens and non-pathogenic E. coli 1 was also determined. In most cases mean bacterial counts of the raw materials were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of corresponding cooked foods. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in all count types were observed between food samples collected during cooking and those collected during holding. In addition, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in all count types were observed between prepared salads and their raw materials. Mean bacterial counts of water and swab samples collected from vendor 1 were lower than those of water and swab samples collected from vendor 2.The predominant populations isolated from the aerobic plate counts were Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae and Alcaligenes spp. Bacillus cereus was detected in 17%, Clostridium perfringens in 1%, Staphylococcus aureus in 3% and Vibrio metchnikovii in 2% of the food samples. Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were not detected. Non-pathogenic E. coli 1 was detected in 13% of food samples, in 86 and 36% of dish water samples collected from vendors 1 and 2, respectively, and in 36% of surface swab samples from vendor 2.     

云南省烟草镰刀菌根腐病菌遗传多样性分析

  背景和目的  尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）引起的根腐病是烟草主要的土传病害,在云南烟区普遍发生。为分析云南省不同地理来源尖孢镰刀菌的遗传差异性和亲缘关系。  方法  采用ISSR（inter-simple sequence repeat）和SRAP（sequence- related amplified polymorphism）分子标记技术分析40株菌株遗传多样性。  结果  （1）采用ISSR技术,供试的7条引物共扩增出53条条带,其中多态性条带44条,平均多态性条带83.02%。菌株间的遗传相似系数为0.49~0.96,存在遗传背景差异。遗传相似系数为0.68时,40株菌株可分为3个类群。（2）采用SRAP技术,供试的7对引物共扩增出44条条带,其中多态性条带32条,平均多态性条带72.73%,菌株间的遗传相似系数为0.55~0.96。遗传相似系数为0.70时,40株菌株可分为3个类群,结果与ISSR一致。  结论  云南省烟草尖孢镰刀菌菌株间遗传差异大,ISSR和SRAP分子标记技术可用于烟草尖孢镰刀菌的遗传多样性分析。      

Genetic variability among isolates of Listeria monocytogenes from food products,clinical samples and processing environments,estimated by RAPD typing

RAPD analysis with four primers was used to examine the genetic relationship among 432 strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from clinical and veterinarian cases of listeriosis, dairy, vegetable, meat- and fish-based food items, environmental samples and samples collected from one transport terminal, one poultry-processing company and four Atlantic salmon-processing plants. The purpose of the study was to determine whether clinical isolates belonged to a specific genetic group, whether links could be made between food groups and clinical cases and whether specific genetic groups were associated with specific food products or processing units. There was great genetic variability among the isolates, which produced a total of 141 RAPD composites based on the RAPD analysis with four primers. The RAPD composites divided in two major clusters and clinical isolates were evenly distributed in both of them. None of the isolates from food products had the same RAPD composite as isolates from human patients, thus, no particular food commodity could be linked to clinical cases. Each food-processing environment was contaminated with more than one RAPD composite and the genetic variability found within each company was, in most cases, of approximately the same magnitude as the variability found when considering all the samples. In each plant, one or a few types persisted over time, indicating the presence of an established in-house flora. Our results indicate that most of the analysed cases of listeriosis were sporadic and, further, that these cases cannot be traced to a few specific food sources. We also found that no particular RAPD composite was better suited for survival in specific food types or food-processing environments, indicating that although differences may be found in virulence properties of individual strains, all L. monocytogenes must be treated as potentially harmful.     

Bacterial populations associated with a sorghum-based fermented weaning cereal.

Microbiological surveys, to determine the quality and safety, were conducted on 45 sorghum samples comprising dry powders (n = 15) and corresponding fermented (n = 15) and cooked fermented porridge (n = 15) samples collected from households in an informal settlement of the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Mean aerobic plate counts, Gram-negative counts and bacterial spore counts of sorghum powder samples decreased in fermented and cooked fermented porridge samples. However, mean lactic acid bacteria counts increased in fermented porridge samples, but decreased slightly in cooked fermented porridge samples. The mean pH value of sorghum powder samples decreased in fermented and cooked fermented porridge, respectively. Bacillus (B.) cereus was detected in all 15 sorghum powder samples, while Escherichia (E.) coli was detected in 53%, Clostridium perfringens in 27%, Listeria monocytogenes in 13% and Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp. and Yersinia spp., each in 7% of sorghum powder samples. Of the fermented porridge samples, 40% contained B. cereus and 7% contained E. coli. None of the pathogens tested for were detected in cooked fermented porridge samples. B. cereus (53%), B. subtilis (21%), B. thuringiensis (13%), B. licheniformis (10%) and B. coagulans (3%) were identified from 120 isolates randomly selected from spore count plates of the highest dilution showing growth.