EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A NEW TYPE OF AERATOR IN SPILLWAY WITH LOW FROUDE NUMBER AND MILD SLOPE FLOW

Experimental study on aeration characteristics of various aeration devices was conducted in the spillway tunnel of the Pubugou hydropower project, Sichuan Province, China. It is shown by comparison that the new type of aeration device, namely, the aerator with a trapezoidal-shaped slot and a steep-slope section(ATSS), can avoid water accumulation in the cavity of the aeration device in the project, thus can effectively solve the backwater problems arising from this project and be used for a wide range of different water levels, without any drain facilities. Above the water level of 840 m, the water contained in the cavity can be eliminated completely, which means that the recommended new type of aerator can meet the aeration demands in the spillway of the project with low Froude number and may be of practical significance and of interest to other projects with similar types of aeration devices.     

大型泵站低扬程泵装置效率指标的推算

为了合理确定我国低扬程泵装置主要工况水力性能的考核指标,以适应我国大型低扬程泵站建设事业不断发展的需要,提出建立在水泵模型同台测试试验数据和流道优化水力设计研究成果基础上的推算低扬程泵装置效率的基本方法,即:泵装置效率由泵段效率和流道效率的乘积得到,其中,泵装置中的泵段效率由同台测试结果经修正后得到,流道效率由流道水力损失及泵装置扬程计算得到;应用该方法推算了大型泵站贯流泵装置和立式泵装置模型主要工况的效率考核指标。     

三门峡大坝双层泄水孔原型噪声观测与底孔改建设计

三门峡大坝泄流排沙孔原为施工导流底孔，其体型不满足黄河高含沙水流的要求，泄水后其斜门槽、工作门槽导轨等部位发生严重破坏。为了查明破坏机理，提出合理的改建措施，于１９８９年对双层泄水孔进行了原型噪声观测。本文介绍了噪声测试水流空化的原理、方法及成果，对照水工模型试验及底孔破坏情况进行了分析，对改建方案进行了论证。此次原型噪声观测为水工建筑物水流空化情况测试和判断提供了新的途径，底孔改建为改善水力条件     

三峡大坝泄水建筑物水力学原型观测与分析

三峡大坝泄水建筑物具有下泄流量大(102 500 m3/s)、泄洪落差大(97.3 m)、孔口数量多(22个表孔和23个深孔)、运行水头高(90 m)、库水位变幅大(135～180 m)等特点,其泄洪运行备受关注。采用现场原型观测手段,2003年以来历时十余年,系统观测了深孔135 m、156 m、172 m和表孔162 m、172 m特征库水位泄洪消能水动力特性,重点考察了水流流态、动水压强、水流流速、水流空化噪声、通气风速、水流掺气浓度、坝下冲刷等参数,获得了宝贵的原型系列观测数据,并与模型试验成果对比分析补充完善。观测显示,泄水建筑物过流面虽有初生空化信号但未见空蚀和泥沙磨损破坏,坝下消能区冲坑最深点高程20.8 m,折算其上游坡比1∶6,表明三峡大坝泄水建筑物布置总体是成功的。     

小浪底工程1号孔板泄洪洞水流空化原型试验研究

在库水位为210.18～210.28 m之间时,对小浪底水利枢纽工程1号孔板泄洪洞泄洪情况下多级孔板水流空化特性进行了原型试验。对弧形工作闸门在连续开启过程中各级孔板水流噪声的频谱分析发现,闸门孔口相对开度e/a为0.9时,第二级和第三级孔板处水流噪声声压级突然增加10 dB以上,表明开始出现空化水流,相应三级孔板的水流空化数分别为5.85、5.65和5.03,该结果与考虑缩尺影响修正后的模型试验研究结果基本一致。     

台阶溢流坝过流掺气减蚀问题的研究

根据大朝山水电站表孔减压模型试验资料,结合原型观测有关资料,对台阶溢流坝掺气减蚀问题进行了分析研究。结果表明,利用表孔宽尾墩+台阶面的过流形式,可以解决台阶面大单宽过流掺气减蚀问题,台阶面水流近底掺气浓度最小在5%以上。高坝试验结果还表明,坝高增加20 m,台阶面水流掺气浓度沿程分布规律不变,即该掺气减蚀方法应用范围可推广至坝高131.0 m的台阶溢流坝。     

Physical and Biological Responses to an Alternative Removal Strategy of a Moderate‐sized Dam in Washington,USA

Dam removal is an increasingly practised river restoration technique, and ecological responses vary with watershed, dam and reservoir properties, and removal strategies. Moderate‐sized dams, like Hemlock Dam (7.9 m tall and 56 m wide), are large enough that removal effects could be significant, but small enough that mitigation may be possible through a modified dam removal strategy. The removal of Hemlock Dam in Washington State, USA, was designed to limit channel erosion and improve fish passage and habitat by excavating stored fine sediment and reconstructing a channel in the former 6‐ha reservoir. Prior to dam removal, summer daily water temperatures downstream from the dam increased and remained warm long into the night. Afterwards, a more natural diel temperature regime was restored, although daily maximum temperatures remained high. A short‐lived turbidity pulse occurred soon after re‐watering of the channel, but was otherwise similar to background levels. Substrate shifted from sand to gravel–cobble in the former reservoir and from boulder to gravel–cobble downstream of the dam. Initially, macroinvertebrate assemblage richness and abundance was low in the project area, but within 2 years, post‐removal reaches upstream and downstream of the dam had diverse and abundant communities. The excavation of stored sediment and channel restoration as part of the dam removal strategy restored river continuity and improved benthic habitat while minimizing downstream sedimentation. This study provides a comparison of ecological effects with other dam removal strategies and can inform expectations of response time and magnitude. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

15度斜式轴流泵装置水动力特性实验研究

15度斜式轴流泵装置是我国近年在低扬程、大流量泵站引入的一种新型泵装置,由于出水流道前端呈S形弯曲,流道内的二次流导致某些工况下压力脉动和振动较大,这一问题尚有待深入研究。本文针对浙江盐官泵站技术改造所研制的新型15度斜式轴流泵装置进行了水动力学特性的实验研究。研究发现,与泵段相比,斜式轴流泵装置的最优工况点向负叶片角度和小流量区偏移。泵装置在较小叶片角度下的空化特性优于大叶片角度;当装置空化余量低到使泵装置效率下降1%时,叶片背面出现占据近1/3叶道区域的空化区。斜式轴流泵的飞逸转速在较大负叶片角度时可达额定转速的1.73倍。斜式轴流泵压力脉动在导叶出口、出水弯管和出水流道内明显高于常规立式轴流泵;从水泵进口方向看,当叶轮逆时针方向旋转时,斜式轴流泵装置出水流道隔墩左侧流量大于右侧。本文研究成果为大型斜式轴流泵站优化设计和稳定运行提供了新的科学依据。     

EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATION OF A SCALING EXPONENT FOR TIP VORTEX CAVITATION VIA ITS INCEPTION TEST IN FULL- ANDMODEL-SHIP

Tip vortex cavitation noise of marine propeller became primary concerns to reduce hazardous environmental impacts from commercial ship or to keep the underwater surveillance of naval ships. The investigations of the tip vortex and its induced noise are normally conducted through the model test in a water cavitation tunnel. However the Reynolds number of model-test is much smaller than that of the full-scale, which subsequently results in the difference of tip vortex cavitation inception. Hence, the scaling law between model-and full-scales needs to be identified prior to the prediction and assessment of propeller noise in full scale. From previous researches, it is generally known that the incipient caivtation number of tip vortex can be represented as a power of the Reynolds number. However, the power exponent for scaling, which is the main focus of this research, has not been clearly studied yet. This paper deals with the estimation of scaling exponent based on tip vortex cavitation inception test in both full-and model-scale ships. Acoustical measurements as well as several kind of signal processing technique for an inception criterion suggest the scaling exponent as 0.30. The scaling value proposed in this study shows slight difference to the one of most recent research. Besides, extrapolation of model-ship noise measurement using the proposed one predicts the full-scale noise measurement with an acceptable discrepancy.     

基于增湿变形的渠道工程黄土渠基湿陷性评价方法

湿陷变形是黄土地区工程建设,特别是像渠道工程这样的行水建筑物必须面对的问题。我国目前实行的《湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范》(GB50025-2004)在工程等级标准、上覆压力选择和湿陷等级标准等方面存在不适合渠道工程的缺陷。本文依托新疆一大型引水渠道工程(设计流量215.9 m3/s,黄土深度达到30 m),从渠道工程的特点出发,提出了基于增湿变形的渠道工程渠基黄土场地的湿陷性评价方法,以弥补现有规范的不足。实例应用表明,该方法按照实际上覆压力和增湿变形等方面进行分析,具有既符合渠道工程实际,又可以充分考虑渠道工程防渗层作用的优势。     

SEM测试技术在全级配混凝土长龄期碱活性试验研究中的应用

为宏观及微观全面系统地掌握混凝土膨胀劣化特性,在国内某大型水电站砂岩骨料碱活性研究的基础上,充分考虑工程实际需要,开展了全级配大体积混凝土碱骨料反应长龄期模拟试验。运用SEM测试技术结合已有碱骨料反应评估体系进行了骨料碱活性抑制效果长期有效性研究。研究结果表明,将SEM测试技术运用于某水电站全级配混凝土碱活性长龄期测试,能明显观测到发生碱活性反应骨料界面的特征反应产物,可半定量了解其碱活性反应程度,预测混凝土劣化趋势。     

大单宽流量低傅汝德数收缩墩底流消力池的试验研究

为解决大单宽流量、低傅汝德数底流消能中存在振荡水跃,进而导致消力池内流态不稳定、水面波动大、消能率低等问题,采用模型试验的方法,对在消力池前设置收缩墩后的收缩扩散与底流复合消力池进行了研究。结果表明:设置Y型收缩墩后消力池内呈较为稳定的收缩射流与淹没水跃的三元复合流态,水流更为稳定,振荡水跃消失,可有效解决池内的水流间歇性振荡和水面大幅波动等问题。同时,设置收缩墩后,可有效降低池内最大临底流速,由近30 m/s降至约20 m/s。消能率由60.93%提升至66.61%,消能效果显著。此外,下游河道冲刷大大减小。最不利冲刷工况下的2年一遇洪水时,基岩最大冲深由近32.0 m降为5.6 m。消力池前设置收缩墩,对于因受地形地质等客观条件限制,无法通过改变池长池深来解决大单宽低傅汝德数的底流消能问题,提供了一种新思路。     

三峡工程表孔体型空化试验研究

根据三峡工程溢流坝表孔设计体型,通过减压试验 ,研究了体型的空化特性。成果表明：WES曲线坝面为免空蚀体型; 挑流鼻坎虽有弱空化现象,但空蚀的可能性不大;工作门槽体现为蒸汽型空化特征,其强度 随工作水头增大而加剧。对两道门槽进行局部体型修改后,两者的空化特性均有明显的改善 。要达到完全免除空化之目的,有待进一步优化。     

多级孔板消能在大梁水库放水洞中的研究应用

大梁水库放水洞初步设计采用９级孔板消能，经水工模型试验证实，１５５ｍ水头可消减１３０ｍ，消减水头占总水头的８４％以上，消能效果显著，文中主要内容是孔板消能机理、布置原则、影响因素及设计试验成果，孔板消能设计中的关键问题是：（１）孔板孔口水头损失系数的选择，影响水头损失系数的因素有雷诺数Ｒｅ，孔径比ｄ／Ｄ，孔板间距及孔板形状等；（２）要求水流空化数大于初生空化数，以避免孔板产生空蚀、空化现象。     

构皮滩水电站泄洪表孔分流齿坎的空化试验研究

 高拱坝泄洪表孔增设分流齿坎可以改善下泄水流流态和水垫塘底板的压力特性,提高消能效率,但由此带来分流齿坎的空化问题。采用减压模型试验方法对构皮滩水电站泄洪表孔分流齿坎的空化特性进行了试验研究。试验成果表明：该处空蚀可能性较大,而修改方案中,此处空化强度明显减弱且未超过空化初生阶段。     

FLOW NOISE MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE SHIP WITH TOWED MODEL

In this article, a new acoustic test technique using towed model was introduced to study flow noise caused by a surface ship. The project of model test was be properly designed for acoustic signal collecting and with the help of appropriate data processing method different kinds of acoustic sources could be successfully identified. A lot of work about fuid noise could be carried on with the towed model, and the noise corresponding to low frequency which is especially interested for its long distance radiating with small attenuation could also be studied in this way.     

米兰河山口导流兼泄洪洞掺气减蚀设施设计

米兰河山口工程泄水建筑物由导流兼泄洪洞、台阶式溢洪道组成,依次布置于左岸河床。导流兼泄洪洞采用有压短管进水口,孔口尺寸为3.5m ＆#215;3.5m,出口采用底流消能,消力池长70m、宽15m。根据单体水工模型试验成果,采取挑坎与通气槽组合型式的掺气体型,能较好地解决水流空蚀问题。     

超低水头竖井贯流式水轮机模型试验

为研究超低水头下竖井贯流式水轮机的能量特性和空化特性,对一种额定水头为2.10 m的超低水头竖井贯流式水轮机进行模型试验。基于河海大学水力机械多功能试验台,采用压差传感器、电磁流量计、扭矩仪等仪器对不同导叶开度、不同叶片安放角下GD-WS-35型水轮机的水头、流量和扭矩等参数进行测试,并绘制了水轮机模型综合特性曲线。试验结果表明:当叶片安放角为23°,导叶开度为65°时,在额定水头2.10 m条件下,模型水轮机的流量为0.398 m3/s,效率为83.34%,出力为6.838kW,对应原型水轮机的流量为9.96m3/s,效率为85.14%,出力为174.7 kW,水轮机具有良好的能量特性;当叶片安放角为23°,导叶开度为65°时,水轮机具有良好的空化性能。     

某小型水电站首部枢纽底格栏栅坝尺寸的确定

底格栏栅坝在我国应用较广,适用于河床坡度较陡,水流中带有大量的卵石、砾石及粗沙的山溪河道上,它可以防止大量泥沙进入渠道,而且具有结构简单、施工方便及造价低廉等优点,本文对该水电站及首部枢纽作了简要介绍,同时确定了底格栏栅坝的相关尺寸。     

水工建筑新技术在左江水利枢纽工程中的应用

简介左江水利枢纽工程几种水工建筑新技术及应用情况 .①首次在左江干流大 (Ⅱ )型水利工程成功应用草土围堰技术 ,其渗透系数为 1× 10 - 5cm/s ,内外坡比 1∶1,抗冲流速 3～ 3 5m/s ,寿命可达 2a ;②采用水坡过坝建筑物 ,坡槽为钢筋混凝土“U”型断面 ,整体结构 ,全长 12 35m ,纵向坡率 3%,可比船闸方案减少投资 90 0万元 ;③在国内首次将消力戽应用于较低Fr数水流的较大工程 ,解决了低Fr数水跃摆动问题 ,且在较短的下游水流表面消除了波动 ,减轻了冲刷 ,提高了消能效果 ,经 5个洪水期的考验 ,运行情况良好 .