基于正交试验法的邓肯-张E-B 模型参数敏感性分析研究

邓肯-张E-B模型能反映堆石料不同围压下的应力变形关系,在混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形数值计算中得到了广泛的应用。本文基于正交试验法,以混凝土面板堆石坝为例,进行了邓肯-张E-B模型参数对坝体竖向位移、上下游水平位移的敏感性分析。研究结果表明：邓肯-张E-B模型参数中的初始体积模量基数、初始内摩擦角、初始弹性模量基数对坝体竖向位移的敏感性相对较大;初始内摩擦角、初始弹性模量基数、破坏比对坝体向上游水平位移的敏感性相对较大;初始体积模量基数、初始内摩擦角、初始弹性模量基数对坝体向下游水平位移的敏感性相对较大;模型参数取值对向上游水平位移的影响最为显著;体积模量指数、摩擦角中的减少值、弹性模量指数对坝体变形计算结果的影响相对较小。本文的研究方法及成果可以为面板堆石坝邓肯-张E-B模型参数选取提供参考。     

基于正交试验分析法不同施工阶段邓肯-张E-B模型参数对坝体变形的敏感性分析研究

基于正交试验理论,采用极差分析法与方差分析法分别对不同施工阶段(填筑期与蓄水期)内邓肯-张E-B模型参数对坝体变形的敏感性进行分析,研究表明:不同施工阶段,基于同一计算指标采用极差分析法和方差分析法得到的参数对坝体变形的敏感性规律基本相同;邓肯-张E-B模型各参数对计算指标最大垂直位移V、最大水平向上游位移H_(u)与最大水平向下游位移H_(d)的敏感性规律有一定的差异,邓肯-张E-B模型参数φ_(0)、K_(b)对最大垂直位移V的敏感性最大,参数φ_(0)、R_(f)对最大水平位移H_(u)与H_(d)的敏感性最大的结论一致。     

基于非线性剪胀模型的高面板堆石坝变形分析

在混凝土面板堆石坝的设计中,对于坝体变形的分析目前多采用邓肯E-B模型进行三维非线性有限元计算。鉴于非线性弹性邓肯-张模型不能反映堆石料的剪胀性,依托位于狭窄河谷上的猴子岩面板堆石坝工程,提出采用非线性剪胀模型分析坝体应力变形特性。通过对比分析非线性剪胀模型、邓肯E-B模型坝体应力变形计算成果,同时根据现场坝体变形监测成果,验证了非线性剪胀模型在面板堆石坝静力有限元分析中的合理性与优越性。     

本构模型对面板堆石坝应力变形的影响

邓肯-张E-B模型,能考虑土体的非线性特征以及应力历史对变形的影响,比较符合土体的受力特征。理想弹塑性D-P模型是在摩尔-库伦模型的基础上考虑了静力压力的影响,广泛应用于岩体材料的模拟。堆石体是介于土体与岩体之间的一种土石混合体,其本构模型的选择一直存在较大的争议。基于APDL二次开发,将E-B本构模型成功引入到ANSYS静力分析中,与理想弹塑性D-P模型的计算成果进行对比分析,并对E-B模型的主要参数进行敏感性分析。研究成果表明:本构模型对堆石体竖向位移影响较大,但对堆石体的应力、面板应力、及面板位移影响较小;E-B模型参数中K,n以及荷载子步对面板堆石坝应力、位移的影响较大。     

某水库混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形分析研究

采用邓肯-张E-B非线性弹性模型,利用数值计算方法,对某堆石坝在施工和蓄水期的应力、变形进行了计算分析,得出了堆石体和面板的最大变形值及其发生位置。结果表明:蓄水对混凝土面板堆石坝的水平位移影响较小;坝体在竣工期和正常蓄水期两种工况下面板的最大挠度均发生在上游坝坡和堆石压重体的交界处,应力总体较小,大坝稳定性良好。     

基于有限元分析方法的面板堆石坝应力与变形研究

以某混凝土面板堆石坝为例,利用ABAQUS的＂单元生死＂技术,模拟计算了坝体及面板在坝体施工和水库蓄水各时期的应力与变形情况。并采用多指标正交试验设计方法对邓肯-张E-B模型的主要参数进行了敏感性分析,得到了影响坝体的关键敏感性参数。该研究成果对于以后类似工程的设计和监测具有一定的指导与借鉴意义。     

面板堆石坝有限元仿真计算及参数敏感性研究

回顾了面板堆石坝仿真计算中各类材料的本构模型.结合某抽水蓄能电站混凝土面板堆石坝,运用三维非线性有限单元法对其进行了坝体施工和库水蓄降的仿真模拟计算,预测了各时期坝体和防渗体系的变形和应力.并对计算模型的主要参数进行了敏感性分析,其中参数K,Rf和φ0对坝体位移有较大影响.     

狭窄河谷深覆盖层地基高面板堆石坝应力变形特性研究

为研究狭窄河谷深覆盖层上高面板堆石坝的应力变形特性,本文基于邓肯-张E-B非线性本构模型,采用中点增量法,结合九甸峡高面板堆石坝工程实例,对其施工期和运行期的应力变形进行了三维有限元仿真分析。结果表明:与一般建基于宽浅河谷及基岩坝基情况的面板堆石坝相比,在狭窄河道深覆盖层地基上建设高面板堆石坝,竣工期和蓄水期的坝体水平位移分布受覆盖层的影响较大,坝体应力分布也呈现出与岩石坝基有所不同的分布特征,面板的应力变形基本均在正常范围内,但蓄水期面板接缝尤其是周边缝位移相对较大,因此建议设计应对接缝止水采取相应的防护措施。     

邓肯张E-B模型对中等高度面板坝沉降计算的适应性分析

结合某水库混凝土面板堆石坝坝体变形的二维非线性有限元计算,通过与实测沉降值的比较验证邓肯张E-B模型对中等高度面板坝沉降计算的适应性。计算结果表明,采用邓肯张E-B模型计算的坝体沉降与实测分布规律一致,但实测值较计算值平均大30%左右,因此,应合理选取模型参数,以比较准确地估计坝体沉降变形。     

300m级超高斜心墙和直心墙堆石坝应力变形分析

为了优化设计和安全评价,对某300 m级超高直心墙堆石坝和作为比较方案的斜心墙堆石坝进行了三维有限元应力变形计算。对坝体堆石料采用邓肯张E-B非线性弹性模型,对高塑性黏土与混凝土结构接触面采用Goodman单元模型,分43级荷载对坝体的施工和蓄水过程进行模拟,比较分析两种坝型在蓄水期坝体和心墙的应力和变形性状。结果表明,相对直心墙方案,斜心墙方案计算所得坝体的最大水平位移相对较小,垂直沉降较大。斜心墙方案下心墙两岸坝肩处高应力水平区域有所减小,可以适当改善心墙上游面单元的应力和变形条件。斜心墙方案下心墙的拱效应相对较弱,其抗水力劈裂的性能稍好。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.