SO2对柴油车尾气中CO和HC在Pt/γ-Al2O3上催化氧化的影响

在固定床流动反应器中用程序升温反应(TPR)研究了SO2对模拟柴油机排气中HC和CO在新鲜Pt催化剂和400℃硫化Pt催化剂作用下的催化氧化行为的影响。结果表明，反应气中的SO2阻碍新鲜Pt催化剂对HC和CO的催化氧化，而硫化催化剂对C3H8的催化转化有促进作用。SO2及其氧化产物SO3在催化剂表面的化学吸附导致新鲜催化剂对HC和CO的催化性能下降，Pt催化剂和涂层载体γ-Al2O3界面的硫化物种在400℃下能够促进C3H8的催化氧化。     

氢气和DME作为还原剂的NSR性能比较研究

采用共沉淀法配制了NOx存储还原(NOxstorage and reduction,NSR)专用催化剂Pt/Co-BaO/γ-Al2O3。试验研究了催化剂存储NOx的热稳定性与其脱附还原特性,并在小样试验台架上采用二甲醚(DME)和氢气(H2)进行NOx存储-还原试验,研究了不同还原剂对NSR催化剂性能的影响。研究结果表明:Pt/Co-BaO/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有良好的NOx存储性能和热稳定性,以H2为还原剂时催化剂存储NOx的热稳定性最差,NOx转化率最高,H2的还原性能优于DME。     

Ni-Co双金属催化剂上沼气重整制氢宏观动力学

用传统湿式浸渍法制备La2O3掺杂的商业γ-Al2O3负载的沼气重整催化剂Ni-Co/La2O3-γ-Al2O3,通过对NiCo双金属催化剂上沼气重整制氢在常压下的宏观动力学分析,得出该催化剂上CH4与CO2消耗、H2与CO生成时的表观反应速率方程.通过改变进料中CH4与CO2的分压,求出各物质的反应分级数,确定总反应...     

溶胶凝胶法制备CuO／γ-Al2O3催化剂及其脱硝活性的研究

用溶胶凝胶法制备了CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂颗粒,并在固定床上测试其催化脱硝活性.利用程序升温方法研究了CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂对NH3和NO的氧化性能.结果表明:CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂在250~400℃范围内脱硝效率达到了85%以上;在350℃时,达到98%;但在400℃时,由于NH3的急剧氧化而使脱硝效率下降.高度分散的活性组分能在一定程度上降低催化剂高温下的氧化性能.CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂能将NO氧化成NO2,有利于脱硝反应的进行,NH3和NO在催化剂上都存在明显的吸附现象.NO在催化剂上的吸附对脱硝过程有重要作用.     

低温SCR催化剂脱硝脱汞实验研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了MnOx-CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂,使用BET和XRD等表征手段进行表征,并在固定床实验台架上考察了其脱硝性能,汞氧化性能及抗硫性能.结果表明,MnOx-CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂在80~150,℃的低温区可达到超过85%的脱硝效率,是一种较好的低温脱硝催化剂.在模拟烟气条件下,250,℃时MnOx-CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂的汞氧化效率也可达到80%.尽管SO2对催化反应起到抑制作用,但Ce的加入有效地提高了催化剂抗SO2毒化性能.     

不同载体负载的Mn系复合氧化物催化剂性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法和浸渍法将Mn的氧化物分别负载到TiO2、γ-Al2O32种载体上,通过BET、XRD、H2-TPR和NH3-TPD等表征方法考察了MnOx/γ-Al2O3和MnOx/TiO2催化剂的物化特性,同时在反应器上进行的脱硝活性测试。BET、XRD、SEM测试结果表明:MnOx/γ-Al2O3的孔结构与比表面积优于MnOx/TiO2,而MnOx在TiO2上的结晶度较差,分散性较好,其催化剂疏松结构更有利于反应气体与活性物质充分接触。TPR和TPD结果表明:MnOx/TiO2在低温下有较好的氧化还原能力,但是催化剂表面酸性强度弱于MnOx/γ-Al2O3。脱硝性能测试结果表明:TiO2和γ-Al2O3作为载体的MnOx催化剂均表现出较好的SCR活性,其中当MnOx/TiO2催化剂在低温范围内(80℃~200℃)脱硝效率上升较快,在140℃时,NO转化率已经达到60%以上,在200℃左右,NO转化率达到90%左右,之后随反应温度升高脱硝效率没有明显变化;MnOx/γ-Al2O3在260℃以下,催化剂的活性较差,在380℃时,其NO转化率达到85%。因此,低温条件下TiO2更适合作为MnOx催化剂的载体。     

高性能POC催化剂的开发及测试比对

制备了不同目数的金属颗粒氧化催化器(POC)催化剂Pt/Ce O2-Zr O2/Al2O3,及陶瓷POC催化剂,考察了POC的背压和整车排放性能,对比了金属POC及陶瓷POC在发动机排放实验中的效果,结果表明,陶瓷POC相对金属POC更能有效降低PM排放,对气体CO和HC也有较好的净化效果。     

CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂选择性催化还原NO

利用溶胶凝胶法制备CuO/γ-Al2O3,催化剂颗粒,在固定床上测试催化脱硝活性.CuO/γ-Al2O3在250～400℃范围内脱硝效率达到90%以上.硫化作用后催化剂的最佳温度窗口向高温方向移动.利用程序升温方法研究了.CuO/γ-Al2O3对NH3的氧化性能,经硫化后催化剂NH3的氧化性能下降,降低了催化剂在低温区脱硝活性.NH3和NO的脱附实验显示NH3和NO在催化剂表面存在明显的吸附现象.经硫化经后催化剂增加了对NH3的吸附量,降低了对NO的吸附量.暂态实验证明NH3以吸附态参与反应,而NO以气态或者弱吸附态参与反应.NO的吸附在实际SCR反应过程中影响有限.动力学计算显示溶胶凝胶法制备CuO/γ-Al2O3拥有较低的选择性催化还原反应活化能.     

复合型NSR催化剂的开发及性能验证

为了开发出同时具有优良的NO_x储存和还原性能的催化剂,采用改进的溶胶凝胶法,制备了兼具贵金属和钙钛矿类优点的复合型NSR催化剂Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al_2O_3,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术对催化剂的孔结构及微观形貌进行了评价,并与Ba/Ce基催化剂进行了对比;并采用程序升温脱附试验(TPD)、程序升温表面反应(TPSR)和完全存储还原试验等方法测试了催化剂的热稳定性及脱附还原性能。研究结果表明:Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-A_l2O_3在孔结构及微观形貌方面均优于Ba/Ce基催化剂,同时具有良好的热稳定性及脱附还原性能,是一种性能优良的NSR催化剂。     

Cu-Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂上二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢

采用草酸盐胶态共沉淀-机械混合法制备了一系列Cu-Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂,考察了CuMn摩尔比及助剂La、Al、Fe、Zn等对Cu-Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂上二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢的催化性能的影响,并结合热重-差热扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)、N2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等表征手段研究了助剂La的添加对Cu-Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂微观结构的影响.研究表明:当Cu-Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂中Cu/Mn摩尔比为1/2时,催化剂具有较高的初始活性;添加La、Al、Fe、Zn等助剂均不同程度地提高了Cu-Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂的稳定性,其提高顺序为:La>Al>Fe>Zn;适量La的添加可以起到隔离和分散铜的作用,能阻碍活性组分的聚集长大,有助于活性组分细化,并增加表面高分散CuO的量,同时增强Cu-Mn以及金属铜和载体之间的相互作用,防止铜的团聚,从而提高催化剂的活性及稳定性.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.