半连续碳纳米管反应器中试开发及流态化模拟

在间歇过程的碳纳米管制备实验基础上结合经验公式,开发设计了制备碳纳米管的半连续中试流化床反应器,结果表明:催化剂100 g、反应温度650℃时,甲烷平均转化率23.2%,碳纳米管产率为177.5 g/h,操作周期为间歇反应器的1/3,反应器可较好地实现碳纳米管制备功能。用计算流体力学方法对此反应器内的气固两相流化行为进行数值模拟,得到在工况条件下,最佳的催化剂用量为100 g、操作气速为0.15 m/s等工艺参数。     

煤制合成天然气甲烷化反应研究

采用本征动力学装置进行了煤制合成天然气(SNG)甲烷化反应研究,实验采用0.154~0.198mm的自制甲烷化催化剂NJ34,反应温度300~500℃,反应压力2.0~5.0 MPa,体积空速5 000~9 000h-1。实验结果表明,在温度和空速一定的条件下,反应压力的变化对催化剂的CO转化率、CO2转化率以及总碳转化率的影响不明显;在反应温度和压力一定的条件下,气体空速的变化对催化剂的CO转化率的影响不明显,CO2转化率出现了一定的波动;在压力和空速一定的条件下,随着反应温度的提高,CO和CO2转化率都呈下降趋势,且CO2转化率的下降更加显著。     

木炭水蒸气催化气化制取合成气

以木炭为原料,选用KOH、K₂CO₃、KHCO₃、KNO₃为催化剂,在上吸式固定床气化炉中,进行水蒸气催化气化制取合成气实验。考察了不同催化剂、催化剂用量、水蒸气流量、气化温度对木炭水蒸气气化的炭转化率、产氢率、气体组成体积分数和H₂/CO值的影响。实验通过炭吸收催化剂溶液来负载催化剂,实验结果表明：4种催化剂都可提高木炭气化效率,在浸渍相同质量分数的催化剂溶液下,催化活性顺序为KOH>K₂CO₃>KHCO₃>KNO₃。碳转化率及产氢率都随着催化剂溶液浓度的增加而增大,但浓度过高增加趋势逐渐变缓,催化剂溶液质量分数在4%~6%较为合适。增加水蒸气流量,气体产物中H₂体积分数增大,H₂/CO值增大。升高温度可促进炭气化反应,950℃时碳转化率和产氢率分别达到98.7%和145.23g/kg。实验可得到H₂/CO比1.53~4.09范围间的合成气,可用于合成甲醇、甲烷、二甲醚等燃料。     

Rh/MgO/γ-Al2O3上的毫秒级甲烷蒸汽重整过程

采用负载型Rh/MgO/γ-Al2O3催化剂研究了毫秒级甲烷蒸汽重整过程,在水碳比为1和3的条件下,详细考察了反应温度、空速和催化剂Rh含量对反应转化率和选择性的影响。研究结果表明,Rh/MgO/γ-Al2O3催化剂在毫秒级操作条件下具有良好的催化性能,使用5%(质量分数)Rh催化剂,在水碳比3、反应温度1150K、空速641.11 L·(gcat)-1·h-1时,CH4转化率约90%,CO2选择性约20%,毫秒级接触时间反应行为即可接近热力学平衡。高温有利于毫秒级甲烷蒸汽重整过程。     

甲烷催化裂解制氢和碳纳米材料研究进展

甲烷通过催化裂解反应可生成不含碳氧化合物（CO_x）的高纯氢和碳纳米材料（如碳纤维或碳纳米管等）,对我国能源结构的调整及新材料的应用具有重要意义。与其他制氢工艺相比,甲烷催化裂解制氢工艺具有反应过程简单、产物清洁无污染、反应成本低等优点,因此该工艺具有重要的工业应用前景。本文重点阐述了催化剂（活性组分、催化剂载体、制备方法等）以及反应条件（催化剂还原条件、空速、反应温度等）对甲烷转化率、氢气产率和碳纳米材料（形貌和产量）的影响并对甲烷催化裂解反应机理、催化剂的失活与再生进行了概述。甲烷催化裂解反应目前仍处于实验室研究阶段,高效催化剂的研制以及流化床反应器的优化是该反应实现工业化应用的必要前提。     

Ni-Mo系双活性组分耐硫甲烷化催化剂活性研究

为提升耐硫甲烷化催化剂活性,华烁科技股份有限公司开发出NSM-42型Ni-Mo系耐硫甲烷化催化剂,并在常压管式反应评价装置上对该系列催化剂进行了性能研究。测试了反应温度、空速、进料比等操作条件对NSM-42型催化剂性能的影响,并对改进的NSM-43型催化剂进行了30 h寿命试验。试验结果显示,随着反应空速的增加,NSM-42型催化剂反应活性下降;在反应温度350℃~400℃、催化剂焙烧温度375℃、高氢碳比下,催化剂表现高的甲烷化活性;NSM-43型催化剂30 h寿命试验的前20 h,CO转化率可达99%,CH4选择性可达78%。     

微通道内甲烷/湿空气重整转化效率实验研究

用沉淀法制备了涂覆在微通道内壁面的Ni/Al2O3催化剂,在自行搭建的实验系统上进行了微通道内甲烷/湿空气催化重整的实验研究,考察了催化壁面温度、空碳比及甲烷体积流量对甲烷/湿空气重整转化效率的影响,并与数值计算结果进行对比.结果表明,随着催化温度的升高,甲烷转化率不断升高;相同水碳比下,甲烷的催化转化率随着空碳比的增大而增大;随着甲烷体积流量的增大,甲烷转化效率呈现先增大后减小的变化规律.反应温度为1 023 K,甲烷体积流量为20 mL/min时,实验所得甲烷转化率达到最大值,为61.3％.     

Rh/MgO/γ-Al2O3上的毫秒级甲烷蒸汽重整过程

采用负载型Rh/MgO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂研究了毫秒级甲烷蒸汽重整过程,在水碳比为1和3的条件下,详细考察了反应温度、空速和催化剂Rh含量对反应转化率和选择性的影响。研究结果表明,Rh/MgO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂在毫秒级操作条件下具有良好的催化性能,使用5%（质量分数）Rh催化剂,在水碳比3、反应温度1150 K、空速641.11 L•（g cat）^-1•h^-1时,CH₄转化率约90%,CO₂选择性约20%,毫秒级接触时间反应行为即可接近热力学平衡。高温有利于毫秒级甲烷蒸汽重整过程。     

Milliseconds steam reforming of methane using Rh/MgO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst

采用负载型Rh/MgO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂研究了毫秒级甲烷蒸汽重整过程,在水碳比为1和3的条件下,详细考察了反应温度、空速和催化剂Rh含量对反应转化率和选择性的影响。研究结果表明,Rh/MgO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂在毫秒级操作条件下具有良好的催化性能,使用5%（质量分数）Rh催化剂,在水碳比3、反应温度1150 K、空速641.11 L•（g cat）^-1•h^-1时,CH₄转化率约90%,CO₂选择性约20%,毫秒级接触时间反应行为即可接近热力学平衡。高温有利于毫秒级甲烷蒸汽重整过程。     

煤焦加压水蒸气催化气化反应特性及甲烷释放规律研究

以内蒙褐煤焦为研究对象,K_2CO_3为催化剂,在小型加压固定床上考察了反应温度、操作压力和水碳比对煤焦水蒸气气化反应过程中碳转化率、反应速率和甲烷浓度及其累计流量的影响。结果表明,随着反应温度的增加,碳转化率和反应速率显著增加,甲烷浓度及其累计流量也增加,表明甲烷化反应在600~700℃内仍受动力学控制。操作压力的提高,碳转化率和反应速率呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,而甲烷的浓度逐渐增加,其累计流量由常压下的2.4 mL逐渐增加至3.5 MPa下的43.2 mL。随着水碳比的增加,碳转化率和反应速率大幅增加,但是甲烷的浓度逐渐降低,甲烷的累计流量受反应速率和反应平衡的共同影响,呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

A possibility of the production of carbon nanotubes from heavy hydrocarbons

A possibility of the production of carbon nanotubes from heavy hydrocarbon resources derived from natural asphalt was examined. Before the use of heavy hydrocarbons, pure compound, toluene was used as the pure substrate to establish the reaction system for the production of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes were found in the carbonaceous product deposited on inner wall of a quartz tube and at the exit of the tube. The carbonaceous product was observed by scanning electron microscopy and analyzed by temperature-programmed oxidation experiments to identify the presence of carbon nanotubes. Based on the reaction system and reaction conditions with toluene, the production of nanotubes was examined by using heavy hydrocarbons such as asphaltene and maltene fractions from a natural asphalt. Under selected reaction conditions including the reaction temperature and the amount of the catalyst, carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 30–60 nm were found.     

碳包铁颗粒和放射状碳纳米管微观结构的研究

以苯和甲苯为碳源，二茂铁为催化剂前驱体，含硫化合物为助催化剂，采用竖式炉流动催化法，通过减小载人的氢气量以改变催化剂颗粒的状态及反应条件，获得了碳包铁颗粒以及放射状碳纳米管，运用TEM和HRTEM对其形貌和结构进行了分析，并初步探讨了其生长机理。结果表明，在碳源、催化剂和炉温分布相同的条件下，氢气量为5400mL／min时形成直线型和弯曲型两种不同形态的碳纳米管，后者管径大于前者。氢气量为2000mL／min时，产物90％以上为碳包铁颗粒，其平均直径约为530nm，其中还有少量放射状碳纳米管，其外径为45—50nm，内径为3—5nm，管径较为均匀。     

流化床中甲烷催化裂解制备碳纳米管和氢气

利用高活性的纳米Ni/Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂,在流化床反应器中研究了CH₄裂解制备碳纳米管与H₂的过程.CH₄的转化率受流化床中的操作条件（温度、空速、气速及升温速率等）影响,碳纳米管的形貌也受过程的升温速率影响.在低升温速率下,能够同时得到较高的CH₄转化率与形貌较好的碳纳米管.而且采用低的升温速率,可以在流化床（提供碳纳米管生长的自由空间）中连续生长碳纳米管,从而为将来的连续化大批量制备碳纳米管奠定了基础.     

CVD法可控制备碳包覆金属纳米复合材料

以Fe质量分数分别为0.3%、1.6%、3.3%和5.2%的氯化钠担载铁为催化剂,化学气相沉积法催化裂解乙炔400℃下进行反应,系统探讨了碳包覆金属纳米颗粒的可控制备。通过扫描电子显微镜和高分辨透射电子显微镜对产物进行了表征,结果表明,w(Fe)=0.3%的催化剂制备的样品粒径在20～50 nm,平均直径约为30 nm;w(Fe)=1.6%的催化剂制备的样品粒径在35～60 nm,平均直径约为49 nm;而w(Fe)=3.3%和5.2%的催化剂制备的样品粒径差别不大,在40～100 nm,平均粒径约为65 nm。所制备的碳包覆金属纳米颗粒具有清晰的同心石墨壳层结构,并存在一定的结构缺陷。     

Diameter control of multiwalled carbon nanotubes using experimental strategies

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized using a chemical vapor deposition floating feed method in a vertical reactor. Effects of the preparation variables on the average diameter of carbon nanotubes were systematically examined using the fractional factorial design (FFD), path of the steepest ascent, and central composite design (CCD) coupled with the response surface methodology. From the FFD study, the main and interactive effects of reaction temperature, methane flow rate, and chamber pressure were concluded to be the key factors influencing the diameter of MWNTs. Two empirical models, representing the dependence of the diameter of carbon nanotubes at the vicinities around maximum (420 nm) and minimum (15 nm) on the reaction temperature and methane flow rate, were constructed in two independent CCD studies. These models, shown as contour diagrams, indicated that the diameter of carbon nanotubes generally increased with increasing reaction temperature and methane flow rate. Based on both models, the diameter of MWNTs from 15 to 420 nm can be controlled precisely by using a continuous CVD fabrication method.     

硝酸铁为催化剂大量制备离散Mn2O3纳米管/纤维

采用简单的液相催化法实现了完全离散的Mn2O3纳米管/纤维的大规模制备. TEM电镜观察表明,Mn2O3纳米管外径约30~50 nm,长度约0.2~1.0 mm, Mn2O3纳米纤维直径约10~30 nm,长度约0.4~2.0 mm. 通过控制KMnO4和Fe(NO3)3的用量和比例可以分别得到管状、纤维状和颗粒状等不同微观形态的纳米Mn2O3. Fe(NO3)3是制备Mn2O3纳米管/纤维的理想催化剂,以Co(NO3)2和Ni(NO3)2作催化剂只能制得无定形颗粒. XRD分析表明,Mn2O3纳米管具有不同于已知的o-Mn2O3, t-Mn2O3, h-Mn2O3和g-Mn2O3的晶体结构.     

Effects of bimetallic catalyst composition and growth parameters on the growth density and diameter of carbon nanotubes

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized by catalytic decomposition of acetylene over Fe, Ni and Fe-Ni bimetallic catalysts supported on alumina under various controlled conditions. The growth density and diameter of CNTs were markedly dependent on the activation time of catalysts in H₂ atmosphere, reaction time, reaction temperature, flow rate of acetylene, and catalyst composition. Bimetallic catalysts were apt to produce narrower diameter of CNTs than single metal catalysts. For the growth of CNTs at 600 ‡C under 10/100 seem flow of C₂H₂/H₂ mixture, the narrowest diameter about 20 nm was observed at the reaction time of 1 h for 20Fe : 20Ni : 60Al₂O₃ catalyst, but at that of 1.5 h for 10Fe : 30Ni : 60Al₂O₃ catalyst. It was considered that the diameter and density of CNTs decreased with the increase of the growth time mainly due to hydrogen etching. The growth of CNTs followed the tip growth mode.     

XRD studies of evolution of catalytic nickel nanoparticles during synthesis of filamentous carbon from methane

The XDR technique was used for studying a series of high‐loaded (90%) nickel catalysts with silica as a textural promoter. These were catalysts for direct cracking of methane at 550°C. A relation between the initial average size of active catalyst particles, carbon yield and average methane conversion was demonstrated. Genesis of these catalysts was studied including oxide precursors, reduced catalysts prior to the reaction, as well as catalysts upon their contacting the reaction medium for various periods of time from 15 min to 2 h. The active catalyst particles were shown to merge or disperse at the outset of the reaction depending on their initial size. Anyway, close average sizes ranging from 30 to 40 nm were observed by the end of the first reaction hour for all the catalytic systems providing the carbon yield of 300–385 g/g Ni. The catalytic system was shown to self‐organize in the course of direct methane cracking, i.e., the catalyst particles transform in response to the reaction conditions. If the size of nickel particles cannot vary, these catalysts are inefficient for the given process. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Catalytic synthesis of SiC nanowires in an open system

SiC nanowires (NWs) are usually synthesized in a closed vacuum reaction system which limits the yield of SiC NWs. In this work, SiC NWs and carbon nanotubes were synthesized in an open tube furnace at 1550°C with Si powder as silicon sources, ethanol as carbon sources and ferrocene as catalyst. The as-synthesized products were ultralong β-SiC NWs with the diameter about 80-100 nm and the length up to several tens micrometers. The diameter of the carbon nanotubes was about 20-30 nm. The carbon nanotube yarns about 20 cm in length were obtained at the end of the tube furnace. The growth mechanism of SiC NWs and carbon nanotubes were proposed. Compared with the traditional synthetic techniques in the high vacuum closed system, the novel synthesis method in the open system provided a new approach to the synthesis of SiC NWs.     

催化无基体法制备碳纳米管

用一种新的催化裂解法 ,制备出了直径在 2 0～ 30nm ,长度为 2 0 0 μm的碳纳米管。在此方法中 ,繁琐的催化剂制备工艺被省略 ,催化剂前驱体在载气带动下直接进入反应器。另外还发现两类结构独特的碳纳米管。