TiAl基合金双态组织平板拉伸连续卸载试验的研究

通过多次拉伸卸载试验对TiAl基合金在经历多次拉伸卸载以后宏观性能和微裂纹面密度的变化,以及前一阶段的损伤对随后阶段损伤产生的影响进行了详细的研究.研究表明:在载荷控制下的试验中,随着卸载应力的增加,裂纹面密度并没有增大,即用微裂纹表征的损伤程度并没有增加的趋势;整个多次拉伸卸载过程并不影响材料的弹性模量E;当拉伸到某一个应力下,宏观表现为断裂应力以,断裂应变‘f和单位面积断裂功W'开始减小.材料在载荷控制的拉伸中产生损伤的程度并不能用弹性模量E和裂纹面密度.来衡量.     

全层TiAl基合金缺口试样原位拉伸卸载试验的研究

通过对TiAl基合金不同类型的缺口试样进行原位拉伸卸载实验和相应的断裂表面观察,研究了TiAl基合金全层组织的断裂机理。研究发现:对于缺口试样,裂纹起裂于缺口根部,其断裂过程主要是主裂纹首先起裂、扩展并最后断裂。在整个断裂过程中断裂是穿层断裂和沿层断裂的混合体,裂纹路径较曲折。在拉伸过程中,试样产生微裂纹导致材料发生损伤,随后卸载再加载时,与先前相比,裂纹更易扩展。预损伤加快了裂纹的产生和扩展,使损伤进一步加重,促使材料抵抗裂纹产生、扩展的能力下降。     

金属间化合物TiAl合金的缺口断裂机制研究

通过TiAl基合金两种组织的四点弯曲断裂实验，研究了TiAl基合金的缺口断裂机制。实验结果表明：缺口试样的断裂过程为几个沿层裂纹直接起裂于缺口根部，并沿着缺口根部的层间扩展；当遇到位向不利的晶粒时，裂纹便停止在这一晶粒前方，随着外加载荷的增加，即应力的增加，裂纹彼此连接并通过穿层裂纹而扩展；裂纹尖端超钝化、裂纹分叉、沿着层间偏转，形成显微裂纹区，裂纹停在障碍晶粒前的边界上为这种材料的韧化机制；裂纹扩展的驱动力是拉伸应力，缺口的存在增加了缺口前沿或者裂纹尖端的应力。     

γ-TiAl金属间化合物的压缩断裂行为研究

通过室温压缩试验,研究全片层γ-TiAl基合金在不同加载速度和不同卸载载荷下的压缩断裂行为。结果表明:随着加载速度的增加,γ-TiAl基合金试样的屈服强度及抗压强度相应增大;试样的最终断裂是通过裂纹的形核、扩展以及相互贯通而形成的,断裂面主要由剪应力形成的撕裂区和压应力形成的解理断裂区域组成,并且在不同加载速度下,断口也呈现出规律性的变化。在不同载荷加载-卸载-再加载的过程中,小载荷(4.67、9.42、18.94 k N)下卸载和加载的名义应力-名义应变曲线完全重合,大载荷(26.60、37.24、53.20 k N)下卸载后产生的不可逆应变依次增大;裂纹面密度随着卸载载荷的增大而逐渐增大,材料的损伤程度不断增加。     

全层TiAl基合金室温断裂机制的研究

通过拉伸、压缩、弯曲实验分析研究了全层(FL)组织TiAl基合金的断裂机制。研究发现:拉伸和压缩时材料抵抗裂纹的扩展能力不同,抗压强度远高于抗拉强度,这是由于两者的变形及断裂机制不同。TiAl基合金拉伸断裂机制为脆性解理断裂,压缩变形断裂是剪应力和正应力共同作用下的断裂,是准解理断裂。TiAl基合金的缺口弯曲断裂方式也为解理断裂,其断裂过程是先在缺口处产生微裂纹,一旦裂纹在缺口根部产生,由于材料已积累足够的能量使得材料快速失稳解理断裂。     

应变速率对全层状TiAl基合金室温拉伸性能的影响

以Ti-47Al-2Cr(摩尔分数,％)合金为对象,研究了应变速率对不同晶团尺寸的全层状TiAl基合金室温拉伸性能的影响.结果表明,全层状TiAl基合金的室温强度随应变速率的加快而提高,低延性全层状TiAl基合金的室温延伸率对应变速率不敏感,而高延性全层状TiAl基合金的室温延伸率对应变速率敏感,并随应变速率的加快而提高.     

TiAl基合金的组织演变

综述了TiAl基合金中几种常见的组织演变,着重论述了变形TiAl基合金在热处理过程中的晶粒长大及动力学、TiAl基合金在冷却时层状组织的形成和全层状TiAl基合金在高温时的非连续粗化这3种组织演变。     

γ-TiAl基合金压缩损伤与断裂行为的研究

通过对γ-TiAl基合金压缩断裂及压缩卸载试验和试样断口与表面的扫描电镜(SEM)观察,分析压缩应力对裂纹产生、扩展及裂纹形态的影响,进而对该材料的压缩损伤与断裂行为进行较为深入的研究。压缩试验是室温下在Instron 1341试验机上进行的。结果表明,损伤起始于材料的塑性区载荷下降阶段,材料在断裂前发生很大的塑性变形,其压缩时有较大的塑性缓冲;随着压缩卸载应力的增大,观察到的试样表面裂纹依次增多或扩展增长,材料损伤的程度与压缩应力成正比。在压缩试样断口的中部发现存在的一个纵向韧带,当外加载荷增加,两个由压缩接触端面起裂的倾斜剪切裂纹扩展到试样中部,然后通过剪切穿过纵向韧带而连接,并诱发试样的完全脆性断裂。两个端面的切应力是裂纹形成的主要控制因素。该材料的压缩性能比拉伸性能更佳的主要原因是由于压缩时材料的损伤起始于塑性阶段,产生沿45°方向剪应力最大方向的剪切断裂和沿着压缩轴方向的准解理断裂的混合形式,而普通拉伸时材料损伤起始于弹性阶段,发生完全脆性解理断裂,在低应力下试样就会断裂。     

微扰动作用下预静载硬岩的断裂特性研究

为了研究预静载条件下硬岩在微扰动作用下的断裂特性变化规律,采用花岗岩制作中心直裂纹巴西圆盘(CSTBD)试样,在MTS Landmark电液伺服试验机上,利用圆弧形加载方式,进行硬岩在平行于预制裂纹方向的预静载荷和微扰动载荷的组合作用下的断裂特性研究。设定预静载荷水平为常规准静态断裂载荷的90%,设定微扰动载荷幅值为常规断裂载荷值的10%,下限为常规断裂载荷的80%,上限为常规断裂载荷值。扰动频率分别为1 Hz、5 Hz、10 Hz、20 Hz、30 Hz、50 Hz和70 Hz。研究结果表明:在预静载加载段,岩石试样内部沿预制裂纹方向新的裂纹已经产生发展,并且裂纹扩展的速度随着载荷的增大而增大;在扰动载荷加载段,随着扰动次数的增加,裂纹扩展的速度越来越慢,岩石损伤程度逐渐积累;在断裂破坏段,岩石损伤程度超过了承受极限,裂纹贯穿沿预制裂纹方向贯穿试样,岩石断裂破坏;在预静载作用下,试样已经处于临界失稳状态,扰动作用会诱发试样的断裂失稳破坏,扰动频率超过10 Hz后,减韧效应随着扰动频率的提高并不明显,扰动使得试样的总体变形量有减小的趋势。     

TiAl基合金压缩状态下变形及损伤机制的研究

通过力学性能测试、扫描电镜观察以及有限元模拟计算的方法,研究了全层组织γ-TiAL基合金在压缩状态下的变形及损伤机制.结果表明:较小的加载卸载应力作用下,材料的压缩性能没有受到影响,直至卸载应力超过最大压缩应力之后,由于材料内部损伤的积累程度增大,在材料内部形成主裂纹,使得有效承载面积下降,后续再加载过程中材料的断裂应力整体下降.压缩状态下:首先,随着变形程度的增加,晶粒周围出现大量的滑移线及挤出脊,滑移线和挤出脊处出现较大的裂纹,试样表面产生平行于压缩轴方向的裂纹并迅速扩展,表面裂纹面密度明显增加,45°方向上的沿层裂纹扩展程度较大,但裂纹长度仅限于晶粒尺寸的大小(100～300μm).其次在压缩加载过程中,材料在较小的正应力作用下,观察得到表面萌生以下4种裂纹:平行于压缩轴方向的纵向沿层裂纹;与压缩轴方向成较小角度的纵向沿层裂纹;与压缩轴方向成较小角度的纵向穿层裂纹;纵向的穿晶裂纹.     

Study on notch fracture of TiAl alloys at room temperature

In-situ observations of fracture processes combined with one-to-one observations of fracture surfaces and finite-element method (FEM) calculations are carried out on notched tensile specimens of two-phase polycrystalline TiAl alloys. The results reveal that most cracks are initiated and propagated along the interfaces between lamellae before plastic deformation. The driving force for the fracture process is the tensile stress, which is consistent with a previous study.^[1] In specimens with a slit notch, most cracks are initiated directly from the notch root and extended along lamellar interfaces. The main crack can be stopped or deflected into a delamination mode by a barrier grain with a lamellar interface orientation deviated from the direction of crack propagation. In this case, new cracks are nucleated along lamellar interfaces of grains with favorable orientation ahead of the barrier grain. The main crack and a new crack are then linked by the translamellar cleavage fracture of the barrier grain with increasing applied load. In order to extend the main crack, further increases of the applied load are needed to move the high stress region into the ligament until catastrophic fracture. The FEM calculations reveal that the strength along lamellar interfaces (interlamellar fracture) is as low as 50 MPa and appreciably lower than the strength perpendicular to the lamellae (translamellar fracture), which shows a value higher than 120 MPa. This explains the reason why cracks nucleate and preferably extend along the lamellar interfaces.     

Microstructure effects on tensile properties of tungsten-Nickel-Iron composites

Controlled processing of heavy alloys containing 88 to 97 pct W resulted in high sintered densities and excellent bonding between the tungsten grains and matrix. For these alloys, deformation and fracture behavior were studiedvia slow strain rate tensile testing at room temperature. The flow stress increased and the fracture strain decreased with increasing tungsten content. The tradeoff between strength and ductility resulted in a maximum in the ultimate tensile strength at 93 pct W. Microstructure variations, notably grain size, explain sintering temperature and time effects on the properties. During tensile testing, cracks formed on the surface of the specimens at tungsten-tungsten grain boundaries. The crack density increased with plastic strain and tungsten content. The surface cracks, though initially blunted by the matrix, eventually increased in density until catastrophic failure occurred. An empirical failure criterion was developed relating fracture to a critical value of the surface crack tip separation distance. Application of the model explains the effects of microstructural variables on tensile properties. Formerly Graduate Research Assistant at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,and Crack Propagation Behavior in High-Nb TiAl Alloys by Directional Solidification

Titanium aluminide (Ti-47Al-6Nb-0.1C) alloys were prepared using a cold crucible directional solidification technique with an input power range of 35 to 55 kW under a withdrawing velocity of 0.4 mm/min. The macro/microstructure was characterized, and the mechanical properties were evaluated. The results show that the directional solidification (DS) ingots exhibit β-solidification characteristics at an input power range of 35 to 55 kW, and a well-developed DS microstructure was acquired at an input power range of 40 and 45 kW. With the increasing input power, the lamellar spacing decreases, resulting in the increasing tendency in the average room-temperature yield strength. The steady-state creep rate strongly depends on the lamellar spacing, and the creep life depends on the DS microstructure. The well-developed DS alloy can significantly improve the creep properties but has little influence on the room-temperature tensile properties. Moreover, after testing the fracture toughness, the crack propagation showed interlamellar cracks, translamellar cracks, and intercolony boundary cracks that primarily propagated along the colony boundary after creep testing.

     

Correlation of microstructure and fracture toughness in high-chromium white iron hardfacing alloys

A correlation is made of microstructure and fracture toughness in hypereutectic high-chromium white iron hardfacing alloys. In order to investigate the matrix effect of these alloys, in particular, four different matrices such as pearlite, austenite, and a mixture of pearlite and austenite were employed by changing the ratio of Mn/Si, while the total volume fraction of carbides was fixed. The hardfacing alloys were deposited twice on a mild steel plate by the self-shielding flux-cored arc-welding method. Fracture toughness was increased by increasing the volume fraction of austenite in the matrix, whereas hardness and abrasion resistance were nearly constant.In situ observation of the fracture process showed that cracks initiated at large primary carbides tended to be blocked at the austenitic matrix. This suggested that fracture toughness was controlled mainly by the amount of austenite in the matrix, thereby yielding the better toughness in the hardfacing alloy having the austenitic matrix. Considering both abrasion resistance and fracture toughness, therefore, the austenitic matrix was preferred for the high-chromium white iron hardfacing alloys.     

Crystallographic and fractographic studies of hydrogen- induced cracking in purified iron and iron- silicon alloys

Crystallographic and fractographic studies have been carried out on hydrogen charged purified iron and on iron-silicon alloys with silicon contents up to 3 pct. The specimens could be cracked by cathodically charging with hydrogen even without the application of an external stress. An experimental technique was developed which enabled the exposure of the fracture surface formed purely by hydrogen charging, and to contrast this with an adjacent mechanically induced fracture surface. In the case of purified iron, hydrogen induced cracks are found to occur on potential slip planes whereas in the case of iron-3 pct silicon, the crack follows the observed cleavage plane. Intermediate silicon content alloys showed transitional behavior. In agreement with the variation of crack plane in the alloys, the fracture surface appearances was also drastically different, reflecting the change in intrinsic toughness with alloy content. The observed transition from slip plane cracking to cleavage plane cracking was found to occur near a silicon content of 0.7 pct. The observed behavior is discussed in terms of how the intrinsic toughness of the ironbased lattice affects how hydrogen-induced cracks are formed. Formerly at Carnegie-Mellon University.     

Microstructural effects on moisture-induced embrittlement of isothermally forged TiAl-based intermetallic alloys

By using isothermally forged TiAl-based intermetallic alloys, various microstructures (of γ-grain, duplex, dual-phase, and fully lamellar microstructures) were prepared. These TiAl-based intermetallic alloys were tensile tested in vacuum and air as functions of strain rate and temperature to investigate microstructural effects on the moisture-induced embrittlement. All the intermetallic alloys with different microstructures showed different levels of reduced tensile stress (or elongation) in air at room temperature. The reduction in tensile stress (or elongation) due to testing in air diminishes as the testing temperature (or strain-rate) increases. From the fracture stress-temperature curves, it was found that the γ-grain microstructure was the most resistant to the moisture-induced embrittlement, and the dual-phase microstructure was the most susceptible to the moisture-induced embrittlement. Also, the moisture-induced embrittlement of the TiAl-based intermetallic alloys with a fully lamellar microstructure depends on the lamellar spacing and is reduced with decreasing lamellar spacing. The possible reasons for the observed microstructural effect on the moisture-induced embrittlement were discussed, in association with hydrogen behavior and properties in the constituent phases and at some interfaces.     

高铌TiAl合金的高温断裂韧性

利用紧凑拉伸试样通过预制疲劳裂纹研究近片层组织Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.1Y合金和全片层组织Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.2W-0.2Hf-0.3B-0.15C合金在750℃下的断裂韧性,并分析两种组织合金的断口形貌.结果表明,近片层组织和全片层组织高铌TiAl合金750℃时的断裂韧性分别为19.54和31.58 MPa·m1/2,且近片层组织疲劳裂纹开始萌生时的最大疲劳载荷明显低于全片层组织.断口分析表明近片层组织中裂纹主要在等轴γ晶中萌生,裂纹扩展方式包括沿γ晶、穿γ晶及沿片层、穿片层;全片层组织中裂纹主要在垂直于加载方向的片层间萌生,裂纹以沿片层与穿片层的混合方式进行扩展且伴有二次裂纹的萌生.