常压室温等离子体诱变选育高产TTM P菌株

从新疆伊犁肖尔布拉克酒厂生产的酱香型高温大曲中筛选得1株能代谢四甲基吡嗪（TTMP）的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)R19,以该菌株为出发菌株,采用常压室温等离子体诱变系统（ARTP）进行诱变,根据脱脂奶粉平板初筛、摇瓶发酵复筛,连续传代培养后得到遗传稳定的TTMP产量较高的突变株T451,该菌株摇瓶发酵生产TTMP的产量为1.19 g/L,约为出发菌株产量的4.45倍。     

ARTP诱变选育高产油脂酵母菌

从实验室保藏的15株酵母中筛选获得一株油脂产量相对较高的酵母菌KC 8,经96 h摇瓶发酵培养后,油脂产量为1.22 g/L。利用分子生物学鉴定,该菌株的26SrDNA序列与胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)具有100%相似性;以KC 8为出发菌株,经ARTP诱变,最终从300株诱变存活菌株中筛选得到高产油脂突变菌株Y3,经96 h摇瓶发酵培养后,油脂产量为2.38 g/L;对菌株Y3的培养条件进行优化,菌株在葡萄糖为碳源,硫酸铵为氮源,碳氮比为90∶1,培养基初始pH为6.5时,在28℃恒温条件下摇瓶发酵培养96 h后,油脂产量最高达到了3.96 g/L;GC-MS对油脂组分进行分析结果表明,该脂肪酸主要由棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、二十碳烯酸和二十四烷酸组成,与植物油成分相似。     

利用多功能等离子体诱变系统快速诱变选育γ-氨基丁酸高产菌株

为建立一种快速便捷的产γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)高产菌株的诱变选育方法,以产GABA的短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)TCCC 13007为出发菌株,采用多功能等离子体诱变系统(MPMS)对其进行诱变育种。最佳诱变条件为氮气流量10 L/min、照射间距3 mm、120 W功率条件下处理90 s,致死率90%。将诱变后的菌悬液涂布到CaCO_3筛选平板上,以CaCO_3透明圈与菌落直径比值为依据,建立了平板-96深孔板-摇瓶的快速筛选体系。最终通过摇瓶复筛,选育得到了一株GABA产量明显提高的突变株L8,GABA产量达到(66.59±0.58)g/L,较出发菌株提高了11.41%。10次连续传代与摇瓶发酵实验表明,突变株L8的发酵性能和遗传稳定性良好。     

紫外和He-Ne 激光复合诱变获得高产γ - 聚谷氨酸产生菌的研究

以地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)BCPG006为出发菌株,通过紫外线和He-Ne激光复合诱变处理,后将诱变菌悬液涂布到抗性平板,选育出一株高产γ-聚谷氨酸的突变株BCPG078,经过摇瓶发酵,培养温度37℃、初始pH7、摇床转速220r/min、培养周期72h,测得γ-聚谷氨酸的产量为16g/L,为出发菌γ-聚谷氨酸的产量(6g/L)的2.67倍。传代实验证明,该突变株遗传性能稳定。说明紫外线和He-Ne激光复合诱变是γ-聚谷氨酸产生菌地衣芽孢杆菌有效的选育方法。     

用诱变剂提高枯草杆菌а—淀粉酶产量

对枯草杆菌(Bacillus Subtilis)使用各种诱变剂能成功地产生α—淀粉酶产量高的诱变菌株。亲株是曾经过筛选的α—淀粉酶产量较好的菌株。通过进一步处理的工作以筛选高产量诱变菌株。在摇瓶培养中,α—淀粉酶产量最高的菌株是亲株产量的二倍,在发酵罐培养中,还可进一步提高产量。     

高产ε-聚赖氨酸白色链霉菌的复合诱变选育研究

为了进一步提高ε-聚赖氨酸的产量,本实验以白色链霉菌SA为出发菌株,采取紫外照射复合氯化锂(15W,25s,0.5%LiCl)诱变选育及0.025mol/L亚硝酸诱变选育,得到一株具有遗传标记AEC的抗性突变高产菌株UN2-71,在液体摇瓶发酵培养基中,ε-聚赖氨酸产量达到1.64g/L,较出发菌株提高57.7%.     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育高产四甲基吡嗪地衣芽孢杆菌

地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus lincheniformis）可以利用葡萄发酵产生四甲基吡嗪,四甲基吡嗪广泛应用于食品、临床和其他领域。该文以地衣芽孢杆菌BL1为出发菌株,采用常压室温等离子体诱变系统进行诱变,根据脱脂奶粉平板初筛、摇瓶发酵复筛,连续传代培养后得到遗传稳定的四甲基吡嗪产量较高的突变株BT12,该菌株摇瓶发酵生产四甲基吡嗪的最大产量为43.16 g/L,相比出发菌株的37.89 g/L的提高了13.91%。     

TTC在发酵木糖高产乙醇的休哈塔假丝酵母选育中的应用

TTC可以作为筛选发酵葡萄糖产酒精能力强的酵母茵的显色剂,但发酵木糖产乙醇的酵母茵的代谢和发酵途径与之相比都有所不同,本实验用TTC作为初筛显色剂筛选发酵木糖产酒精能力较强的休哈塔假丝酵母.紫外诱变后从TTC平板上挑取显红色菌株150株进行摇瓶发酵测定乙醇产量,得到的正突变率为29%,负突变率为10%;挑取显白色菌株100株,得到的正突变率为0,负突变率为56%.将紫外诱变后产量已经有所提高的突变株S28进行氮离子注入诱变,从TTC平板上挑取显红色菌株100株进行摇瓶发酵测定乙醇产量,得到的正突变率为20.05%,负突变率为10.14%,其中的部分突变株的产量相比S28又有所提高.可见TTC能将乙醇产量较低的菌株淘汰,筛选出乙醇产量高的休哈塔假丝酵母菌.     

产克拉维酸的棒状链霉菌突变株的选育

以棒状链霉菌(Streptomyces clavuligerus),B71为出发菌株,通过紫外线诱变育种,采用琼脂块法初筛和摇瓶发酵复筛,选育出2株甘油耐受性正向突变株S.clavuligerus B71—14和S.clavuligerus B71-49,在摇瓶条件下,其克拉维酸产量与出发菌株S.davuligerus B71相比,分别提高了90.6%和88.8%,并具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

复合诱变选育透明质酸高产菌株

以马疫链球菌AF-0为出发菌株,用LiCl结合紫外线及硫酸二乙酯(DES)进行复合诱变,涂布筛选培养基,从中筛选出溶血素和透明质酸降解酶的双缺陷型突变菌株,经摇瓶发酵考察得到一株产量较高的菌株C4,并经多次传代,其遗传性基本稳定,但随传代次数增多,HA产量有下降趋势;其透明质酸产量达3.32g/L,分子量达1.45×106u,相对于原始出发菌株,产量及分子量分别提高了78%和40%.     

利用玉米芯水解液产苹果酸的戴尔根霉突变菌株选育及代谢分析

诱变筛选发酵玉米芯水解液高产苹果酸的根霉属菌株,并对其进行代谢分析,研究其高产苹果酸的机理。对分离得到的菌株进行ITS序列鉴定,进一步利用软X射线辐射对菌种进行诱变筛选、对出发菌株和突变菌株的相关酶活力进行测定及代谢通量分析。利用软X射线辐射结合丙烯醇平板筛选乙醇脱氢酶缺陷型菌株,得到突变株-1,发现其乙醇脱氢酶基因的3 处密码子突变为“TAA”,阻断了突变菌株的乙醇代谢途径。进而利用软X射线辐射结合氟乙酸平板筛选乙醛酸循环缺陷型菌株,得到复合突变株-2,降低了副产物富马酸及琥珀酸的产量。复合突变株-2的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶中几处NADP（H）结合位点发生突变,增加了糖酵解和磷酸戊糖两种途径的相互作用,促进了其戊糖代谢。经过两步分离筛选,得到的复合突变株-2能发酵玉米芯水解液高产苹果酸,且减少了副产物乙醇、富马酸、琥珀酸的生成。复合突变株-2的苹果酸产量占代谢物总产量的比例由出发菌株的71%增加到91%,苹果酸产量增大1 倍,研究成果对工业化利用突变菌株生产苹果酸具有重要意义。     

紫外诱变法选育酒酒球菌乙醇胁迫耐受菌株及其发酵性能研究

该研究以酒酒球菌（Oenococcus oeni）SD-2a为研究对象,采用紫外诱变法选育乙醇胁迫耐受突变菌株,评价其在乙醇胁迫条件下的生长能力,并测定其产β-葡萄糖苷酶活性及其在模拟酒中苹果酸、乳酸含量及活菌数的变化。结果表明,分离筛选到3株乙醇胁迫耐受性好的突变菌株,分别编号为UVe1、UVe2、UVe3,在高体积分数乙醇（12%和14%）胁迫环境下,3株突变菌株的生长速度均显著高于出发菌株SD-2a（P＜0.05）;突变菌株UVe2的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著高于出发菌株SD-2a和对照菌株L-450（P＜0.05）;在模拟酒中,3株突变菌株的苹果酸降解与乳酸生成速度均显著高于出发菌株SD-2a（P＜0.05）,且突变菌株UVe1和UVe2的存活率显著高于出发菌株SD-2a（P＜0.05）;综上,突变菌株UVe2具有优良商业酒酒球菌的潜力。     

Enhanced deacidification activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe by genome shuffling

A problem frequently occurring in making some kinds of wines, particularly Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine, is the presence of malic acid at high concentrations, which is detrimental to the quality of wines. Thus, there is a need of the ways for effectively reducing the malic acid levels in wine. This study aimed to generate shuffled fusants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe with enhanced deacidification activity for reducing the excessive malic acid content in wine. Sz. pombe CGMCC 2.1628 was used as the original strain. The starting mutant population was generated by UV treatment. The mutants with higher deacidification activity were selected and subjected to recursive protoplast fusion. The resulting fusants were screened by using the indicator of malic acid concentration of fermentation supernatants on 96‐well microtitre plates, measured with bromocresol green. After three rounds of genome shuffling, the best‐performing fusant, named GS3‐1, was obtained. Its deacidification activity (consumed 4.78 g/l malic acid within 10 days) was increased by 225.2% as compared to that of original strain. In the Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine fermentation test, GS3‐1 consumed 4.0 g/l malic acid during the whole cycle of fermentation, providing up to 185.7% improvement in malic acid consumption compared with that of the original strain. This study shows that GS3‐1 has great potential for improving the quality of Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of malolactic-deficient strains of Lactobacillus plantarum for use in cucumber fermentations

In the fermentation of cucumbers, naturally occurring strains of Lactobacillus plantarum decarboxylate malic acid (MDC⁺) to form lactic acid and CO₂. Since CO₂ buildup in the brine contributes to bloater damage of the cucumbers, it is desirable to have strains of L. plantarum that do not decarboxylate malic acid (MDC^-1). Two MDC^- mutants, obtained by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of different MDC⁺ strains, and their parent strains of L. plantarum wre evaluated in laboratory fermentations of filter-sterilized cucumber juice and of whole cucumbers as to growth rate, end-products, residual malic acid, and competitiveness with the natural flora. Effects of temperature (15 to 40°C) and NaCl concentration (0-6%) on growth in cucumber juice were determined. One MDC^-1 strain, designated MOP3-M6, was selected for further development because of its relative dominance in cucumber ferementations, high residual malic acid concentration after fermentation and greater salt tolerance as compared to its closest rival mutant culture. Growth lag and generation times averaged 1·6 and 1·2 times greater, respectively, for the MOP3-M6 mutant than its parent. However, this mutant may still have application as a starter culture for cucumber fermentation, particularly under relatively aseptic conditions.     

Isolation and characterization of Kluyveromyces marxianus mutants deficient in malate transport

In malic acid-grown cells of the strains ATCC 10022 and KMS3 of Kluyveromyces marxianus the transport of malic acid occurred by a malate-proton symport, which accepted l-malic, d-malic, succinic and fumaric acids, but not tartaric, malonic or maleic acids. The system was inducible and subjected to glucose repression. Mutants of the strain KMS3, unable to grow in a medium with malic acid, were isolated and checked for their capacity to utilize several carbon sources and to transport dicarboxylic acids by the malate-proton symport. Two distinct clones affected on malate transport were obtained. Both were able to grow on a medium with glycerol or ethanol but not with dl-malic, succinic, oxoglutaric and oxaloacetic acids as the sole carbon and energy sources. However, while one of the mutants (Mal7) displayed activity levels for the enzymes malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase similar to those of the wild strain, in the other mutant type (Mal6) the activities for the same enzymes were significantly reduced. Plasma membranes from derepressed cells of the wild strain and of the mutants Mal6 and Mal7 were isolated and the protein analysed by SDS–PAGE. The electrophoretic patterns of these preparations differed in a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of about 28 kDa, which was absent only in the mutant Mal7. The results indicated that Mal7 can be affected in a gene that encodes a malate carrier in K. marxianus. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of the high malic acid production mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sake yeast strain No. 28

We characterized a high malic acid production mechanism in sake yeast strain No. 28. No considerable differences in the activity of the enzymes that were involved in malic acid synthesis were observed between strain No. 28 and its parent strain, K1001. However, compared with strain K1001, which actively took up rhodamine 123 during staining, the cells of strain No. 28 were only lightly stained, even when cultured in high glucose concentrations. In addition, malic acid production by the respiratory-deficient strain of K1001 was 2.5-fold higher than that of the wild-type K1001 and wild-type No. 28. The findings of this study demonstrated that the high malic acid production by strain No. 28 is attributed to the suppression of mitochondrial activity.     

同步糖化淀粉质原料高产L-苹果酸菌株的选育

本研究选育了一株高糖化酶活性且传代稳定的突变株,在不添加商品糖化酶的情况下,可以通过对脱胚玉米粉的糖化发酵生产苹果酸。以Aspergillus oryzae(米曲霉)ME303为出发菌株,经ARTP诱变,2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-DG)筛选压力诱变处理,并通过比较原始菌株和诱变菌株的糖化酶活力和代谢特征,获得一株性能稳定的糖化酶活力较高的L-苹果酸生产菌株A. oryzae SS3,当粗淀粉质原料——脱胚玉米粉作为单一碳源时,30 ℃、150 r/min摇瓶发酵96 h后,糖化酶表现出较高的活力,为320.0 U/mL,与原始菌株相比(220.0 U/mL),酶活增加了45.45%,发酵后191 h,A. oryzae SS3菌株同步糖化发酵产苹果酸达到41.39 g/L,与原始菌株相比(33.98 g/L)提高了21.80%,为目前报道的利用淀粉质原料生产苹果酸且酶活性较高的米曲霉突变菌株,可进一步降低生产成本。     

高产SO2啤酒酵母菌株发酵性能的研究

主要对高产二氧化硫啤酒酵母突变株M8的发酵性能和遗传稳定性进行了研究.啤酒发酵实验结果表明,突变株M8发酵性能较好.突变株M8第20代菌株发酵的啤酒的二氧化硫生成量比原株S-5提高了20.72%,硫化氢生成量降低了49.3%,遗传稳定性良好.     

Deacidification of red and white wines by a mutant ofSchizosaccharomyces malidevoransunder commercial winemaking conditions

A mutant ofSchizosaccharomyces malidevorans, which utilizes malic acid more rapidly than the wild-type strain and does not utilize significant amounts of glucose or fructose, was used in commercial scale deacidification of grape juice during two vintages in a New Zealand winery. Four trials were conducted in Chardonnay, Semillon and Cabernet Sauvignon juices, 1000–4500 l. In the first two trials, the juices were inoculated with the alcoholic fermentation yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 33–48 h after the mutant inoculation. In the remaining two trials, the juices were inoculated simultaneously with the mutant andS. cerevisiae. Malic acid, ranging from 3.5–10 g l⁻¹in the juices, was completely degraded within 21–73 h. TheSchiz. malidevoransmutant utilized malic acid at sulfur dioxide levels and temperatures used in red and white winemaking. The wines produced in the trials lacked obvious organoleptic defects. They were blended with untreated wines for acid balance and retailed as varietal wines.