水力发电工程与环境保护

水能、风能、潮汐能和太阳能都是清洁能源和永不耗竭能源.其中,水力发电的成本最低.水力发电工程对生态环境的影响既有负面的也有正面的,本文用实例说明之.水力发电代替火电可以大量减少有害气体排放和浮尘污染.通过缜密的勘探、设计和施工,地质灾害可以防止或加固.水库水质的好坏,主要取决于蓄水前库底清理以及管理局和地方政府的管理能力和力度.回游鱼通过鱼梯上溯过坝到支流产卵,鱼梯技术已很成熟.但幼鱼通过溢洪道、水轮机、旁通管下行人海,技术还不够成熟,国外学者还在继续研究,我国也不例外.     

倡导水文化的传承与创新

水,滋润大地,孕育文明.人类与水的和谐共生,创造了充满生机与活力的世界文明.但是长期以来,人们往往注重对水的自然属性的规律性研究和总结.却比较缺少对水的丰富多彩的文化内涵的挖掘和思考.中华文明的核心是流域文明,而流域文明又起始于治水的实践和水思想的肩蒙.科学而系统地研究水文化,有利于水与社会、水与文明的全新思考和创新发展.     

洪家渡水电站面板堆石坝坝料开采爆破

洪家渡水电站是乌江梯级的"龙头"电站.电站大坝为混凝土面板堆石坝.坝体总填筑量为900.59万m3.填料的级配是保证坝体质量符合设计要求的关键因素.料场由于本身地质和周边环境问题,爆破施工难度大.经过试验和分析,确定了爆破的各种参数.实际爆破施工效果表明:所选择的参数基本合理,实际填料和筛分曲线基本上在设计的允许范围内,大块率低,安全性高,获得了较好的经济效益.     

浅谈池塘养鱼的水质管理

水是水生动物(鱼虾蟹等)赖以生存的环境,水环境质量的好坏直接影响其养殖产量和经济效益.在水产养殖中,水质控制和管理极为重要,它对养殖生产安全和养殖产品质量起着至关重要的作用.池塘养鱼是我市渔业的主要组成部分,亦是关系渔业经济好坏和渔民致富的关键.水质管理的好坏直接影响渔业产量和水产品质量.调水增肥是水质管理的重要环节.     

兰溪市现状水资源供需平衡分析

在兰溪市水资源和水环境现状评价的基础上,进行现状年水资源供需平衡分析.结果表明,兰溪市现状工程性缺水和水质性缺水情况明显.提出了解决兰溪市现状水资源短缺的对策和措施.     

3S技术在生态环境影响评价专题图中的应用

为了适应生态影响评价的需要,提高制图的工作效率和工作质量.以琅琊山、张河湾抽水蓄能电站和喜河水电站为例,探索了3S技术在制作生态影响评价专题图上的应用.结果表明.利用3S技术制作生态影响评价专题图总体上是成功的.不仅可以满足生态影响现状评价和预测评价的要求.而且也扩展了TM遥感数据的应用领域和实用价值.     

泥石流动力学模型和数值模拟研究综述

泥石流体可视为介于挟沙水体和土体之间的过渡性体,它兼具水体和土体的性质,有着不同于两者的固有性质.现有的泥石流动力学模型都是从水沙或者岩土力学模型基础上发展而来的,从描述组成物质和运动的观点来看,可划分为连续介质、离散介质和混合介质模型.前两种模型可以在一定程度上描述某些泥石流物理现象.传统的单流体和多流体模型都属于连续介质模型.离散介质模型主要有离散元模型和动理学模型.混合介质模型能完整反映泥石流的物理本质,但面临的理论和计算问题也最多,正处于初步发展阶段.基于不同的动力模型和数值算法,目前发展了种类较多的数值计算模型.单流体的数值计算模型相对比较成熟,应用也比较广泛.具体的数值计算模型中,数值算法、流变模型、地形数据、边界和初始条件等的处理对数值计算结果有重要的影响,需要根据具体的问题选择合适的数值计算模型.泥石流动力学模型和数值模拟研究的重点在于建立全过程的泥石流动力学模型和模拟,发展非均质的泥石流计算模型,客观反映大尺度颗粒和障碍物的存在对泥石流运动的影响,以及建立合理的泥石流动床物质交换模型.     

新疆内陆河流乌伦古河地表水环境监测进展与问题探讨

水环境包括地表水和地下水,作为地球上的淡水资源,水环境在人类生产和生活中起到不可或缺的作用.然而,随着我国经济高速发展和城市化水平的不断提高,我国水环境污染现象日益严重.面对这种情况,水环境评价和监测就显得尤为重要.针对新疆乌伦古河流域的实际情况,采用我国常用的水环境监测方法和标准,分析各种方法与该流域的适用性情况,并提出一些切实可行的对策建议.     

安阳市水环境污染现状及保护措施

1 自然地理及社会经济安阳市地处河南省北部、太行山脉与华北平原的过渡地带,属半湿润温带大陆性季风性气候区.总体特点是春季干旱少雨,回暖快;夏季炎热多雨,且雨水集中;秋季雨量适中;冬季寒冷少雨雪.多年平均降水量573.5mm.安阳市矿产资源丰富,已探明的有煤炭、铁矿石、石灰和石膏等.这些矿产资源为安阳市的煤炭工业、电力业、钢铁冶炼业、建材业和化肥生产提供了充足的原料.目前安阳市已基本形成了一个小而全的新型工业城市,主要有钢铁、机械、煤炭、纺织、化工、电力、建筑、轻工、电子等.2 主要水系河流情况安阳市按流域划分分属海河和黄河流域.2.1 安阳市海河流域安阳市海河流域漳卫南水系地区河流主要有漳河、卫河.漳河:源于山西省和顺县,分浊漳河和清漳河两大支流,流域面积1.8万km2.流经林州市和安阳县,在安阳市境内流域面积为606 km2.     

美国水电站退役与大坝拆除

介绍美国大坝拆除近况 .美国决定大坝退役和拆除主要出于对环境保护、大坝安全和经济效益的考虑 .对此已引起公众的激烈争论和政府官员的关注 .目前一些学术团体和科研单位正在开展大坝退役评价和拆坝后的环境预测工作 ,其中存在诸如泥沙、环境等许多尚待解决的难题 .分析表明 ,要切实处理好大坝退役和拆除的问题 ,必须从可持续发展的观点出发 ,全面看待大坝的利与弊 ,妥善决策 ;同时还应深入开展这方面的科学研究 ,积累知识 ,加深认识 .     

萍乡市城市地表径流污染物浓度变化特征分析及数值模拟

以海绵城市建设试点城市萍乡市地表径流污染物（以SS和TP为代表）浓度变化特征与预测模型适应性为研究对象,根据两场次的降雨资料及实测径流污染物浓度数据,确定所建地表径流污染物浓度变化预测模型Sartor-Boyd和p/r模型的参数,并模拟和分析了地表径流污染物浓度变化过程。结果表明：萍乡市地表径流污染物（SS和TP）浓度受初始冲刷效应的影响,降雨过程前期随雨强的峰值而达到最大,降雨过程后期污染物浓度受雨强的峰值波动影响较小;受模型参数的影响,Sartor-Boyd模型模拟值的统计学指标RPD、R²、NSE均小于p/r模型的相应指标,p/r模型对萍乡市降雨地表径流污染物排放规律的预测精度较好,模型可信度较高。结合萍乡市地区降雨状况建立的p/r数学模型可为该区域海绵城市建设过程中地表径流污染物浓度的预测及管理提供参考。     

Results of heat tests of the TGE-435 main boiler in the PGU-190/220 combined-cycle plant of the Tyumen’ TÉTs-2 cogeneration plant

Special features of operation of a boiler operating as a combined-cycle plant and having its own furnace and burner unit are descried. The flow of flue gases on the boiler is increased due to feeding of exhaust gases of the GTU into the furnace, which intensifies the convective heat exchange. In addition, it is not necessary to preheat air in the convective heating surfaces (the boiler has no air preheater). The convective heating surfaces of the boiler are used for heating the feed water, thus replacing the regeneration extractions of the steam turbine (HPP are absent in the circuit) and partially replacing the preheating of condensate (the LPP in the circuit of the unit are combined with preheaters of delivery water). Regeneration of the steam turbine is primarily used for the district cogeneration heating purposes. The furnace and burner unit of the exhaust-heat boiler (which is a new engineering solution for the given project) ensures utilization of not only the heat of the exhaust gases of the GTU but also of their excess volume, because the latter contains up to 15% oxygen that oxidizes the combustion process in the boiler. Thus, the gas temperature at the inlet to the boiler amounts to 580°C at an excess air factor α = 3.50; at the outlet these parameters are utilized to T _out = 139°C and α_out = 1.17. The proportions of the GTU/boiler loads that can actually be organized at the generating unit (and have been checked by testing) are presented and the proportions of loads recommended for the most efficient operation of the boiler are determined. The performance characteristics of the boiler are presented for various proportions of GTU/boiler loads. The operating conditions of the superheater and of the convective trailing heating surfaces are presented as well as the ecological parameters of the generating unit. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 12, December 2006, pp. 26–32.     

吴江市水功能区纳污能力及限制排污总量研究

依据《江苏省水功能区划》,结合吴江市水资源质量及污染现状,采用一维非稳态模型确定水质参数,计算吴江市水功能区纳污能力,核定限排总量,与吴江市现状污染物入河量对比,确定污染物削减量,为吴江市水污染防治与污染减排工作提供方法和依据。结果表明:吴江市水功能区水域纳污能力CODCr和氨氮分别为17 344和1 672 t/a,为入河量的56%和57%,CODCr和氨氮的平均削减率分别为54%和56%,该结果与污染物入河量、水质超标率结果基本吻合,说明纳污能力与限排总量计算结果合理。     

Interrelation Between the Accuracy of Prediction and Irregularity of Electric Energy Demand Curves

Results of a study of the dependence of the accuracy of prediction on daily and seasonal irregularity of demand curves are described. It is shown that in power systems characterized by high irregularity of the curves errors are the highest, which lowers the competitiveness of the systems in the power market. The interrelation between the irregularity of demand curves and the accuracy of predictions can be simulated by regression equations. Prediction results are the most accurate when specially developed mathematical models allowing for meteorological factors are used. The study has been performed with the help of “Energostat” software employed by power systems of Russia. __________ Translated from Elektricheskie Stantsii, No. 5, May 2005, pp. 64 – 67.     

地理信息系统在我国水利行业的应用综述

文中首先简要阐述了地理信息系统的基本概念、构成、功能，并概括地回顾了其发展历程。然后重点针对地理信息系统在我国水利行业中的应用进行了综合分析和评述，包括对它在洪水监测评估、防洪规划、水情会商、流域水文模型、地下水模拟模型、水资源综合评价、水资源管理、水利工程施工与管理、水土保持与河流信息管理等多个领域的应用情况、特点和效果等做了介绍、分析和讨论。最后，分析了目前地理信息系统在水利行业的应用中所存在或面临的主要问题，并对地理信息系统在水利行业的应用前景做了分析与展望。     

Mineralogical and geochemical composition of Late Holocene bottom sediments of Lake Onego

The analysis of both the mineralogical and geochemical composition and the stratigraphy of Holocene sediments of Lake Onego provided a novel interpretation of their genesis. Their mineral composition suggests that Holocene bottom sediments generally inherit the composition of terrigenous material that enters the lake with river runoff. The predominant authigenic minerals include biogenic opal from diatom skeletons, Fe-illite, and Fe-chlorite, which are the main iron mineral forms in bottom sediments of Lake Onego. Unstable suspension components (illite and chlorite) transform into their ferruginous varieties under humid climate conditions and high concentrations of iron and silicon in the lake waters. Both the presence of ferromanganese nodules in the uppermost part of bottom sediments of Lake Onego and their formation result from the location of the lake in the northern humid zone, geological composition of Fennoscandian crystalline rocks on the Lake Onego watershed, and the presence of an oxidative geochemical barrier into the lake sediment sequence. Late Holocene bottom sediments are represented by two types of sequences: 1) Fe-Mn enriched layers are formed near the sediment-water interface under oxygenated near bottom waters, and 2) such layers are not formed due to low concentrations of oxygen in water; but there are also non-laminated, homogeneous greyish-green silts, similar to those present in the lower parts of the first type of cores. Sedimentation rates (~0.10 cm y⁻¹) were determined by ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs geochronologies.     

Management of Water Resources

Abstract

Recent reforms in water resources management in the Murray-Darling Basin are discussed from the perspective of water allocation, water rights, irrigation, and the environment, with particular reference to differences between details in the states of Victoria and New South Wales. A similar review of water resources management is made for Vietnam with some further discussion of the new water law of 1998. Contextual differences are discussed and the opportunities for Vietnam to make use of Australian experience are briefly analysed.     

黄河上游水电开发扰动地表土壤侵蚀特点分析

以黄河上游拟建的羊曲水电站和在建的拉西瓦水电站为研究对象,采用人工降雨试验的方法,确定水电开发项目区及原状地表的土壤侵蚀模数,并用遥感解译方法对原状地表的土壤侵蚀模数进行校验。结果表明:羊曲水电站坝址不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀模数大小依次为泥石流堆积扇>荒地>林地>河滩地>耕地>草地,遥感解译结果与人工降雨试验结果相吻合。各类扰动地表土壤侵蚀模数大小依次为渣场>路堑边坡>料场>路堤边坡>主体工程区,上述区域的土壤侵蚀强度属剧烈。扰动地表与原状地表土壤侵蚀模数的比值为3～10,说明水电开发引起剧烈水土流失,因此在制定水土流失预防治理措施时,应以渣场、路堑边坡、料场、路堤边坡、主体工程区为重点区域。     

镇江市节水型社会建设探索与实践

分析了江苏省镇江市的水资源状况、利用现状和节水型社会建设中存在的主要问题,总结了多年来镇江市组织领导,制度建设,节水宣传,建立工作网络,落实工作责任,增加资金投入,节水技改和节水设施保障到位,强化用水节水管理,突出节水特色亮点,树立典型示范等开展节水型社会创建的成效和经验。以实现科学合理开发利用保护和节约水资源,提高水资源综合效益的目的。阐述了镇江市节水型社会建设开源节流、防污并举、把节流放在首位的"十二五"发展思路,提出了水资源合理开发、全面保护、优化配置、高效利用,励行节约等创建节水型社会的几种方法途径,以实现水资源供需平衡,人水和谐,促进社会经济可持续发展。