漂浮植物净化污水试验研究

本文以广东本地漂浮植物凤眼莲[Eichhornia crassipes （Mart．）Solms]、水浮莲[Pistia stratiotes （Raf．）Merr．]和水龙[Ludwigia adscendens（L．）．Hara]为供试植物，以此及其相互组合共7种不同的植物配置方式与无植物的方式对城镇污水的处理进行了对照。试验表明，试验期间有植物的装置比无植物的装置去除COD、TP、TN及NH4^＋-N的能力强。在夏季两种或两种以上的水生漂浮植物组合对COD的去除率比单独一种植物去除COD的效率高：但在冬季，水龙去除COD效果最好，其大小与其他各种配置方式处理污水COD差异显著；漂浮植物在夏季试验期间NH4^＋-N去除率高达97％以上，冬季为凤眼莲去除NH4^＋-N效果好；夏季植物去除TN能力为各种组合比单独某一种植物去除能力强，冬季为单独生长的凤眼莲最好．冬季和夏季的各种植物系统的TP去除率分别为32％～64％及83．3％～89．0％；无论是夏季和冬季，漂浮植物均能有效地调节pH值在水质标准6～9范围内。     

生物强化人工浮岛技术原位修复富营养化水体

筛选浮岛植物、浮岛植物种植材料、挂膜材料,考察浮岛材料的抗冲击能力、微生物菌剂强化效果,构建生物强化人工浮岛。通过现场实验,比较强化浮岛和普通浮岛的COD、TN、TP处理效率。结果表明,COD、TN、TP去除率均表现为生物棉组浮石组营养土组。利用中空微孔纤维束膜负载高效微生物菌剂的强化技术COD、TP去除率分别提高了20%左右、10%左右。泡沫浮盘比塑料浮盘有更好的抗冲击能力,运行2月后,完好无损。现场实验表明,强化浮岛的TN、TP去除率比普通浮岛分别高30%左右、40%左右。2种浮岛的污染物去除率随温度的降低和降低,但强化浮岛的下降幅度小于传统浮岛。在温度较低的11月,强化浮岛的TN、TP处理效率比普通浮岛分别高30%左右、20%左右。由此可见,与普通浮岛相比,生物强化人工浮岛不仅具有较高的处理效率,还有较好的稳定性,有更好的应用前景。     

新型人工浮岛强化降解污染物机理及应用研究

分别构建了传统人工浮岛和新型人工浮岛2组系统,对比考察了对主要污染物的去除效果,分析了对污染物降解的机理,比较了植株高度、根系生长及填料降解情况。结果表明,2组人工浮岛对去除COD、TN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N等4个水质指标的差异明显(p0.05),新型人工浮岛系统对TP的去除率为94.55%,且对TN、NO_3~--N的去除效果要显著高于传统人工浮岛,其去除率分别达到了83.39%和81.50%。丝瓜络、玉米芯的添加和降解增大了污水的可生化性,强化了新型人工浮岛的脱氮除磷效果;种植了千屈菜的新型人工浮岛植株生长高度为传统人工浮岛的2.36倍。     

混合植物型人工浮岛的动态水质净化特性

研究开发了一种由多种植物混合组成的人工浮岛系统.通过中试研究,考察了该人工浮岛对生活污水水体在动态条件下的净化效果.结果表明,水体交换时间为7d时TN、TP、COD的去除率分别为59.5%、77.4%和48.4%.由于植物之间的相互作用,提高了人工浮岛的净化效果,试验表明混合植物型人工浮岛在对于生活污水处理中有广阔的应用前景.     

不同载体的藻-菌生物膜应用于水体净化

以现已成熟的美国AquaMats生物膜技术为参比，比较不同材质或结构为载体的藻一菌生物膜技术改善富营养水体的效果．结果表明：对TN，TP，CODMn、Nh4^＋-N、透明度等指标的处理效果顺序基本为条形水草〉AquaMats〉人工水草〉植物地毯〉对照组，其中条形水草对TN、TP、CODMn的去除率分别为97．3％、77．1％、63．3％，第22d将透明度由25cm提高到85cm。大多数膜处理能将DO维持在4mg／L以上。条形水草的藻一菌生物膜技术对富营养水质改善效果最明显，且成本低廉，值得推广。     

人工湿地系统改善滇池入湖水水质

在代表性高原湖泊-云南省滇池湖区进水口附近构建人工湿地,考察了不同植物（紫叶美人蕉（Canna indica L.）、水葱（Scirpus tabernaemontanl Gmel.）、水葫芦（Eichornia crassipes（Mart.）Solms.）、水芹菜（Oenanthe ja vania（Bl.）DC.）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus L.）、芦苇（Phragmitas communis Trin.））的表流人工湿地与潜流人工湿地的处理效果,试验水力负荷为12 cm/d,水力停留时间（HRT）为3 d。结果表明：紫叶美人蕉潜流湿地、水葱潜流湿地对TP和TN的去除效果运行稳定,前者对TN、TP的去除率分别为70.60%、88.27%,后者为73.33%、83.87%;水芹菜湿地对TP去除效果波动大,均值为84.35%;菖蒲潜流湿地和芦苇潜流湿地对TN的去除率均值分别为71.73%和74.33%,对TP去除效果波动较大。水葫芦、芦苇湿地处理效果（温度较高的夏、秋季节）优于其余植物类型湿地。随着植物进入休眠期,两类人工湿地对TP、TN的去除效率均降低。各植物两种类型人工湿地对COD均有较好的去除效果,数值均在78%以上,出水浓度低于57 mg/L。     

人工湿地不同填料去污性能比较

选取页岩、粗砾石、铁矿石、麦饭石及其组合作为人工湿地填料，进行不同基质室内小试污水净化效果研究。结果表明：在相同进水水质和水力负荷运行条件下，单一填料页岩COD、TN、TP去除效果最好，去除率最高分别可达40％、88，9％、87．5％；组合填料COD去除率差别不大，页岩与粗砾石组合TN、TP去除率较高，分别可达到81．7％、71．9％。考虑到填料物理特性及长期稳定运行的需要，可选择页岩与粗砾石组合作为人工湿地去污填料。     

分散生活污水一体化处理工艺试验研究

针对分散生活污水低浓度难处理的问题,进行了固定床接触氧化（FAST）,周期循环式生物膜（CASBS）和缺氧／好氧-膜生物反应器（AO—MBR）三种工艺处理校园生活污水的试验研究。研究表明：FAST、CASBS和AO．MBR工艺对COD的去除率分别为79．3％、84．9％和90．9％,对NH3-N去除率分别为85．5％、91．2％和95．8％,FAST工艺处理成本较低,吨水处理成本仅有0．68元,CASBS工艺脱氮除磷效果占优,对TN和TP的去除率为51．8％和76．7％,AO—MBR工艺对浊度和SS去除效果明显,其出水含量分别为0．21NTU和1．95mg／L。三种工艺出水水质均稳定,COD、NH3．N、SS和浊度等指标均达到城市杂用水水质标准。     

组合式分层生物滤池与人工湿地联合工艺处理农村生活污水试验研究

考察了组合式分层生物滤池与潜流式人工湿地联合工艺对曹家浜村生活污水的处理效果。结果表明,当分层生物滤池的污染负荷为2．6kgCOD／（m^2·d）,潜流式人工湿地表面负荷为0．3mV（m^2·d）时,联合工艺对污水中各类污染物具有稳定、良好的处理效果,出水COD、NH4-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为68．2、8．1、12．1mg／L和0．9mg／L,均能满足GB18918--2002一级B标准;COD、NH4^＋-N、TN和TP去除率分别可达79.2％、62．8％、55．1％和77．1％;联合工艺在不同季节对污染物的去除效率有一定的变化,总体来说夏季去除效率最好,其次是秋季,而冬季的处理效率最差。     

硝铵比对水芹菜生长及去除氮磷的影响

采用批式水培实验方法,考察不同硝铵比工况下,水中N、P营养盐的去除特性、水芹菜的生长特性及其相关性。结果表明,水中TN、TP的去除率分别在硝铵质量比(m(NO_3~--N)/m(NH_4~+-N))为3:1、1:1时最大,分别为23.87%、15.89%;水芹菜的株高、根长分别在硝铵质量比为9:1、1:1时最大,分别为28.6、10.2 cm。株高和NO_3~--N去除率呈显著正相关(p0.05),TN去除率和NO_3~--N去除率呈极显著正相关(p0.01),根长、TP去除率均与NH_4~+-N去除率呈显著正相关(p0.05)。较高的NO_3~--N含量有利于茎叶部分的生长及N的去除;NH_4~+-N含量的增加有利于根系的生长及P的去除;综合考虑水芹菜生长和水质净化的效果,优化的硝铵质量比为1:1。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。