椭圆齿扭带加热管自然循环蒸发器结构设计理论

以斜齿动力学理论为指导,以动力矩强化为目标结构设计的短管加热室,能够在低流速(0.6m/s左右)下实现加热管(￠38×3×2000或￠32×3×2000)的自动清洗防垢;传热系数得以成倍强化,循环母液的进出口温差提高值达到自然循环推动力要求的3℃以上,并且阻力在5000Pa以下。以自然循环推动力强化为目标进行沸腾室结构设计,自然循环推动力可以达到1000Pa以上,足以保证取消强制循环泵后加热室自动清洗防垢的自然循环推动力需要。因此,这种新型结构能够成功地解决蒸发器周期性停车清洗和循环泵高电耗两大问题,实现高产、节能、高效益。     

自然循环自动清洗式蒸发器的试验研究

文章中研究的新型蒸发器,加热室内安装有旋流冲推力强化力矩的自动清洗螺旋,能够在低流速、循环总阻力11kPa以下实行自动清洗。沸腾室大截面、大深度、渐扩形出口部,循环母液低流速通过,能够在较大的深度处开始汽化;并且停留时间较长,在加热室得到的显热尽可能多的转化为汽化热;还能大幅度地降低出口动能损失,使自然循环的有效推动力强化达到11kPa～15kPa,从而省去高能耗的强制循环泵。因此新型蒸发器对于传热强化与节能具有很高的价值。     

自然循环自动清洗式蒸发器的试验研究

文章中研究的新型蒸发器，加热室内安装有旋流冲推力强化力矩的自动清洗螺旋，能够在低流速、循环总阻力11kPa以下实行自动清洗。沸腾室大截面、大深度、渐扩形出口部，循环母液低流速通过，能够在较大的深度处开始汽化；并且停留时间较长，在加热室得到的显热尽可能多的转化为汽化热；还能大幅度地降低出口动能损失，使自然循环的有效推动力强化达到11kPa～15kPa，从而省去高能耗的强制循环泵。因此新型蒸发器对于传热强化与节能具有很高的价值。     

不同压力下的自然循环自动清洗蒸发器技术实验

自然循环自动清洗式蒸发器的综合效益相当高.其中的结晶垢自动清洗研究比较充分,技术也比较成熟,产生足够的自然循环推动力成为关键,并且与蒸发压力密切相关.为此研究它的蒸发压力适应性问题.得到的结果是,常压蒸发和加压蒸发中影响自然循环推动力大小的主要因素是汽化深度,分别在20℃、25℃以上的传热温差下,都可以达到带动长管加热室、光滑扭带自动清洗需要的11kPa以上,并且加压蒸发更有优势;真空蒸发中汽化深度和出口动能损失两者的影响都大,因此难以形成大的自然循环推动力,则需要采用旋流冲推齿形扭带自动清洗的短管加热室结构.该技术适用于国内普遍采用的0.6MPa加热蒸汽源的三效蒸发工艺.     

自动清洗式蒸发器自然循环推动力的冷模试验

自然循环自动清洗式蒸发器是解决蒸发器结垢问题的理想方案，关键之一是能否产生足够大的自然循环推动力。为此，作者进行了冷态的动力学模拟试验，结果表明经过加热室后相当于水溶液温度升高3℃以上，就能够形成10000Pa以上的自然循环推动力，使加热管内的自然循环流速达到1.0m/s以上，可靠地带动塑料纽带自转，实行连续地自动清洗。     

自然循环自动清洗式高效节能蒸发器的核心理论研究

严重影响现有蒸发器效益的焦点是高能耗的强制循环泵和加热面盐垢的周期性停车清洗。自然循环自动清洗式蒸发器能够满意地解决这两个问题 ,为企业创造相当可观的效益。以动力温度概念和不平衡汽化过程机理为基础的自然循环推动力理论研究 ,不仅得到有很大意义的计算模型 ,并且给出了自然循环推动力有效强化的思路 :设计较大截面、足够深度、出口部呈渐扩形的沸腾室来提高汽化的平衡度、降低出口动能损失 ;必须采用安装有像螺旋齿带那样能够低流速下自转、高效强化传热、较低流体阻力的自动清洗元件的短管加热室 ,以便增大动力温度 ,又使自然循环总阻力较低。按此动力学理论设计的自然循环自动清洗式蒸发器顺利地获得中试成功。     

制盐蒸发器高速自然循环推动力模拟试验

自然循环自动清洗技术是解决制盐蒸发器盐垢问题最理想的方案 ,关键在于能否产生足够大的自然循环推动力。为此进行了自然循环推动力的冷模试验 ,由试验数据分析推算表明 ,蒸发循环液经过加热室后只要上升 3℃以上 ,就可以形成 10 0 0 0Pa以上的自然循环推动力 ,使加热管内的自然循环流速达到 1 0m/s以上 ,满足带动塑料纽带自转清洗的要求。并且 ,蒸发压力愈高 ,自然循环取代强制循环的难度就愈小     

制盐蒸发器高速自然循环推动力模拟试验

自然循环自动清洗技术是解决制盐蒸发器垢问题最理想的方案，关键在于能否产生足够大的自然循环推动力。为此进行了自然循环推动力的冷模试验，由试验数据分析推算表明，蒸发循环液经过加热室后只要上升3℃以上，就可以形成1000pa以上的自然循环推动力，使加热管内的自然循环流速达到1.0m/s以上，满足带动塑料纽带自转清洗的要求。并且，蒸发压力愈高，自然循环取代强制循环的难度就愈小。     

自动清洗式自然循环蒸发器的试验研究

自然循环自动清洗式蒸发器是解决蒸发器结垢问题的理想方案。其关键是能否在合理的加热温差下产生足够大的自然循环推动力 ,足以带动自动清洗螺旋扭带可靠地自转。为此建立了中试装置进行中试研究。常压蒸发条件下的中试结果表明 :传热温差只有 2 6℃时 ,自然循环推动力可以达到 110 0 0 Pa以上 ,可靠地带动扭带自转实行连续地自动清洗 ,传热系数达 10 %以上 ,能为企业创造相当高的效益 ,并且该技术与现有的蒸发生产的工艺和加热蒸汽压力条件完全相适应     

自动清洗式自然循环高效蒸发器试验研究

介绍了蒸发器加热管内快速结垢的特点,对设备传热效率的严重影响和污垢产生的一般原因。在对常用的防治办法进行简略述评的基础上,提出了比较理想的治本新方法－自动清洗式自然循环高效蒸发器。模拟试验结果表明,这种新型蒸发器能够利用汽－液密度差形成足够大的自然循环推动力,使得蒸发溶液带动管内自转的纽带具有满足防治蒸发器结垢的自动清洗能力。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.