锡锌系无铅钎料用免清洗助焊剂的润湿性评价

简要介绍了锡锌系无铅钎料的研究背景,针对锡锌系钎料容易氧化和润湿性差的缺点,研制了一种无松香无卤素的新型免清洗助焊剂.并且选用一种无机盐助焊剂和一种松香型助焊剂作为对比,进行了扩展率试验和润湿力试验以评价3种助焊剂的润湿性.试验结果表明,这种新型免清洗助焊剂能够提高Sn-9Zn共晶钎料的润湿性,并且助焊剂残留物少,无腐蚀,可免除焊后清洗工艺,符合环保要求,有利于促进Sn-9Zn无铅钎料在电子工业中的实际应用.     

Sn-Ag-Cu-Sb免清洗焊膏的试制与检验

试制了Sn-2.5Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Sb免清洗焊膏,结果表明免清洗焊膏的印刷性能良好,触变性好,不会塌陷,有良好的焊接性.用免清洗焊膏焊接的软线路板FPCB清洁度高,且分别通过了BTH、HTSL和LTSL各1000h和热循环冲击1000次的苛刻条件的可靠性实验,证明了所试制的无铅免清洗焊膏的质量优良.     

我国航空焊接材料概述

我国航空焊接材料主要是指电焊条、焊粉和钎剂。本文概括地介绍了其发展简况,较详细地阐述了其种类、性能和用途,反映了我国航空焊接材料研制、生产的最新成果。     

活性剂涂敷量对A-TIG焊熔深影响的研究

常规TIG焊生产效率低，单道焊可焊厚度小，活性化TIG焊（A-TIG），同常规TIG焊相比可大幅度地提高焊缝熔深，从而提高焊接效率，针对不锈钢材料，通过宏观断面分析方法研究了单一成分的活性剂（SiO2,CaF2,TiO2,Cr2O3和NaF)对焊缝熔深的影响，结果表明：同常规TIG焊相比，上述5种活性剂在涂敷量较小时，焊缝熔深均随活性剂涂敷量的增加而明显增大，氧化物活性剂增加熔深的作用效果大，氟化物的作用效果较小；5种活性剂在熔深增加能力上均有一个饱和点；电弧收缩和熔池表面张力梯度的变化是活性剂增加熔深的主要原因。     

铝用钎剂研究现状及展望

概述了现有铝用有机软钎剂、反应软钎剂、氯化物钎剂和氟化物钎剂的组成、性能及特点,比较了常见软钎剂和硬钎剂的去膜机理、表面润湿性、腐蚀性、活性及适用合金体系,重点对铝用无腐蚀和不溶性氟化物硬钎剂的应用、研究现状、产品合成等进行了阐述,并指出了铝用钎剂今后发展的方向。     

碳纤维复合材料与金属连接及接头力学性能测试

碳纤维复合材料因其强度高、质量轻、导热性能出众,在外空间和核工业等领域中的关键部件中得以应用.碳纤维复合材料与金属主要是通过螺栓、胶结、钎焊或扩散焊连接在一起.其中,在钎焊过程中,多数钎料在这类复合材料表面并不润湿,通常采用活性钎料,在高温和高真空的条件下进行;钎料的种类不同,钎焊接头的强度差异也很大.本文对碳纤维复合材料与金属铜、钛、铌、铝等金属的连接方法和相关研究进展作了总结,对其接头的力学性能测试方法作了介绍,并对该领域的研究方向发展做了展望.     

Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料对铜引线材料的润湿性

采用改性熔炼工艺制备了Sn-0.7Cu改性合金,用润湿平衡法研究了温度、钎剂中卤素含量、浸渍时间对铜引线材料润湿性的影响,并与Sn-37Pb进行了对比.结果表明:升高温度可明显提高润湿性;当用R(非活性)钎剂时,Sn-0.7Cu对铜引线不润湿;随着钎剂中卤素离子的增加,其润湿性得到显著改善,钎剂中卤素含量以≥0.4wt%为宜;随浸渍时间的延长,润湿力明显降低,表明界面存在"失润现象".     

活性剂对 Sn-0 . 65 Cu 无铅钎料的 IMC 影响

研究了几种活性剂作用下Sn-0.65Cu/Cu的扩展率及焊点界面金属间化合物(IMC)的形貌,探讨了活性剂的活性强弱与IMC厚度的关系。结果表明,不同活性剂作用下Sn-0.65Cu/Cu扩展率的大小顺序为:氢化松香>戊二酸>苹果酸>柠檬酸;在活性越强的活性剂作用下,液态钎料在Cu基板上越容易铺展,钎料的温度分布更均匀,加剧了Sn原子和溶解在液态钎料的Cu原子的热运动,Sn原子与Cu原子反应结合的概率增大,导致生成的IMC层更厚。     

A-TIG焊接方法研究现状及展望

TIG焊作为一种高质量焊接方法的代表,具有焊接过程稳定、焊缝成形美观、焊缝质量高、焊接过程无飞溅等优点,但同时也存在单道焊接熔深浅、焊接速度慢、熔敷速率低等缺点.为了克服TIG焊存在的缺点,提出了A?TIG焊接方法,该焊接方法是先在待焊焊道表面涂覆一层活性剂,然后再进行施焊.该焊接方法在保留TIG焊优点的前提下,可以显著增大TIG焊单道焊接熔深,提高焊接生产效率.近几年很多学者对A?TIG进行了大量研究,也开展了A?TIG焊在工业生产上的部分应用,但是A?TIG焊仍存在以下几方面问题:(1)A?TIG焊接需要涂覆活性剂的工序,不利于实现焊接过程的自动化,且活性剂的涂覆很难保证均匀稳定,限制了其在工业生产上的应用.(2)活性剂增大焊缝熔深的机理尚未形成统一的认识,对该机理的研究还不够深入.(3)需要针对不同的焊接母材开发不同的活性剂,且不同学者开发的活性剂千差万别,缺少统一的衡量标准,不利于活性剂的产业化.针对不锈钢、铝合金、钛合金、镁合金、低碳钢等各焊接母材开发了增大熔深效果比较明显的活性焊剂,并且研究了活性焊剂对焊缝的表面成形和组织性能的影响.在活性剂的引入方面提出了气体输送活性剂的方式,基本实现了焊接过程的自动化和活性剂的均匀涂覆.对于活性剂增大焊缝熔深机理方面,提出了熔池表面张力改变理论、电弧收缩理论和热输入增加理论.本文总结了A?TIG焊在不同焊接母材方面、活性剂的引入方面、熔深增大机理方面的研究进展,分析了A?TIG焊研究应用方面仍存在的问题,并对A?TIG将来的研究方向进行了前景展望,以期为进一步完善A?TIG焊接方法和推动A?TIG在工业生产上的应用提供一定的借鉴.     

机械合金化法制备Ag-Cu基中温合金钎料工艺研究

为研究机械合金化法制备Ag-Cu中温合金钎料的工艺过程,系统分析了球磨工艺参数对合金焊粉粒度及形貌演变的影响,确定了机械合金化制备球磨焊粉的优化工艺参数.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC)等分析手段,对合金化过程中物相变化、微观结构及熔化特性进行了表征,并在此基础上进行了Ag-Cu基三元和四元焊粉机械合金化的研究.结果表明:Ag-Cu系合金焊粉经优化工艺(球料比20∶1,转速400 r/min,无水乙醇作为工艺控制剂,球磨40 h)球磨后,合金化完全,以过饱和固溶体为基体相;不同组元的添加对于焊粉尺寸形貌和相结构的影响不同.Ag-Cu-10Sn粉末在球磨40 h后生成了以亚稳态的过饱和固溶体Ag(Cu)为主要组成相的合金粉,其金相组织细小均匀,与不锈钢基板之间形成过渡层,有利于增加接头强度.这表明,通过控制球磨工艺和多组元的添加,可改变合金粉末的形貌和相结构,能得到过饱和固溶体为主要组成相的钎料合金,有利于改善钎料的性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.