激光多普勒测速参数估计的Cramer-Rao下限

针对固体运动目标高速度、高加速度的特点,研究了高斯白噪声背景下激光多普勒测速同波信号的参数估计问题.通过计算参数矢量的费希尔(Fisher)信息矩阵,分析了实同波信号的多普勒频率和频率变化率估计方差的克拉末-雷奥(Cramer-Rao)下限(CRLB),推导了采样点数较大时同波信号参数方差估计的CRLB计算公式,讨论了各参数的最大似然估计(MLE).指出同波信号参数估计方差的CRLB与采样点数、信噪比及初相有关,采样点数较大时,实信号参数估计方差的CRLB为对应复信号的2倍.在不同的采样点数和信噪比下仿真表明,提高回波信号的信噪比和增加采样点数可以减小各参数估计方差的CRLB,结果与理论分析吻合.     

一种低信噪比下PSK信号载波频率估计方法

提出了一种利用自适应陷波器对单频信号分量衰减的特性估计PSK信号的载波频率的方法。信号通过陷波器滤波,输出能量最小对应的频点即为信号的载波估计频率。仿真结果表明,在低信噪比环境下该方法的估计误差小于1%。     

利用ⅡR自适应频率估计器实现多频点估计

针对直扩/跳频混合扩频测控中对多点频率估计值提取困难的问题,提出了一种利用ⅡR自适应频率估计器实现多频点估计的算法.分析了ⅡR滤波特性,表明二阶ⅡR模型具有单峰特性,能够实现稳定收敛;而高阶ⅡR模型具有多态性,因此需要对估计参数进行初始化.仿真结果表明当信号载噪比不低于10 dB-Hz时,自适应频率估计器能够实现对多频点信号频率跟踪,频率估计误差小于0.1 Hz,相同环境下频率估计精度与锁相环相当.     

一种LOFDM系统定时和频偏的盲估计算法

基于网格正交频分复用(LOFDM)信号的周期平稳性,该文提出一种LOFDM系统定时和载波频率偏差的盲估计算法。理论分析和仿真实验证实由该算法构造的估计器能够有效地对抗频率选择性慢时变信道引起的衰落;在信道噪声广义平稳的情况下,估计器性能与信噪比无关,于是估计器在低信噪比条件下也能很好地工作;另外,符号定时和频率偏差估计器的性能互不影响。     

基于循环前缀的OFDM系统频偏自适应跟踪算法

为了减小正交频分复用系统受频率偏差的影响,本文提出了基于循环前缀的频偏自适应跟踪算法,该算法利用循环前缀,对载波频偏进行跟踪.文中用最陡下降法和变步长自适应算法进行了计算机仿真,给出了频偏跟踪曲线和BPSK的星座图.理论分析和仿真结果表明,本文提出的方法运算复杂度低,并具有较好的收敛性,能够改善解调性能.     

一种基于内点罚函数和梯度迭代的频偏估计方法

为了克服现有技术的不足,提出了基于内点罚函数和梯度迭代的频偏估计方法。即利用频偏估计的方差与信噪比和相关训练段长度的关系式,在不缩小频偏估计范围的条件下,建立最小化频偏估计精度的方差的最优化函数问题,由于是非线性优化问题,采用内点惩罚函数法, 在效用函数收敛于由频偏估计范围确定的相关长度的可行域之内时,通过梯度迭代,得到一个局部最小值,即最优相关训练段长度,实现相关训练段长度自适应信噪比的变化而调整,提高频偏估计的抗噪性和精度。     

OFDM同步跟踪阶段的频偏估计算法

ＯＦＤＭ对栽频偏差是很敏感的，因此不仅在同步的捕获阶段，而且在同步的跟踪阶段，精确的频偏估计是很重要的。文献［３］提出了一种简化的相干判决反馈的迭代算法来估计同步跟踪阶段的载频偏差，对于１２８个子载波、ＱＰＳＫ调制的ＯＦＤＭ系统，在多径衰落信道下，当频偏小于子载波间隔的１５％时，频偏估计的标准方差小于１％，但是这个结果是在假设信道频率响应、定时偏差、载波相位等参数已知的条件下取得的，而当这些参数的估计存在误差时，由仿真结果可看出，频偏估计性能恶化了，因此，提出了采用差分判决反馈的频偏估计算法，虽然只能估计小于子载波间隔 ８％的频偏，但差分判决反馈算法不需要知道信道的参数，由于在同步跟踪阶段，频偏一般都较小，因此采用差分判决反馈算法可以很好地估计出同步跟踪阶段的频率偏差。     

近地轨道飞行器载波多普勒频偏估计新方法

对于近地轨道飞行器与卫星之间的通信链路,信号收发两端之间的相对运动导致载波存在高动态的多普勒频偏。另外,信号的远距离传输使得信号很微弱,这就极大地降低了信噪比。为了解决低信噪比和高动态环境下的多普勒频偏估计问题,提出一种多累积周期估计方法,提高多普勒频偏检测概率。该方法利用多个信号累积周期来缩小下一个累积周期内谱峰检测的频率区间,进而提高多普勒估计性能。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与现有方法相比,提出的多累积周期估计方法不仅可以提高检测概率而且可以减小估计误差。     

一种改进的Fitz载波频偏估计方法及其仿真

为了解决低信噪比条件下载波频偏估计中估计范围和估计精度的矛盾,在比较分析现有经典估计方法的基础上,提出了一种改进的Fitz载波频偏估计方法,利用自相关序列差分代替自相关序列相位估计频偏.此方法将频偏估计范围提高到数据速率的一半,同时又保持了原有Fitz方法的低信噪比门限.通过仿真验证了改进频偏估计方法对大频偏和低信噪比的适用性.     

自适应时延估计中的信号自相关函数估计

应用自适应滤波方法可以估计未知源信号的观察信号间的时延。但是只有知道观察信号的信噪比或者其中源信号分量的自相关函数或功率,才能确定时延估计的方差。本文根据被动检测时延估计的信号模型和自适应滤波原理分析指出,采用自适应滤波结果直接计算的相关分量的自相关函数及功率是一个有偏估计。应用自适用滤波器参数,可以得到一个常数修正因子,修正该有偏估计,得到自相关函数的近似无偏估计。不同条件下的估计实例表明,通过修正显著提高了信号功率估计的准确性。     

Frequency offset estimation with fast acquisition in OFDM system

A new carrier frequency offset estimation scheme in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system is proposed. The carrier frequency offset estimation includes acquisition and tracking, and the acquisition range is as large as one half of overall signal bandwidth. The proposed tracking estimator is a maximum-likelihood estimator, and in AWGN channel, the Cramer-Rao lower bound is met at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); in multipath channel, the tracking algorithm works well at moderate SNR. Timing synchronization can be also performed during the course of acquisition.     

Low bias frequency domain SNR estimator using DCT in mobile fading channels

The authors analyze the cause of bias in a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based frequency domain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimator by deriving the upper bound of the bias. The analysis is then used to propose a new frequency domain estimator using discrete cosine transform (DCT), which has lower bias. In addition, a criterion is proposed for use when maximum Doppler frequency information is available; it is based on the derived upper bound and can be used to improve the mean squared error (MSE) performance of the proposed DCT-based estimator. Simulation results show that the proposed estimator reduces the MSE remarkably by diminishing the bias.     

Improved estimation of low velocities in color Doppler imaging byadapting the mean frequency estimator to the clutter rejection filter

An adaptive mean frequency estimator is proposed for color flow imaging. It is based on a series expansion of the first derivative of the autocorrelation function of the Doppler signal at origin. Its bias can be reduced by shifting the integration bounds in the series expansion and its variance adjusted by adapting the coefficients of the serial-development. This estimator can be fitted to the specific characteristics of the clutter rejection filter using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the Doppler signal as an adaptive parameter. Its performance is compared to that of the usual correlation angle estimator, and its thresholded version, as well as that of the general mean frequency estimator, using a model of Doppler signal. The detection of low frequencies was significantly improved. The mean square error (MSE) was reduced an average 15 fold over a 25-dB range on the SNR, compared to the correlation angle estimator (CAE) or the general mean frequency estimator. A two-fold reduction in the MSE was obtained compared to the thresholded correlation angle estimator     

Performance of correlation-based frequency estimation methods in the presence of multiplicative noise

This paper provides a comprehensive performance evaluation of a correlation-based frequency estimator under different fading channel conditions. The efficiency of the estimator in terms of the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRB) is investigated for different fading conditions, i.e., slow fading, fast fading, Rayleigh fading, and Ricean fading. The asymptotic CRB, which provides an insight to the frequency estimation in fading channels, has been evaluated via a frequency-domain approach. The optimal correlation lag value suitable for frequency estimation under different fading conditions is determined, and closed-form expressions for the variance of the estimates are provided. For proper implementation of the estimator, the Doppler spread of the signal is also estimated. It is shown that using the Doppler spread information, frequency estimation accuracy at low signal-to-noise ratios can be improved using multiple lags of correlations.     

Performance of a Discrete Spectral Peak Frequency Estimator for Doppler Wind Velocity Measurements

A frequency estimator formed from the peak of a discrete power spectrum is examined. Expressions to compute the performance of the estimator as a function of input signal bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio are developed and used to study the estimator's capability to measure signal mean frequencies for remote Doppler measurement of atmospheric winds. Performance comparisons with the widely used complex-covariance estimator, based on simulations, show that frequency estimates formed from the spectral peak tend to have larger variance, except in the case of narrow-band input signals where the estimate standard deviation approaches that of the complex-covariance estimator.     

改进的相位展开算法及其在瞬时频率估计中的应用

 研究了一种改进的相位展开算法及其在瞬时频率估计中的应用.首先讨论了噪声对相位展开的影响,发现当每个周期内的样本数为2个样本时相位展开具有最佳的性能;接着利用这个性质得到一种简单的相位展开算法,可以在较低信噪比条件下估计出信号的瞬时相位;随后把相位展开算法应用于正弦波频率估计,得到了改进的相位平均法,利用它可以在较低信噪比条件下得到宽带信号的瞬时频率曲线;最后通过MATLAB仿真对算法进行验证.     

相关信噪比对天线组阵相位估计性能的影响

传统天线组阵理论为了简化分析，均假设反正切相位鉴别器是一种最大似然估计器，其估计方差能够达到克拉美-罗下界。然而当相关信噪比在中等值以下时，这一假设条件不再适用。为此，分析了相关信噪比对相位估计性能的影响。针对传统天线组阵合成性能分析方法在描述低相关信噪比条件下相位估计性能方面存在的问题，通过引入修正因子，得到了相位估计方差的理论公式，实现了对低相关信噪比条件下相位估计性能的准确描述。     

Frequency estimation of a single complex sinusoid using a generalized Kay estimator

This letter introduces a generalized version of Kay's estimator for the frequency of a single complex sinusoid in complex additive white Gaussian noise. The Kay estimator is a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on differential phase measurements with a delay of one symbol interval. In this letter, the corresponding ML estimator with an arbitrary delay in the differential phase measurements is derived. The proposed estimator reduces the variance at low SNR, compared with Kay's original estimator. For certain delay values, explicit expressions for the window function and the corresponding high SNR variance of the proposed generalized Kay (GK) estimator are presented. Furthermore, for some delay values, the window function is nearly uniform and the implementation complexity is reduced, compared with the original Kay estimator. For a delay value of two, we show that the variance at asymptotically high SNR approaches the Cramer-Rao bound as the sequence length tends to infinity. We also explore the effect of exchanging the order of summation and phase extraction for reduced-complexity reasons. The resulting generalized weighted linear predictor estimator and the GK estimator are compared with both autocorrelation-based and periodogram-based estimators in terms of computational complexity, estimation range, and performance at both low and high SNRs.     

Derived PDF of maximum likelihood signal estimator which employs anestimated noise covariance

A probability density function (PDF) for the maximum likelihood (ML) signal vector estimator is derived when the estimator relies on a noise sample covariance matrix (SCM) for evaluation. By using a complex Wishart probabilistic model for the distribution of the SCM, it is shown that the PDF of the adaptive ML (AML) signal estimator (alias the SCM based minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer output and, more generally, the SCM based linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer output) is, in general, the confluent hypergeometric function of a complex matrix argument known as Kummer's function. The AML signal estimator remains unbiased but only asymptotically efficient; moreover, the AML signal estimator converges in distribution to the ML signal estimator (known noise covariance). When the sample size of the estimated noise covariance matrix is fixed, it is demonstrated that there exists a dynamic tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise adaptivity as the dimensionality of the array data (number of adaptive degrees of freedom) is varied, suggesting the existence of an optimal array data dimension that will yield the best performance     

基于载波间干扰自抵消的OFDM频率同步

载波间干扰自抵消(ICISC)方案在频率域引入了冗余信息,提高了OFDM系统对频偏的稳健性.基于最大似然原理,针对ICISC方案提出了两种OFDM最大似然同步新算法.分析了算法的估计范围、方差性能以及Cramer-Rao下界.两种方法具有估计频偏范围大、估计精度高以及实现简单等优点,计算机仿真结果表明了方法的优越性.