The effects of positive emotion priming on self-reported reckless driving

Five studies examined the effects of positive emotion priming on the willingness to drive recklessly. In all five, young drivers were exposed to one of the following primes of positive affect: a positive mood story; happy memories; an exciting film; a relaxing film; or thoughts on the meaning in life. Following the prime, the participants were asked to report on their willingness to drive recklessly. The responses were compared to those of groups exposed either to neutral affect, another kind of positive affect, or negative affect priming. In two of the studies, participants were also asked to report on their driving styles (risky, anxious, angry, or careful) as a second dependent variable. Positive affect, especially in the form of arousal, was found to be related to higher willingness to drive recklessly. Although men tended to report higher intentions to drive recklessly, men and women did not react differently to the emotional induction. Most interestingly, positive emotions of a relaxing nature, as well as thinking about the meaning in life, lowered the willingness to engage in risky driving. The discussion emphasizes the importance of looking for new ways to use positive emotions effectively in road safety interventions, and considers the practical implications of the studies.     

On the Effect of Triaxial State of Stress on Ductility Using Nonlinear CDM Model

Ductility takes into account the material capability to plastically deform. This parameter is not only modified by temperature but it is strongly affected by the stress triaxiality that, in the case of positive hydrostatic stress, reduces the material strain to failure. Due to the importance of this parameter in engineering design many attempts to predict the evolution of ductility with stress triaxiality have been done. Here, a nonlinear continuum damage model, as proposed by the author, is used to obtain the evolution of material ductility with stress triaxiality. The expression found relates the strain to failure in multi-axial state of stress regime only to the uniaxial strain to failure, to the damage strain threshold, to the material Poisson's ratio, and, of course, to stress triaxiality. The proposed model was successfully verified comparing the predicted evolution of material ductility with the experimental data relative to several metals. The procedure for the damage parameters identification is also discussed in details.     

Intelligent machines in the twenty-first century: foundations of inference and inquiry

The last century saw the application of Boolean algebra to the construction of computing machines, which work by applying logical transformations to information contained in their memory. The development of information theory and the generalization of Boolean algebra to Bayesian inference have enabled these computing machines, in the last quarter of the twentieth century, to be endowed with the ability to learn by making inferences from data. This revolution is just beginning as new computational techniques continue to make difficult problems more accessible. Recent advances in our understanding of the foundations of probability theory have revealed implications for areas other than logic. Of relevance to intelligent machines, we recently identified the algebra of questions as the free distributive algebra, which will now allow us to work with questions in a way analogous to that which Boolean algebra enables us to work with logical statements. In this paper, we examine the foundations of inference and inquiry. We begin with a history of inferential reasoning, highlighting key concepts that have led to the automation of inference in modern machine-learning systems. We then discuss the foundations of inference in more detail using a modern viewpoint that relies on the mathematics of partially ordered sets and the scaffolding of lattice theory. This new viewpoint allows us to develop the logic of inquiry and introduce a measure describing the relevance of a proposed question to an unresolved issue. Last, we will demonstrate the automation of inference, and discuss how this new logic of inquiry will enable intelligent machines to ask questions. Automation of both inference and inquiry promises to allow robots to perform science in the far reaches of our solar system and in other star systems by enabling them not only to make inferences from data, but also to decide which question to ask, which experiment to perform, or which measurement to take given what they have learned and what they are designed to understand.     

A methodology of alarm filtering using dynamic fault tree

This article presents a new approach for filtering the faults, thanks to the defined dynamic fault tree (DFT). The proposed methodology includes the dependencies between fault events in the models. Two problems must thus be solved: they relate to the filtering of false alarms, and the reduction of the size of the ambiguity of fault isolation related to the occurrence of a failure. In response to the expressed need for diagnosis, as well as for the need for filtering and localization of the failures, it is necessary to introduce new dynamic gates, making it possible to translate new dependencies, relationships. Based on previous techniques, the approach presented in this paper is based on four peculiar powerful features. First, the concept of the precedence between events is taken into account in order to resort to an adapted configuration for the fault isolation. Second, another relevant data to establish a diagnosis is to take into account the concepts of redundancies between various sets. The appearance of the same phenomenon on various sets can make it possible to refine the fault isolation. The knowledge of the character of the failures is a third important concept; indeed according to the character of the identified breakdowns, one will be able for example to refine the localization or to filter certain events considered non-representative of the character of the breakdown. Fourth, the time duration of the alarm is a more interesting resource to be exploited. The proposed DFT model can be modularized and each module translated into a High Level Petri Net (HLPN). Translation of DFT modules into HLPN has proved to be very flexible and various kinds of new dependencies can be easily accommodated. In order to exploit this flexibility a new representation, called the event diagram, is introduced.     

Failure of ethylene furnace outlet transfer line due to overheating

An outlet transfer line tube of an ethylene-cracking furnace failed after five years of service. The tube, made from Incoloy alloy 800H, developed cracks that penetrated the entire thickness. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and microhardness tests were used to evaluate the failed tube. It was found that the tube was considerably embrittled by high-temperature carburization, leading to intergranular fracture at the inner surface. Carburization appeared to have been caused by high-temperature exposure to the carbonrich atmosphere associated with the coke adhered to the inner surface. Additionally, the decrease in heat transfer due to the coke deposits caused the wall temperature to increase during service. However, at the outer surface, the tube fractured by a fatigue process that could result from the use of a counterweight to prevent sagging of the tube as a result of the coke deposition. Based on the results obtained, a short-term solution was to modify various process parameters to reduce the extent of coke deposition and/or increase the frequency of decoking and to discontinue the use of a counterweight. However, the long-term solution is to replace alloy 800H.     

Identification of Failure Mechanisms to Enhance Prognostic Outcomes

Predicting the reliability of a system in its actual life cycle conditions and estimating its time to failure is helpful in decision making to mitigate system risks. There are three approaches to prognostics: the physics-of-failure approach, the data-driven approach, and the fusion approach. A key requirement in all these approaches is the identification of the appropriate parameter(s) to monitor the collection of the data that can be employed to assess impending failure. This article presents the physics-of-failure approach, which uses failure modes, mechanisms, and effects analysis (FMMEA) to enhance prognostics planning and implementation. This article also presents the fusion approach to prognostics and the applicability of FMMEA to this approach. As an example, a case of generating FMMEA information, and using that to identify appropriate parameters to monitor, is presented.     

基于茶马古道文旅发展下的羌族羊皮鼓创新设计

目的 研究茶马古道文旅融合下的羌族羊皮鼓发展现状,给处于发展滞后的羌族羊皮鼓创新设计提供方法与思路,实现羌族地区特色手工艺的传承发展与创新性转化。方法 根据茶马古道文旅发展下的文化产品需求,分析当下羌族羊皮鼓发展的困境与突破方向,探索羌族羊皮鼓创新发展应进一步加强文旅融合,丰富产品类型;加强特色发掘,增强文化创意;加强材料与工艺开发,增强材质与技术创新;加强科技融合,增强数字化产品创新等来实现羌族羊皮鼓的创新设计。结论 对处于茶马古道文旅发展下的羌族羊皮鼓传承与创新设计,需根植羌族特色文化,以现代化的设计手法,多元化的文化创意思维认识和新材料、新技术革新的手段来探索羊皮鼓的产品特征、审美意识、文化内涵与艺术形态,才能满足人们日益增长的文化生活需求,激发人们的购买欲望,带动产品的销售,推动羊皮鼓在现代生活中的活态发展,促进羌族传统文化在当下的文化价值、旅游价值和经济价值的实现。     

From mitochondrial ion channels to arrhythmias in the heart: computational techniques to bridge the spatio-temporal scales

Computer simulations of electrical behaviour in the whole ventricles have become commonplace during the last few years. The goals of this article are (i) to review the techniques that are currently employed to model cardiac electrical activity in the heart, discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches, and (ii) to implement a novel modelling approach, based on physiological reasoning, that lifts some of the restrictions imposed by current state-of-the-art ionic models. To illustrate the latter approach, the present study uses a recently developed ionic model of the ventricular myocyte that incorporates an excitation-contraction coupling and mitochondrial energetics model. A paradigm to bridge the vastly disparate spatial and temporal scales, from subcellular processes to the entire organ, and from sub-microseconds to minutes, is presented. Achieving sufficient computational efficiency is the key to success in the quest to develop multiscale realistic models that are expected to lead to better understanding of the mechanisms of arrhythmia induction following failure at the organelle level, and ultimately to the development of novel therapeutic applications.     

基于KANO和感性工学的电动滑板车设计研究

目的 融合KANO和感性工学两种分析方法,分析用户需求,并根据消费者需求指导设计一款电动滑板车。从而确保滑板车设计方案符合目标用户基本需求,提升用户满意度。方法 通过调查问卷收集消费者对电动滑板车的使用需求,运用KANO进行用户需求分类,构建电动滑板车消费需求评价体系。运用感性工学分析感性要素与电动滑板车设计的影响关系并提取感性词汇。运用SPSS软件对感性词汇进行评价分析,得出符合消费者需求的感性要素辅助设计过程,使设计的电动滑板车更符合用户的需求和心理。结果 根据分析得到电动滑板车用户需求分类,并结合消费感性需求,确定电动滑板车设计方向,以此进行电动滑板车的设计工作。结论 综合应用KANO和感性工学分析电动滑板车的用户使用需求,研究消费者的感性因素,从目标用户出发,这样有助于更加准确地理解消费者需求,洞察滑板车的设计重点,使设计整体过程更加科学、全面。     

气象科技创新业务贡献评价标准研究

科技创新重在应用,重在产生效果。对于气象部门而言,创新的效果主要体现在气象业务能力和水平的提升上,然而如何判断科技创新是否对业务产生了贡献,或科技创新对业务产生的贡献大小,需要建立一个具备可比性的、不以评价人的主观意志为转移的客观标准来衡量。为此本研究设计了一个叫做“气象科技创新业务贡献度”的评价指标,试图通过“气象科技创新业务贡献指数”的客观计算,来建立一套客观评价和衡量气象科技创新业务贡献大小的评价标准,供评价项目、单位、区域或部门气象科技创新业务贡献大小时使用。该指标设计的特点是,以突破重大气象业务核心技术为重点,以满足气象业务服务质量和效率提高为指向,形成用于测量气象科技创新业务贡献的定量测量模型,以此为基础,可以开发出满足气象科技创新业务贡献评价需求的、供全国统一使用的气象科技创新业务贡献评价标准。     

Introduction de l'informatique dans la gestion et le contrôle des entrepôts frigorifiquesThe introduction of data processing in the management and control of cold stores

A cold store is required to preserve foodstuffs which may arrive in quantities of a few hundred tons or in boxes weighing only a few kilos. The pallet is the unit of volume allowing rationalization of storage.Two cases can be classified: full pallet storage and order preparation for retailers. With full pallet storage the series of operations carried out are: receiving goods, putting them into a defined place, maintaining the required storage environment, finally delivering pallets. Incidental to these functions are: Inventory control, (invoicing, etc.), management of stocks, (the computer can choose the best storage place for each pallet according to the delivery rate and the shortest distance), instructions to semi-automatic fork lift trucks or to fully automatic stacker cranes, optimization of refrigeration machines to minimize power consumption and to give warning of maintenance requirements or breakdown, security protection against fire and robbery.From full pallets, orders are prepared from a few boxes of each article to deliver to retailers. The computer chooses the right moment to bring out pallets from the main stock, moving them to the best place in the preparation area and finally indicating to the workman in what order he has to take boxes from the pallets.The main advantages are: better use of space, better control of the quality of the materials being stored, and lower energy costs. Paradoxically the main obstacle to further progress is the difficulty of efficiently replacing human operators for single box handling.     

Removal characteristics of anionic metals by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration

Surfactant-based separation of Fe(CN)(6)(3-) and CrO(4)(2-) using regenerated cellulose membrane was studied in order to assess the potential of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration for the remediation of wastewater or groundwater polluted with ferriccyanide and chromate. In the ferriccyanide/octadecylamine acetate (ODA) and chromate/ODA systems, removal of ferriccyanide increased from 73 to 92% and to 98%, and that of chromate from 64 to 97% and to >99.9% as the molar ratio of ODA to ferriccyanide and to chromate increased from 1 to 2 and to 3, respectively. In the ferriccyanide/chromate/ODA system, while the removal of ferriccyanide increased from 62 to 72% and to 93%, the removal of chromate from 20 to 38% and to 68% as the molar ratio of ferriccyanide:chromate:ODA increased from 1:1:1 to 1:1:2 and to 1:1:4, respectively. With the molar ratio of 1:1:6, the removal was >99.9 and 98% for chromate and ferriccyanide, respectively. Ferriccyanide ions were more easily bound to ODA micelles because the binding power of ferriccyanide was greater than that of chromate.     

城轨车辆车体多重动力吸振器减振方法研究

为了让动力吸振器在降低轨道车辆车体振动的同时能够更好的适应车下剩余空间,根据多重动力吸振器原理,针对城轨车辆运行的特点,建立了包含多重动力吸振器的轨道车辆垂向振动模型,提出了适用于城市轨道车辆车体多重动力吸振器的设计方法。①讨论了载客量和速度变化对多重动力吸振器的减振性能的影响,指出了传统多重动力吸振器的局限性;②针对轨道车辆振动频率变化频繁的特点,提出了多重动力吸振器的目标频率的优化方法,从而避免了增振的情况出现;③以四条典型城市轨道线路为算例,利用DVA减振指标进行评价,分别获得了不同线路的车体多重动力吸振器的最优目标频率,并验证了该优化方法的有效性。研究结果表明:相同附加质量下,多重动力吸振器对车体的吸振能力要优于单个动力吸振器,考虑到实际的应用,在车体安装四重动力吸振器是较为适宜的选择;经过优化的多重动力吸振器在整个速度区间都能起到很好的减振效果,能够有效避免增振现象的发生;多重动力吸振器的目标频率的设计要针对不同的线路进行调整,特定线路需要特定设计才能发挥出最佳减振能力。该研究的工作为车体多重动力吸振器的研究和应用提供了参考依据。     

基于体积扫描容重法的社区垃圾分类系统研究

目的 响应国家垃圾分类政策，通过设计社区生活垃圾分类设备检测系统，提高分类正确率，改善“混投乱投”的现状，从源头提高城市垃圾分类投递的准确性。方法 结合现有针对垃圾容重区间划分方法和多种评价标准，总结归纳各类垃圾的容重阈值划分区间，并将其作为垃圾分类的判断方法。设计体积检测模块，利用激光测距传感器点阵获得待测物切片遮挡图和截面积，并计算待测物体积，结合称重传感器计算待测物容重，并依据容重区间对待测物进行分类判断。结果 根据容重阈值分类标准，对多种随机样本进行检测。绝大多数可回收物和厨余垃圾的容重检测值在各分类的容重阈值内，可以被正确分类；其余样本在混合垃圾容重阈值内，符合边界条件设定和模糊垃圾的样本按其他垃圾标准处理的分选原则，检测结果符合分类要求。结论 基于体积扫描检测容重的社区生活垃圾分类系统可以满足居民前端投递环节中对生活垃圾分类检测的需求，有助于提高源头分类的准确性，能有效推进我国垃圾分类和再生资源利用工作的发展。     

X-ray fractography of a diesel engine crankshaft

X-ray (XR) diffraction is a well-known experimental technique used for measuring residual stresses in metallic materials. If we apply the XRD technique to the fracture surface of a broken part, it becomes a fractographical technique, that is to say that it is possible to relate the results of the measurement to the loading condition that lead a component to fail. However, in the past this technique was mainly used to analyse standard specimens and not mechanical components and there are few experimental investigations concerning the possibility of using this technique to investigate the cause of fatigue failures. In this paper, after a brief introduction to the technique, XRD fractography is applied to a diesel engine crankshaft that failed under known fatigue loading. It was possible to determine the load that lead the crankshaft to fail and to evidence some original aspects about the application of this technique to real machine parts. Comparison with finite element results served to confirm that XRD can be used as complementary tool to scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation or as a substitute to SEM observation, in the case of damaged fracture surface.     

基于改进网络最大流的道路通行能力优化研究

基于图论网络最大流理论基础,建立了一种改进的网络最大流模型。首先,根据最基本的网络最大流模型,采用Ford-Fulkerson算法求解出理论最大通行能力为46人/s;其次,考虑通行的道路选择性,建立最短路模型,利用Dijkstra算法计算各个单源到各个单汇的最短路径,并通过A*算法排除与最短距离相差较大的路径,从而筛选出有效路径;然后,利用最短路模型结果加强原模型中的约束条件,利用单纯形法求解出实际最大通行能力为23人/s;最后,建立以道路扩宽成本最低为目标函数的线性规划模型对道路进行优化改造。研究结果表明,现有道路设计能够满足道路通行需求,若需提高道路通行能力且要求道路改造最小,可以适当扩宽路网中的关键道路。     

改进的EMD结合重复降噪在故障诊断中的应用

滚动轴承的故障信号采集中往往含有大量的噪声信号。对采集信号进行小波包降噪后,利用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)得到若干个固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)。计算各个IMF与去噪后信号的相关系数以此确定哪几个IMF是待分析信号的有效集,根据有效集中IMF的突变程度来选择不同消失矩的db系小波进行小波降噪。对IMF进行边际谱分析来判断滚动轴承哪个部位发生故障。该方法有效地去除了混杂在故障信号中的噪声,提高了信噪比,准确地判断出滚动轴承发生故障的部位。     

3D Printing of Textiles: Potential Roadmap to Printing with Fibers

3D printing (3DP) has transformed engineering, manufacturing, and the use of advanced materials due to its ability to produce objects from a variety of materials, ranging from soft polymers to rigid ceramics. 3DP offers the advantage of being able to print at a variety of lengths scales; from a few micrometers to many meters. 3DP has the unique ability to produce customized small lots, efficiently. Yet, one crucial industry that has not been able to adequately explore its potential is textile manufacturing. The research in 3DP of textiles has lagged behind other areas primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining some of the unique characteristics of strength, flexibility, etc., of textiles, utilizing a fundamentally different manufacturing technology. Textiles are their own class of materials due to the specific structural developments that occur during the various stages of textile manufacturing: from fiber extrusion to assembly of the fibers to fabrics. Here, the current 3DP technologies are reviewed with emphasis on soft and anisotropic structures, as well as the efforts toward 3DP of textiles. Finally, a potential pathway to 3DP of textiles, dubbed as printing with fibers to create textile structures is proposed for further exploration.     

通用弹药包装系列化方案

通用弹药包装系列化方案,是为指导我国弹药包装全面改革而提出的一个完整的科学体系。该《方案》将我国现行通用弹药,按结构特性、使用特点以及流通各环节的要求等划分为八个包装系列。对每个系列的包装形式、尺寸、重量、单位包装量等均作了统一规定,从而为弹药包装实现标准化和通用化奠定了基础。本文就该《方案》研究的背景、目的和意义、《方案》主要内容、实施计划(建议)以及实施《方案》后可能产生的效果等进行了简介,以增进关心弹药包装改革的领导和工程技术人员对《方案》的了解。     

案例知识的产品造型设计方法研究

目的为设计出符合消费者感性需求的产品,适应大规模定制的生产模式,缩短产品开发周期并方便企业后期的产品迭代,提出了一种应用已有产品案例进行产品快速设计的方法。方法以对象设计知识分类理论为基础,融入了消费者感性意象这一特征,建立了案例造型知识库模型,并由此模型指导案例各特征知识的获取,由此建立案例造型知识库。结论依据设计需求,应用案例造型知识库进行案例的检索、匹配、推理、变异,完成对四阀饮料机的方案设计,验证方法的可行性与高效性。