MgO、CaO助剂对CO2加氢制备甲醇CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了MgO、CaO改性CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂,通过XRD、N2物理吸附-脱附、TG-DTG、H2-TPR、CO2-TPD等表征手段,探讨助剂MgO、CaO添加对催化剂前体物相组成及催化剂微观结构的影响,考察了CO2加氢制备甲醇反应中MgO、CaO改性CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂的性能。结果表明,CaO改性催化剂前体中形成的锌孔雀石相(Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2、绿铜锌矿相(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6,促进了催化剂中Cu-Zn协同活性位数量增加,同时助剂CaO的添加降低了催化剂中CuO和ZnO的晶粒度,增大了催化剂比表面积,改善了铜组分的表面分散度,有利于催化剂活性提高;MgO改性催化剂前体生成了绿铜锌矿相(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6,但没有锌孔雀石相(Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2生成,焙烧后催化剂中Cu-Zn协同作用较弱,此外MgO改性后催化剂比表面积减小,催化反应活性降低。MgO、CaO作为碱性助剂,调变了催化剂表面的碱强度和碱中心浓度,CaO改性催化剂的表面碱强度大于MgO改性催化剂,与CaO、MgO的碱性强度顺序一致,即CaO>MgO。     

Cu/Zn比对CuO/ZnO/ZrO_2催化CO_2加氢合成甲醇性能的影响

研究了不同Cu/Zn摩尔比对CO2加氢合成甲醇催化性能的影响。采用草酸凝胶共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Cu/Zn摩尔比的Cu O/Zn O/Zr O2催化剂,考察不同温度及Cu/Zn摩尔比对催化性能的影响,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和程序升温脱附(H2/CO2-TPD)技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行表征。结果表明:适宜的Cu/Zn摩尔比可以提高催化剂的反应性能。在513 K,2.0 MPa,n(H2)/n(CO2)=3/1和GHSV=4 800 h-1反应条件下,当R(Cu/Zn)=4时,Cu O/Zn O/Zr O2催化剂反应性能最好,CO2转化率高达17.8%,甲醇选择性高达67.8%。     

用于低温液相合成甲醇的Cu/MgO/ZnO催化剂

采用并流共沉淀法制备了不同Cu:(Mg+Zn)及Mg:Zn摩尔比的铜基催化剂Cu/MgO/ZnO,用于低温液相甲醇的合成,并对比了Cu/ZnO及Cu/MgO催化剂,分析了催化剂中载体MgO的作用. 结果表明,MgO的引入有利于催化剂中Cu+的生成并均匀分散在载体中,可提高催化剂的催化活性. 以合成气CO+H2为原料,在443 K和5.0 MPa条件下,采用液体石蜡作溶剂,考察了催化剂的催化性能. 结果表明,Cu/MgO/ZnO催化剂的活性优于Cu/ZnO和Cu/MgO催化剂,且当Cu:Mg:Zn=2:1:1时催化性能最好,此时合成气中CO的转化率为63.56%,甲醇的选择性为99.09%,时空收率为5.413 mol/(kg×h). 分析了Cu/MgO催化剂在高温反应条件下的失活现象,认为铜烧结是其失活的主要原因.     

共沉淀法制备CO2合成甲醇铜基催化剂的性能研究

以铜基CO合成甲醇催化剂为基础,通过调整催化剂组成、沉淀剂种类、沉淀方式、沉淀条件、陈化时间及焙烧温度等制备铜基CO2合成甲醇催化剂。利用固定床反应器考证催化剂合成条件对CO2合成甲醇铜基催化剂活性、选择性的影响规律。采用组分间均匀分散的共沉淀法在Cu/Zn(χ/χ)=l、Al2O3为10%(ω)、Na2CO3为沉淀剂、75℃、pH=8条件下沉淀并陈化2 h,350℃焙烧4 h的催化剂性能最佳,CO2转化率为20.13%,甲醇选择性为31.25%。     

原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂上CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应研究

采用室温固相研磨法制备原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂,并将其用于CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应。利用XRD、BET、TG-DTG等手段对催化剂性能进行了表征,利用高压固定床反应装置对催化剂活性进行了评价,考察了甲酸用量、焙烧温度及升温速率等条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,室温固相研磨得到的前驱体在N_2中焙烧,前驱体氧化分解和还原活化一步完成,无需外加H_2还原,直接制得了原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂。随甲酸用量、焙烧温度、升温速率增加,催化活性呈现先增加后减小趋势。Cu/Zn摩尔比为1∶1和HCOOH/(Cu+Zn)摩尔比11∶1,前驱体于N_2中焙烧温度573 K和升温速率3 K/min时,制得的原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂在CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应中呈现最佳活性,CO_2转化率和甲醇产率分别达到了33.44%和28.17%。与空气中焙烧再外加5%H_2还原的Cu/ZnO催化剂相比,原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂比表面积较高,Cu~0粒径较小,催化活性较高。     

Zn引入对DME合成催化剂性能的影响

通过沉淀法在介孔Al_2O_3上负载铜基催化剂,制备了Cu/Al_2O_3和Cu/Zn/Al_2O_32种催化剂,并用以研究Zn引入对催化剂性能的影响。通过XRD、H2-TPR、CO2和NH3-TPD对催化剂结构和物化性能进行表征。结果表明,Zn引入使得催化剂前驱体中形成了新相:Cu3Zn3Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O,前驱体焙烧后形成了较小CuO颗粒,还原后Cu颗粒仍然很小,从而增加了Cu的分散度和表面积,明显降低了Cu物种还原难度。Zn引入还明显增加了强碱位和强酸位数量,使得气体转化率达到86. 39%,DME时空收率达到7. 33 mmol/(g·h)。稳定性实验表明,Zn的引入提升了催化剂稳定性。     

原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂上CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应研究

采用室温固相研磨法制备原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂,并将其用于CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应。利用XRD、BET、TG-DTG等手段对催化剂性能进行了表征,利用高压固定床反应装置对催化剂活性进行了评价,考察了甲酸用量、焙烧温度及升温速率等条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,室温固相研磨得到的前驱体在N_2中焙烧,前驱体氧化分解和还原活化一步完成,无需外加H_2还原,直接制得了原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂。随甲酸用量、焙烧温度、升温速率增加,催化活性呈现先增加后减小趋势。Cu/Zn摩尔比为1∶1和HCOOH/(Cu+Zn)摩尔比11∶1,前驱体于N_2中焙烧温度573 K和升温速率3 K/min时,制得的原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂在CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应中呈现最佳活性,CO_2转化率和甲醇产率分别达到了33.44%和28.17%。与空气中焙烧再外加5%H_2还原的Cu/ZnO催化剂相比,原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂比表面积较高,Cu⁰粒径较小,催化活性较高。     

沉淀温度对Pd-Cu/凹凸棒土结构及其CO常温催化氧化性能的影响

以凹凸棒土(APT)为载体,NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,采用沉积-沉淀法制备Pd-Cu/APT催化剂。在连续流动微反装置上,考察不同沉淀温度对Pd-Cu/APT催化剂CO常温催化氧化性能的影响。利用N2物理吸附-脱附、XRD、FT-IR和H2-TPR等对Pd-Cu/APT催化剂进行表征。结果表明,不同沉淀温度制备的催化剂均含有Cu2Cl(OH)3和CuO两种形式的Cu物种,但与沉淀温度25℃和90℃制备的催化剂相比,沉淀温度70℃制备的催化剂具有更多的活性Cu2Cl(OH)3物种,这有利于Pd2+物种的再生,显著提高其CO常温催化氧化活性。     

超重力场共沉淀法制备Cu/ZrO_2催化剂

以硝酸铜、氧氯化锆为原料,以w(NaOH)=20%水溶液为沉淀剂,采用超重力场共沉淀法,制备出用于二乙醇胺脱氢制亚氨基二乙酸的Cu/ZrO2催化剂。通过正交实验获得了较优的催化剂制备条件:超重力场反应器转速为800 r/min、沉淀终点pH=12、陈化时间为5 h、原料n(Zr)∶n(Cu)=2∶1和锆盐初始浓度为0.2 mol/L。在该优化条件下制得的催化剂前驱体,经500℃焙烧5 h、220~240℃还原5 h得到Cu/ZrO2催化剂。将该催化剂用于二乙醇胺催化脱氢性能研究,亚氨基二乙酸钠的收率达97.50%,选择性达98.05%。将该催化剂重复使用5次,平均收率为95.02%,单程失活率为1%~2%,具有较稳定的催化活性和较长的使用寿命。且在实验室小试条件下该催化剂的催化性能优于传统共沉淀法制备的Cu/ZrO2催化剂。     

稀土助剂Pr改性Cu/Zn/ZrO2合成甲醇催化剂的催化性能

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu/Zn/ZrO2催化剂,并以稀土元素镨(Pr)为助剂添加不同含量对其进行改性。通过XRD、H2-TPR、CO2-TPD等表征手段考察了稀土助剂Pr2O3的含量对Cu/Zn/ZrO2催化剂结构的影响。在固定床连续流动反应装置上考察了5种助剂含量改性的Cu/Zn/ZrO2催化剂对CO2加氢合成甲醇反应的催化性能。结果表明:加入稀土助剂后,催化剂的表面碱性明显增强,有效地促进了活性组分的分散,稳定了催化剂的活性中心。当Pr2O3的含量为3%时,Cu/Zn/ZrO2催化剂催化活性最佳。     

Ce掺杂的蛋壳型CuO/ZnO/SiO2颗粒催化剂的制备和表征

用添加表面活性剂的两步沉淀法制备了以蛋壳型纳米空心SiO2为载体的CuO/ZnO催化剂和掺杂Ce的CuO/ZnO催化剂,初步考察了两组催化剂用于一氧化碳加氢合成甲醇的催化性能,并采用TEM, BET, XRD, XPS等方法对催化剂的结构进行了表征. 结果表明,以纳米空心SiO2为载体的CuO/ZnO催化剂具有较大的比表面积,活性成分在载体表面分散均匀,粒径在13 nm左右. 加入掺杂剂Ce能有效提高催化剂的活性和选择性：一方面,Ce可以降低Cu 2p3/2和Zn 2p3/2的表面结合能, 使氧化铜更容易被氢气还原成铜;另一方面,Ce也能增强铜锌之间的相互作用,抑制铜粒子的烧结,改善活性成分的分散.     

Active sites in Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO/H2

Among various Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts with the Cu/Zn ratio of 3/7, the one with 15 wt.% of ZrO₂ obtains the best activity for methanol synthesis by hydrogenation of CO. The TPR, TPO and XPS analyses reveal that a new copper oxide phase is formed in the calcined Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts by the dissolution of zirconium ions in copper oxide. In addition, the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst with 15 wt.% of ZrO₂ turns out to contain the largest amount of the new copper oxide phase. When the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts is reduced, the Cu²⁺ species present in the ZrO₂ lattice is transformed to Cu⁺ species. This leads to the speculation that the addition of ZrO₂ to Cu/ZnO catalysts gives rise to the formation of Cu⁺ species, which is related to the methanol synthesis activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst in addition to Cu metal particles. Consequently, the ratio of Cu⁺/Cu⁰ is an important factor for the specific activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst for methanol synthesis.     

机械研磨燃烧法制备Cu/ZnO/Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂

引言Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂近年来广泛应用于低压甲醇合成、二甲醚合成和水煤气变换等领域[1-2],该催化体系具有活性高、使用寿命长、反应温度及     

基于CuAl-LDH载体制备高分散Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂及其催化性能

通过沉积沉淀法制备了以层状CuAl-LDH为载体负载不同Cu/Zn比例的前体,经热处理得到CuZnAl-LDO复合催化剂,应用于合成气制甲醇反应。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP）、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、N₂O化学吸附、N₂吸脱附、透射电镜（TEM）和X射线光电子能谱技术（XPS）等手段对前体及催化剂进行表征,考察了水滑石的限域效应和金属-载体相互作用对催化剂活性及稳定性的影响。结果发现：由于水滑石特殊的层状结构,具有较大比表面积和丰富孔道结构,促进了Cu物种的分散,有利于催化剂表面对CO和H₂的吸附,增加了Cu、Zn之间的相互作用,提高了催化剂的催化活性。在水滑石前体拓扑转变过程中,层板羟基和水脱除后形成的粗糙表面对所负载的Cu活性物种起到限域作用,抑制了Cu的迁移和团聚。其中,Cu_0.6Zn_0.3Al_0.1-LDO催化剂催化合成甲醇的时空收率达到883mg/(g?h),且反应120h后仅下降2.8%,较共沉淀制备催化剂失活速率降低了81%,表现出较好的催化活性及稳定性。     

A new method of low-temperature methanol synthesis on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts from CO/CO2/H2

A new synthesis method of low-temperature methanol proceeded on Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts from CO/CO₂/H₂ using 2-butanol as promoters. The Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by co-impregnation of r-Al₂O₃ with an aqueous solution of copper nitrate and zinc nitrate. The total carbon turnover frequency (TOF), the yield and selectivity of methanol were the highest by using the Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst with copper loading of 5% and the Zn/Cu molar ratio of 1/1, which precursor were not calcined, and reduced at 493 K. The activity of the catalysts increased due to the presence of the CuO/ZnO phase in the oxidized form of impregnation Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The active sites of the Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst for methanol synthesis are not only metallic Cu but also special sites such as the Cu–Zn site, i.e. metallic Cu and the Cu–Zn site work cooperatively to catalyze the methanol synthesis reaction.     

新型CuO/ZnO催化剂的制备及其在水煤气变换反应中的应用

首次采用沉积沉淀法,以Cu（OH）₂为前驱体制备不同CuO负载质量分数的CuO/ZnO水煤气变换（WGS）催化剂,并运用XRD、N₂物理吸附和TPR等方法对催化剂进行结构表征。结果表明,活性组分CuO在载体ZnO表面的分散程度、颗粒大小及CuO和ZnO之间相互作用对催化剂的活性均有影响。CuO的适宜负载质量分数为20％,所得CuO/ZnO催化剂样品WGS反应活性较好,在350 ℃,CO转化率可达95.5％。     

Hydrogen production from steam reforming of methanol over CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts: Catalytic performance and kinetic modeling

A series of CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3, CuO/ZnO/ZrO_2/Al_2O_3 and CuO/ZnO/CeO_2/Al_2O_3 catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation and characterized by N_2 adsorption, XRD, TPR, N_2O titration and HRTEM. The catalytic performances of these catalysts for the steam reforming of methanol were evaluated in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor at 0.1 MPa and temperatures between 473 and 543 K. The results showed that the catalytic activity depended greatly on the catalyst reducibility and the specific surface area of Cu. An approximate linear correlation between the catalytic activity and the Cu surface area was found for all catalysts investigated in this study.Compared to CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3, the ZrO_2-doped CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3 exhibited higher activity and selectivity to CO,while the CeO_2-doped catalyst displayed lower activity and selectivity. Finally, an intrinsic kinetic study was carried out over a screened CuO/ZnO/CeO_2/Al_2O_3 catalyst in the absence of internal and external mass transfer effects. A good agreement was observed between the model-derived effluent concentrations of CO(CO_2) and the experimental data. The activation energies for the reactions of methanol-steam reforming, water-gas shift and methanol decomposition over CuO/ZnO/CeO_2/Al_2O_3 were 93.1, 85.1 and 116.5 k J·mol~(-1), respectively.     

Preparation of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst under microwave irradiation for slurry methanol synthesis

Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts with Cu/Zn/Al ratios of 6/3/1 were precipitated and aged by conventional and microwave heating methods and tested in the slurry phase reactor for methanol synthesis. The effect of technological condition of precipitation and aging process under microwave irradiation on the catalytic performance was investigated to optimize the preparing condition of Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The results showed that the microwave irradiation during precipitation process could improve the activity of the catalyst, but had little effect on the stability. While the microwave irradiation during aging process has a great benefit to both the activity and stability of the catalyst, the catalyst aged at 80°C for 1 h under microwave irradiation possessed higher methanol space time yield (STY) and more stable catalytic activity. The activity and stability of the catalyst was further enhanced when microwave irradiation was used in both precipitation and aging processes; the optimized condition for the catalyst precursor preparation was precipitation at 60°C and aging at 80°C under microwave irradiation.     

Cu–ZnO and Cu–ZnO/Al2O3 Catalysts for the Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction. The Effect of the Cu/Zn Ratio on Precursor Characteristics and on the Activity of the Derived Catalysts

Comparison is made between Cu–ZnO and alumina-supported Cu–ZnO as catalysts for the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction. For both types of catalyst the Cu/Zn ratio has been varied between Cu-rich and Zn-rich compositions. By applying X-ray diffractometry, X-ray line broadening, optical reflectance spectroscopy and other techniques the effects on the structural and physical properties of the hydroxycarbonate precursors, the calcined products and the ultimately derived catalysts are determined. The presence of alumina decreases the crystallite size of the CuO and ZnO particles produced on calcination and at high Cu/Zn ratios increases the dispersion of copper in the final catalyst. The activities of the catalysts for the RWGS reaction at 513K are compared and the most active are shown to be those which are Cu rich (Cu/Zn > 3) and contain alumina as support. The activities of all the catalysts can be rationalized by referring the activity to unit surface area of copper metal.