不同干燥方式对苹果片质构的影响及其与果胶性质的关系

为明确不同干燥方式对苹果片微观结构及果胶的影响,探讨干燥苹果片质构与果胶性质的关系,采用热风干燥（hot air drying,AD）、压差闪蒸干燥（instant controlled pressure drop drying,DIC）、真空冷冻干燥（freeze drying,FD）等技术处理原料,分析脱水苹果片硬脆度和微观结构,以及果胶含量、酯化度和中性糖等性质的变化。结果表明：DIC苹果片脆度最大,并有较好的均匀蜂窝状结构;与未处理鲜样相比,干燥处理后的苹果片水溶性果胶（water-solute pectin,WSP）含量和分子的线性度下降,螯合性果胶（CDTA-solute pectin,CSP）含量和分子的线性度上升,且WSP含量和线性度随着热风干燥温度的上升而下降,CSP具有相反的趋势;AD 90 ℃和DIC获得的脱水苹果片的CSP酯化度最小,分别为24.9±1.2%和23.3±0.4%。综合分析,WSP含量影响脱水苹果片硬度和干燥过程中多孔结构的形成,而酯化度则是影响脱水苹果片脆度的重要因素之一。     

真空微波干燥中微波强度对胡萝卜和南瓜中类胡萝卜素生物利用率的影响

为明确真空微波干燥过程中,微波强度对胡萝卜和南瓜中类胡萝卜素生物利用率的影响,本文采用静态体外模拟消化模型评价类胡萝卜素生物利用率的变化,采用透射电镜（TEM）和光学显微镜观察细胞壁微观结构的变化。结果表明,真空微波干燥后的胡萝卜和南瓜的细胞壁断裂,有色体结构破坏严重。经体外模拟消化,胡萝卜和南瓜消化液细胞结构破坏明显,细胞壁破裂严重,类胡萝卜素从细胞内部释放到消化液中的含量明显高于鲜样,且类胡萝卜素生物利用率随微波强度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当微波强度为9 W/g时,胡萝卜和南瓜中类胡萝卜素的生物利用率较高,其β-胡萝卜素生物利用率相比于鲜样分别显著提高了12.02、24.2倍（P<0.05）。由此可知,选择合适的微波强度有助于提高蔬菜中类胡萝卜素生物利用率。     

干燥方法对柠檬果胶理化性质影响

为探究不同干燥方法对柠檬果胶理化性质的影响,实验以柠檬干渣为原料制备果胶,固定提取和浓缩条件,采用热风干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥及喷雾干燥等干燥方法对柠檬果胶进行干燥处理,研究不同干燥方法对柠檬果胶得率、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、能耗、复水比、凝胶强度及果胶结构的影响,采用变异系数法对各指标加权评分,确定柠檬果胶最佳干燥方法。结果表明:所有干燥后的果胶半乳糖醛酸含量均达到国标65%的要求;酯化度均大于50%,傅立叶红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry,FTIR)显示,不同干燥方法干燥后的果胶均具有果胶的特征官能团,说明所用干燥方法不会对果胶结构产生影响。不同干燥方法干燥后的果胶各指标均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),加权综合评分最高的方法是:60℃真空干燥,所得柠檬果胶得率、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、单位能耗、复水比、凝胶强度分别为17.84%、82.44%、73.16%、28.13 kJ/g、5.36%、149.71 g。真空干燥所需设备简单,且能耗相对较低、产品品质好,对柠檬果胶制备研究具有重要意义。     

不同干燥方式对黄秋葵脆条品质及能耗的影响

为确定休闲型黄秋葵脆条的最佳干制方式,研究比较了远红外干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、真空微波干燥、真空冷冻联合真空微波干燥和热风联合真空微波干燥对黄秋葵脆条的硬度、脆度、色泽、收缩率、干燥时间、能耗率以及总黄酮、总酚和多糖含量的影响。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥黄秋葵脆条总黄酮、总酚及多糖含量均最高,但口感绵软、不酥脆,且干燥时间最长,能耗最高;远红外干燥、热风联合真空微波干燥和热风干燥脆条的总黄酮、总酚及多糖含量依次降低,这三种干燥脆条均色泽差、硬度大、收缩严重;真空冷冻联合真空微波干燥与真空微波干燥脆条的硬度适中、酥脆度较佳,且总黄酮、总酚及多糖含量仅次于真空冷冻干燥脆条,两种干燥方式下黄秋葵脆条的质构及营养物质含量差异不显著(p0.05),但真空冷冻联合真空微波干燥时间是真空微波干燥的40倍,能耗率约是其5倍。综合看来,真空微波干燥脆条的硬度、脆度、色泽和营养成分保持较好,且干燥时间短、能耗低,较适宜于休闲型黄秋葵脆条的干制加工。     

微波间歇干燥对玉米籽粒中淀粉理化特性的影响

为提高玉米干燥的速率,明确微波间歇干燥对玉米中淀粉的影响,以"吉农玉719"为研究对象,对比自然干燥和不同微波功率密度条件下微波间歇干燥对玉米中淀粉加工和结构特性的影响。结果表明：与自然干燥的玉米相比,玉米经微波干燥,其淀粉的性质发生明显变化,微波功率密度在0.9～3.6 W/g范围内,玉米淀粉的峰值黏度和溶解度均呈先升高后降低的趋势,当微波功率密度为1.8 W/g时,淀粉的峰值黏度最高,溶解度最高。静态流变学结果表明：玉米经自然干燥和微波干燥,其淀粉凝胶均为假塑性流体。动态流变学结果表明：微波功率密度在0.9～1.8 W/g范围,微波作用可明显改善玉米淀粉凝胶的黏弹性,当微波功率密度为1.8 W/g时,淀粉凝胶的黏弹性最好;当微波功率密度高于1.8 W/g时,玉米淀粉凝胶的硬度显著增加;玉米经微波干燥,其淀粉的膨胀度、热焓值和有序度均降低,粒径增加。结论：在微波功率密度1.8 W/g、微波时间2 min、缓苏时间4 min条件下干燥得到的玉米淀粉特性最佳。     

响应面法优化鱼藕脆片微波真空-烤制加工条件

采用响应面方法研究了微波真空干燥时间、烤制温度和烤制时间对鱼藕脆片水分含量、脆度、色差和感官品质的影响。结果表明,脆片水分含量和脆度值随着加工时间的延长和烤制温度的升高而降低,色差值增大,感官得分随着烤制时间的延长和烤制温度的升高而增大,随着微波真空干燥时间的延长先增大后减小,各因素之间存在不同程度的交互效应。建立的模型方程决定系数(R~2)均大于0.8846,并且极显著(p0.01),因此能够用来预测产品的品质参数,通过建立总体期望函数优化得到的最佳组合处理条件为:微波真空干燥时间为15.3 min,烤制温度为94.2℃,烤制时间为37 min,所对应的响应值为水分含量3.22%,感官得分7.2,脆度值390 g,色差值25.19。     

真空微波-真空油炸-真空微波三阶段联合脱水工艺生产低含油率马铃薯脆片

为得到低含油率并具有令人满意品质的马铃薯脆片,采用真空微波-真空油炸-真空微波三阶段联合脱水工艺,并对三阶段联合脱水工艺进行优化,得出三阶段联合脱水工艺的最佳转换点。三阶段联合脱水过程的优化工艺条件为：前期微波强度1.4W/g在真空度0.06MPa下真空微波预干燥8min,然后,在100℃和0.09MPa条件下真空油炸15min,最后在微波强度2.4W/g和真空度0.095MPa条件下干燥4min。三阶段联合脱水工艺的转换点对应马铃薯的水分质量分数分别为68%(湿基)和10%(湿基)左右。     

不同加工方式对柿子脆片物理特性及营养品质的比较分析

为探究不同加工方式对柿子脆片物理特性及营养品质的影响,采用真空油炸、真空微波、压差膨化、微波干燥四种加工方式对柿子脆片进行加工,并探讨不同加工方式对柿子脆片色泽、硬度、脆度、复水比、体积、微观结构及总糖、总酸、维生素C和蛋白质等的影响。研究表明四种不同加工方式对柿子脆片物理特性及营养品质影响显著（p<0.05）。物理特性方面,压差膨化干燥整体色泽呈亮黄色,结构疏松,硬度适中,脆度最好,口感酥脆,复水性较好。营养品质方面,压差膨化干燥柿子片总糖含量（18.91%）、维生素C含量（129.80 mg/100 g）均优于其他三种加工方式,蛋白质含量（2.17%）和总酸含量（1.16%）较低,但比蛋白质含量最高的真空微波干燥仅少0.12%,比总酸含量最高的微波干燥仅少0.74%。综合分析,压差膨化干燥优于其他三种加工方式,是柿子脆片加工的首选方式。     

柠檬片热风微波真空联合干燥工艺参数的优化

以柠檬片为原材料分别进行热风、微波真空干燥。并设计3因素3水平的L9(33)正交试验,研究二者联合干燥,微波强度、热风温度和热风时间对柠檬片干燥速率、感官品质和Vc含量的影响,最终优化确定了微波真空干燥柠檬片最佳联合工艺参数为:热风温度65℃、热风时间35 min、微波强度4 W/g、真空度85 k Pa、微波干燥时间10 min,并通过验证性试验表明所得工艺参数有效。     

不同干燥方法对南美白对虾品质的影响

干燥方法对南美白对虾品质具有重要影响。本文研究了热风干燥、冷风干燥、微波真空干燥3种干燥方法对南美白对虾色泽、虾青素含量、组织结构、质构和感官质量的影响。结果发现:干燥后L*下降,其大小依次为微波真空干燥冷风干燥热风干燥;虾青素含量降低,微波真空干燥产品虾青素含量最高,为77.5μg/g;热风干燥后肌纤维断裂严重,而冷风干燥和微波真空干燥产品肌纤维结构较为完整;干燥后南美白对虾硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性提高,其中微波真空干燥产品增加最为显著;感官方面,微波真空干燥产品口感风味更好。综合来看,微波真空干燥方法较为理想。     

Changes in texture qualities and pectin characteristics of fermented minced pepper during natural and inoculated fermentation process

Texture qualities and pectin characteristics in fermented minced pepper (FMP) prepared by natural fermentation (NF) and inoculated fermentation (IF) were analysed during fermentation. The results showed variation in texture qualities and pectin characteristics was similar during NF and IF process. The hardness, cell wall material, sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (SSP) and chelate-soluble pectin (CSP) content, and CSP esterification degree decreased, while water-soluble pectin (WSP) content significantly (P < 0.05) increased after fermentation. The rhamnose (Rha) molar ratio in three pectins increased, but arabinose (Ara) and galactose (Gal) molar ratios in most pectins decreased after fermentation. Changes in Ara/Gal and (Gal + Ara)/Rha ratios represented the backbone and branched chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I in three pectins depolymerised during fermentation. The decrease of molecular weight (M_w) in CSP was more obvious than that in WSP and SSP, and it was extensively depolymerised into low-M_w pectin after fermentation. Pearson's correlation analysis showed FMP hardness was extremely (P < 0.01) positively correlated with CSP content and significantly (P < 0.05) positively correlated with SSP content and CSP M_w. Hence, CSP was the main pectin to affect texture compared with WSP and SSP, and its characteristics played a crucial role for regulating FMP texture during NF and IF process.     

Structural Characteristics of Pumpkin Pectin Extracted by Microwave Heating

Abstract: To improve extraction yield of pumpkin pectin, microwave heating was adopted in this study. Using hot acid extraction, pumpkin pectin yield decreased from 5.7% to 1.0% as pH increased from pH 1.0 to 2.0. At pH 2.5, no pectin was recovered from pumpkin flesh powder. After a pretreatment at pH 1.0 and 25 °C for 1 h, pumpkin powder was microwave‐extracted at 120 °C for 3 min resulting in 10.5% of pectin yield. However, premicrowave treatment at 60 °C for 20 min did not improve extraction yield. When microwave heating at 80 °C for 10 min was applied after premicrowave treatment, final pectin yield increased to 11.3%. When pH was adjusted to 2.0, the yield dropped to 7.7% under the same extraction conditions. Molecular shape and properties as well as chemical composition of pumpkin pectin were significantly affected depending on extraction methods. Galacturonic acid content (51% to 58%) of pumpkin pectin was lower than that detected in commercial acid‐extracted citrus pectin, while higher content of neutral sugars and acetyl esters existed in pumpkin pectin structure. Molecular weight (M_w) and intrinsic viscosity (η_w) determined for microwave‐extracted pumpkin pectins were substantially lower than acid‐extracted pectin, whereas polydispersity was greater. However, microwave‐extracted pectin at pH 2.0 had more than 5 times greater M_w than did the pectin extracted at pH 1.0. The η_w of microwave‐extracted pectin produced at pH 2.0 was almost twice that of other microwave‐extracted pectins, which were comparable to that of acid‐extracted pectin. These results indicate that extraction yield of pumpkin pectin would be improved by microwave extraction and different pectin structure and properties can be obtained compared to acid extraction. Practical Application: Pumpkin is a promising alternative source for pectin material. Pumpkin pectin has a unique chemical structure and physical properties, presumably providing different functional properties compared to conventional commercial pectin sources. Depending on the conditions to produce pumpkin pectin, diverse molecular structures can be obtained and utilized in various food applications.     

硬脂酸淀粉酯制备及其Pickering乳液稳定性研究

以大米淀粉为原料,采用微波辅助法制备硬脂酸淀粉酯(starch stearate ester,SSE),对硬脂酸淀粉酯及其稳定的Pickering乳液进行了表征。结果表明:随着硬脂酸(stearic acid,SA)添加量的增加,SSE的取代度先增大后减小,而酯化反应效率则先降低后增加再降低;随着水分含量的增加,SSE的取代度和酯化反应效率先升高后减低,盐酸添加量、微波反应时间和微波功率对SSE的取代度和酯化反应效率的影响与水分含量的影响相同;X射线衍射分析表明,SSE仍为A型结晶结构;随着取代度增加,SSE颗粒的三相接触角逐渐增大,在取代度为0.0317时接触角为89.6°,具有良好的油水两亲性。以SSE为乳化剂,对其构建的Pickering乳液特性进行了研究,对乳液的乳化指数、粒径和微观结构进行了分析。在SSE添加量为2.5%、油相体积为60%时,Pickering乳液的乳化指数最大,SSE取代度越高,形成的乳液液滴粒径越小、乳液越稳定;粒度分析及激光共聚焦显微镜观察表明,SSE可形成稳定水包油型Pickering乳液且乳液液滴粒径分布较窄。     

榨前微波处理对油茶粕活性成分及抗氧化性的影响

通过不同微波功率和时间辐射油茶籽,测定油茶粕中茶皂素、蛋白质、粗多糖、总酚、糠氨酸含量以及DPPH自由基清除能力的变化规律,研究榨前微波处理对油茶粕活性成分及抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:随微波加热时间延长,低功率(245、420 W)微波处理油茶籽后,油茶粕中茶皂素含量稍有上升,随后下降;较高功率(560、700 W)微波处理后,茶皂素含量呈上升趋势;微波处理对油茶粕中蛋白质含量影响不大;微波处理后油茶粕中粗多糖含量整体呈下降趋势,但420、560、700 W处理20、5、10 min后含量分别比初始升高66.9%、79.6%和116.0%;微波处理后油茶粕中总酚含量呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势,且微波功率越高,总酚含量越高;微波功率较低(245 W)时,糠氨酸含量先降低后略有升高,微波功率较高(420、560、700 W)时,糠氨酸含量先升高后降低。245 W和700 W微波功率处理时油茶粕对DPPH自由基清除率先升高后降低,560 W时呈整体上升趋势,420 W呈波动状态。     

Box-Behnken法优化提取荔枝渣中果胶工艺

以荔枝渣为材料,采用超声波辅助酸法提取工艺,运用Box-Behnken试验设计方案获得超声波预处理时间、功率和料液比等因素对果胶得率的影响规律,并结合质构仪分析果胶硬度、黏度、酯化度等指标。结果表明：超声波预处理荔枝渣提取果胶最佳工艺为超声时间14.8 min、超声功率300 W、料液比1∶10.7,在此基础上选择pH 2的盐酸溶液提取,乙醇沉淀时液-液体积比1∶1.5,沉淀时间90 min,果胶理论得率17.86%,实测得率为17.38%。所得果胶黏度为55.8×10－3 Pa·s,酯化度为40.7%,质构特性分析表明所得荔枝渣果胶硬度平均值为40.400 g,弹性平均值为55.51%,黏性绝对平均值为12.880 g,果胶样品色泽较好,胶凝度高。     

Comparison of the effect of microwave freeze drying and microwave vacuum drying upon the process and quality characteristics of potato/banana re‐structured chips

This study investigated the drying characteristics of microwave freeze‐drying (MFD)/microwave vacuum drying (MVD) of banana/potato restructured chips of varying proportion and microwave power. The results showed the MFD drying time had a maximum one‐hour time difference between the samples treated with 2 W g^?1 and 3 W g^?1 microwave power; and the higher potato content samples have about 30 min predominance than low potato content samples in drying time and the total drying time of MVD samples was less than 60 min. For the rehydration ratio, MFD samples were far superior to the MVD samples. The MFD samples had more than 4.5 rehydration ratio. The data of the colour difference metre showed that 3 W g^?1 microwave power would make samples slightly charred. The biggest differences between the MFD and MVD chips lie in their texture and shape; the hardness of MVD samples was 30.86 N, thrice higher than MFD samples.     

抗冻剂对速冻南瓜泥品质影响及其机理探究

为研究果胶、胶原肽及海藻糖组成的新型复配抗冻剂对速冻南瓜泥品质的影响并探究其机理,以析水率、粒径、Zeta电位值表征产品稳定性,采用质构特性、色度、可溶性固形物含量评价产品品质,并结合扫描电子显微镜与激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察样品微观结构。结果显示,抗冻剂可显著减缓冻藏过程中速冻南瓜泥的析水率、平均粒径的升高趋势,以及L*、a*、b*、硬度、内聚性、可溶性固形物含量、Zeta电位绝对值的降低趋势,并且能够有效保护速冻南瓜泥的超微结构,使大分子分布均匀。     

响应面法优化慈姑脆片微波加工工艺

以慈姑为原料,采用微波加工方式制成即食慈姑脆片,考察了装载量、切片厚度、微波功率对慈姑脆片脆度、硬度及b*值的影响,并采用响应面试验优化微波加工工艺。结果表明,即食慈姑脆片微波加工最佳工艺条件为:慈姑片装载量52 g,切片厚度2.4 mm,微波功率210 W,最终慈姑脆片脆度为1873.47 g,所得慈姑脆片色泽鲜亮均匀、酥脆爽口、具有慈姑独特风味。通过比较微波干燥、恒温干燥、热风联合微波干燥和热泵干燥的慈姑脆片主要特性,结果表明微波干燥的慈姑脆片主要特性比较优良。     

猕猴桃品种对猕猴桃脆片品质影响的评价

目的:以6个品种的猕猴桃为原料,筛选出最适合加工成脆片的品种。方法:采用真空冷冻干燥的方法制备猕猴桃脆片,测定猕猴桃脆片的得率、脆片中水溶性果胶含量、酸溶性果胶含量、可溶性糖含量、总酸含量、糖酸比、抗坏血酸含量及脆片的硬度和脆度等9个指标,并对猕猴桃脆片进行感官评价。结果:不同品种猕猴桃脆片的得率、营养物质含量和感官指标不同。其中金艳猕猴桃脆片的得率、水溶性果胶含量、可溶性糖含量和硬度较高,总酸含量和脆度较低;金梅猕猴桃脆片的得率、水溶性果胶含量、可溶性糖含量和抗坏血酸含量较高,总酸含量、硬度和脆度较低;金圆猕猴桃脆片的水溶性果胶、酸溶性果胶、结合果胶、可溶性糖、总酸和抗坏血酸含量较高,脆片的硬度和脆度较低;金桃猕猴桃脆片的得率、糖酸比、抗坏血酸等含量及脆片的硬度和脆度较高,脆片的水溶性果胶和总酸含量较低;翠玉猕猴桃脆片的得率、糖酸比和脆度较高,脆片的酸溶性果胶含量、结合态果胶含量、可溶性糖含量、总酸含量和脆片的硬度较低;东红猕猴桃脆片的得率、酸溶性果胶含量、结合态果胶含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和脆片的硬度较高,脆片中水溶性果胶含量、总酸含量和脆片的脆度较低。结论:品种对猕猴桃脆片的得率、营养物质含量及感官指标影响极显著。采用真空冷冻干燥法制备猕猴桃脆片的最佳品种是东红猕猴桃。