推动能源生产和消费革命战略研究

能源是我国经济社会持续健康发展的重要物质基础,能源生产和消费革命是我国发展的必经之路。在我国,推动能源生产和消费革命作为国家发展战略已经开始逐步实施。本文从能源与经济社会关系的角度入手,指出推动能源生产和消费革命具有重要意义;阐述了我国能源革命的背景,结合发达国家的历史经验,分析了影响能源革命的重大问题;最后结合现状提出推动能源生产和消费革命的战略建议,为我国能源生产和消费革命提供参考和有力支撑。     

能源革命谱新篇 节能降耗见成效——十八大以来我国能源发展状况

正十八大以来,以习近平同志为总书记的党中央高瞻远瞩,深谋远虑,面对能源供需格局新变化、国际能源发展新趋势,提出了"能源革命"的战略思想,为我国能源发展指明了战略方向,明确了奋斗目标,确定了行动纲领,部署了战略任务,能源发展方式正在由粗放增长向集约增长转变,能源结构正在由煤炭为主向多元化转变,能源发展动力正在由传统能源增长向新能源增长转变,节能降耗取得了显著成效,能源生产和消费都     

我国能源结构调整提速 今年天然气比重再增

正从国家能源局网站获悉,我国今年能源结构调整意图明显,其中天然气表观消费量将增长14.5%,天然气产量增长12%。根据能源局披露的数据,预计2013年,能源生产总量比上年增长2.1%。其中,天然气产量1170亿立方米,增长约9%;消费方面,2013年能源消费总量比上年增长约3.9%。其中,天然气表观消费量增长约13.9%,增长趋势明显。按照能源局定下的目标,整个2014年的任务就是控制能源     

世界能源发展趋势及对我国能源革命的启示

当前世界能源发展面临诸多严峻挑战,伴随国际政治、经济发展和技术进步,全球能源发展呈现出能源结构向低碳化演变、能源供需格局逆向调整、能源价格持续震荡、能源地缘政治环境趋于复杂化、气候变化刚性约束增强、新一轮能源技术革命正在孕育等趋势。结合我国能源革命的发展要求,从国内能源发展情况、战略安全、绿色低碳、新型能源体系、科技创新、政策制度、国际合作等方面,提出了世界能源发展新趋势对我国能源生产和消费革命的启示。     

因地制宜推进区域能源革命的战略思考和建议

能源与经济社会、生态环境协调发展始终是我国面对的重大议题之一。虽然各地区在能源与经济社会、生态环境的协调发展上取得了一些成绩,但区域发展差异显著,区域内存在不同类型的矛盾和问题。因此,必须因地制宜推进能源革命。本文根据中国工程院重大咨询项目"推进能源生产和消费革命战略研究(三期)"主要成果,阐述了以区域能源革命为抓手协调推进能源革命与区域发展的重大意义,提出了因地制宜推进能源革命的战略思路,重点针对京津冀、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、老工业基地(东北及山西)、中部地区、能源富集地区(新疆及能源"金三角"地区)、西南地区等区域提出了加强能源革命顶层设计,明确我国能源中长期发展战略目标和重点任务;明确区域能源革命的功能定位,形成统筹协调推进区域能源革命的良好格局;加强区域能源革命试点,通过改革办法加快探索形成推动能源革命的高效机制;明确区域能源革命实施责任和考核监督机制,确保区域能源革命取得预期效果等战略举措及对策建议。     

我国区域能源现状及中长期发展战略重点研究

我国幅员辽阔,各区域能源资源禀赋特点差异显著,因地制宜推进区域能源革命是破解我国能源发展瓶颈的有效途径。本文针对京津冀、长江三角洲(长三角)、珠江三角洲(珠三角)、老工业基地、中部地区、能源富集地区、西南地区七大区域,从能源生产、消费、流向等方面分析了各区域的能源发展现状,梳理了各区域的能源消费强度差异和能耗增长驱动力情况,研判了各区域面向2035年的中长期能源转型发展趋势及战略重点。研究表明,各区域能源革命的战略布局重点分别是:京津冀地区为推进能源与经济、环境的协同发展,长三角地区为集成优化区域联动的能源系统,珠三角地区为构建清洁能源产储运基地,老工业基地为以能源高值化、多元化推进经济转型,中部地区为打造综合能源枢纽,能源富集区为建成绿色可持续的能源安全保障基地,西南地区为清洁能源消纳。为统筹各区域能源发展,本文从因地制宜、精准推进能源革命,以区域能源革命推动区域社会发展和生态环境保护,以推动区域协调发展为抓手,实现区域能源协作与合作共赢等方面提出了对策建议。     

生态文明建设与能源生产消费革命

能源是人类活动的物质基础,推动了人类文明的演进与社会的发展。化石能源消费为全球带来工业文明巨大进步的同时,也带来了环境问题加剧、气候变化显著、能源贫困突出、能源安全问题凸显等负面影响。我国以煤为主的高碳能源结构和能源消费总量持续快速增长,已成为国内包括大气、水、土壤等关系民生的重大领域环境质量恶化、生态失衡的根本原因之一。开启新的能源革命,实现能源生产、流通、消费等全过程的绿色低碳化,是解决环境和气候变化问题的关键,也是推动我国由工业文明向生态文明转变的基础。本文回顾了人类文明与能源革命的发展历史,从推动文明发展的角度出发,分析全球能源革命的总体趋势,并基于我国国情,提出了生态文明建设背景下,推动能源革命的途径与建议。     

浅析我国多晶硅生产行业的发展现状

近几年,国内大规模工业化生产多晶硅的技术实现突破,我国多晶硅生产技术和生产规模得到了快速的发展。2005-2010年,我国多晶硅产量迅速增长,占世界多晶硅产量的份额逐渐增大（表1）。国内陆续有新的项目投建,主要的多晶硅生产厂家还在不断扩产,如保利协鑫能源控股有限公司2011年2月宣布将投资177亿港元进行扩产,     

关于我国推行能源消费革命、控制能源消费总量的战略问题的初步探讨

本文对我国推行能源消费革命、控制能源消费总量的三个关键战略问题进行了初步探讨:1我国能源消费的历史和未来发展趋势是什么?有哪些主要特点?2我国"能源消费革命"的基本概念是什么?内涵主要涉及哪些方面?3我国推行能源消费革命的目标和实现途径分别是什么?最后,基于对上述问题形成的一些认识,本文提出了6条关于我国推行能源消费革命、控制能源消费总量的战略建议。     

基于农村能源革命的生态文明建设典型范式和实施路径研究

我国生态文明建设的薄弱环节在农村,农村能源革命是促进农村生态文明建设、实施乡村振兴战略的重要内容。本文在分析我国农村能源消费和生产现状以及面临主要问题的基础上,综合考虑不同地区农村经济发展水平、资源禀赋与能源消费等特征,按照经济发达的城郊型农村、经济中等发达的传统型农村、经济欠发达的偏远型农村3种农村地区类型划分,总结了基于农村能源革命的生态文明建设典型范式和实施路径。研究表明,经济发达的城郊型农村宜采用"统筹规划、完善设施,城乡互动、能源互联"的能源革命典型范式,经济中等发达的传统型农村宜采用"因地制宜、多能互补,节能优先、效能为本"的能源革命典型范式,经济欠发达的偏远型农村宜采用"集中开发、外送为主,电能消费、需求保障"的能源革命典型范式。相关研究可为我国农村能源革命和生态文明建设实践提供参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.