140 GHz 回旋振荡管高频腔体的数值模拟*

根据热核聚变用回旋管整管技术要求,对140 GHz 回旋振荡管进行研究,设计了高频腔体结构的尺寸,并通过 非线性理论计算程序对高频腔体进行了分析。研究表明,在工作电压82 kV,注电流45 A,电子注横向与纵向速度比为1.5 时,所设计的回旋振荡管输出功率为1.5 MW,效率达到41.4%,符合140 GHz 整管参数设计要求,从而为热核聚变用回旋振荡 管的研究打下技术基础。     

140 GHz回旋振荡管Denisov辐射器设计

根据几何光学和耦合波理论研究高功率回旋振荡管高阶模式在微扰圆波导中的准光传输特性,并编制出带有微扰结构辐射器准光模式变换系统的仿真程序,给出140 GHz回旋振荡管Denisov辐射器的设计方法及结果,分析其内部激励起的各模式的功率分布曲线和波导壁上的电流密度分布,得到扰动长度为60 mm,总长度为136.5 mm的Denisov辐射器结构,输出功率转换效率为99.1%,可满足140 GHz整管参数设计要求。并利用Feko软件对数值计算结果的可行性进行了有效验证,从而为热核聚变用回旋振荡管的研制打下技术基础。     

一种Ka波段回旋行波管输出窗设计

针对Ka波段回旋行波管输出窗介质窗片易打坏的问题,引入了3层介质厚窗结构和液冷结构。利用微波网络场匹配理论建立传输级联矩阵的方法对多层窗片结构输出窗进行研究,给出Ka波段回旋行波管一种新型中间液冷结构输出窗的参数,通过CST进行仿真验证和优化处理,并进一步结合热损耗公式和ANSYS Workbench对输出窗进行热分析,在26.3~35.7 GHz频带范围内,实现S_(21)>-0.5 d B。     

太赫兹回旋管蓝宝石输能窗的设计及实验

针对170 GHz兆瓦级回旋管短脉冲实验对蓝宝石输能窗的实际要求,分析了蓝宝石窗传输高斯波束的反射和吸收特性,优化设计了低反射、低损耗蓝宝石输能窗的工程方案。对研制的蓝宝石窗部件进行微波冷测,驻波比(VSWR)小于1.1,验证了蓝宝石窗的低反射特性;计算结果表明该结构的最大输出平均功率阈值为590 W。对使用该蓝宝石窗研制的170 GHz回旋管进行测试,验证了理论计算的功率阈值,为大功率回旋管蓝宝石输能窗的实际应用提供了依据。     

一种准光模式变换器的设计和实验

准光模式变换器是实现高功率回旋管高效输出的重要部件。该文针对140 GHz, TE_28,8模回旋振荡管研制,开展以Denisov型辐射器和3个准光镜面构成的准光模式变换器设计与实验研究。利用标量衍射法优化辐射器辐射口径处的场分布,其与理想高斯场之间的矢量相关性为96.2%;基于几何光学和高斯波束匹配方法设计了聚焦镜面与波束整形镜面,采用3维全波分析软件Surf3D获得各个镜面上及输出窗处的场分布,对所设计的镜面系统进行了仿真验证,在输出窗处获得了高斯模式含量为96.67%的输出波束,整个模式变换器的功率转换效率为93.98%。以自行研制的TE_28,8模激励器作为准光模式变换器的输入,通过对模式变换器转换性能仿真结果验证,在严格控制加工精度及装配和实验过程的基础上,完成了准光模式变换器转换性能的冷测实验。实验结果表明,设计和实验具有合理的一致性,可以作为准光模式变换器工程应用设计和验证手段。     

国际热核聚变装置用回旋管的现状及技术分析

回旋管是一种具有重要发展前景的高功率毫米波和太赫兹源.本文简要介绍了回旋振荡管的结构和基本原理,并且评述了国际热核聚变装置中所用110,140和170 GHz回旋振荡管的发展现况和趋势.同时指出了回旋振荡管发展中存在的关键问题并给出了可能解决的技术途径.     

回旋管输出窗频率特性的研究

本文对回旋管输出窗系统的传输特性进行了理论研究,给出了圆波导径向突变的模式散射的近似公式,研究了输出窗对工作模式的反射和寄生模式的散射的频率响应。实验证实分析是合理的。     

3mm二次谐波回旋振荡管设计与数值模拟

二次谐波回旋振荡管的互作用磁场比基波回旋振荡管的磁场降低了一半,从而降低了设计难度,具有广阔的应用前景。通过对单腔结构的W波段二次谐波回旋振荡管高频结构、起振电流、模式竞争以及注波互作用研究,确定了W波段TE02模二次谐波回旋振荡管的基本工作参数,通过粒子模拟(PIC)软件进行计算,在电子注电压为60kV,注电流为6A及速度比为1.5时,获得了67.5kW的输出功率和超过18%的效率,且工作稳定。     

220 GHz共焦波导回旋振荡管的理论研究与模拟仿真

随着毫米波波段回旋管的研究深入,传统的封闭式圆波导谐振腔的弊端越发明显。根据回旋管非线性理论,设计了一只采用开放式准光谐振腔作为高频结构的回旋振荡管,其工作频率为220 GHz、工作电压为60 k V、电流为3 A、横纵速度比α为1.5、工作模式为HE06模。通过采用自主研发的三维粒子模拟软件CHIPIC对其进行数值模拟研究,分析其工作特性,并进一步优化参数。仿真结果表明:所设计的回旋管在磁场为8.57 T的条件下工作,可获得36 k W的峰值功率输出,输出功率效率可达20%。     

高功率毫米波回旋行波管宽带输出窗设计

首先利用场匹配理论建立传输级联矩阵对回旋行波管输出窗进行解析分析。在理论分析的基础上,通过数值计算得到回旋行波管宽带蓝宝石输出窗的初步结构和尺寸,然后利用三维高频分析软件HFSS进行仿真验证。通过大量计算与仿真,为Ka波段TE01模回旋行波管设计出驻波比小于1.2的输出带宽约为6GHz,相对带宽大于17%的高性能3层窗片结构蓝宝石输出窗。通过冷测实验研究表明仿真计算结果与冷测结果基本一致。     

Thermal Modelling of Edge-Cooled Single Disc Gyrotron Windows Using a One-Dimensional Finite Difference Computer Code

A one - dimensional finite - difference computer code has been developed and shown to be quite effective in thermal design and analysis of various plane edge-cooled single - disc windows for gyrotrons with Gaussian rf beam output. The program has a modular structure and is flexible enough to suit specific requirements of users; it can handle nonlinearity. Results obtained for various CVD diamond window cases compare well with the experiment and with the results obtained using ABACUS, a well-established 3-D Finite Element code. Results indicate that a CVD diamond disc with 94 mm diameter and edge cooled by water at 293 K will ensure the passage of 1 MW CW at 140 GHz. A fused quartz window, with 60 mm diamter and operating at 165 GHZ on a 1.5 MW pulsed coaxial gyrotron has also been analysed for its transient characteristics and results are presented.     

Experimental Results on a 1.5 MW, 110 GHz Gyrotron with a Smooth Mirror Mode Converter

We present an internal mode converter (IMC) design for a 1.5 MW, 110 GHz gyrotron operating in the TE_22,6 mode. The launcher, designed using the codes Surf3d and LOT, converts the cavity waveguide mode into a nearly pure Gaussian beam. The Gaussian beam output from the launcher is shaped by a series of 4 smooth, curved mirrors to provide a circular output beam with a flat phase front at the gyrotron window. By employing smooth mirrors rather than mirrors with phase correcting surfaces, such an IMC is less sensitive to alignment issues and can more reliably operate with high efficiency. The IMC performance was verified by both cold test and hot test experiments. Beam pattern measurements in each case were in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The output beam was of high quality with calculations showing that the Gaussian Beam content was 95.8 ± 0.5% in both hot and cold test.     

Effective Cavity Length of Gyrotrons

Megawatt-class gyrotron oscillators for electron cyclotron heating and non-inductive current drive (ECH&CD) in magnetically confined thermonuclear fusion plasmas have relatively low cavity quality factors in the range of 1000 to 2000. The effective length of their cavities cannot be simply deduced from the cavity electric field profile, since this has by far not a Gaussian shape. The present paper presents a novel method to estimate the effective length of a gyrotron cavity just from the eigenvalue of the operating TE_m,n mode, the cavity radius and the exact oscillation frequency which may be numerically computed or precisely measured. This effective cavity length then can be taken to calculate the Fresnel parameter in order to confirm that the cavity is not too short so that the transverse structure of any mode in the cavity is the same as that of the corresponding mode in a long circular waveguide with the same diameter.     

Synthesis of Gyrotron Phase-Correcting Mirrors Using Irradiance Moments

A new approach using the moments of field amplitudes has been applied for phase-correcting mirror synthesis of a 110-GHz gyrotron internal mode converter. The synthesized mirrors have smooth profiles in contrast to the mirrors synthesized using the previously employed iteration method. The design has been checked using a physical optics propagation code with the result of a Gaussian output amplitude at the gyrotron window position.     

System Development and Performance Testing of a W-Band Gyrotron

A high-power W-band gyrotron has been designed and performance tested in Korea, with an output power in the range of tens of kilowatts. The gyrotron consists of a diode-type electron gun operating at 40 kV, a TE6,2 mode interaction cavity, and a mode converter for producing a highly Gaussian output mode beam. Presented here are the detailed component design procedure and the experimental results of the gyrotron’s performance evaluation. A maximum power of 62 kW was achieved with an efficiency of 22 %, and a highly Gaussian output beam was observed. The gyrotron’s output beam is analyzed, and its transmission through an oversized waveguide is discussed. This gyrotron is the first gyrotron developed in Korea with high power greater than 10 kW and high frequency greater than 90 GHz.     

D-band frequency step-tuning of A 1 MW gyrotron using a brewster output window

In order to demonstrate the usability of gyrotron oscillators as frequency step tunable high power millimeter-wave sources, experiments on a 1 MW, 140 GHz TE_22,6 gyrotron with a built-in quasi-optical (q. o.) mode converter have been performed. By varying the operating parameters of the tube, a series of oscillations in the frequency range from 114 GHz to 166 GHz were excited. To avoid reflections, caused by the required vacuum barrier window, the gyrotron was equipped with a Brewster window. The achieved output power levels between 0.85 and 1.05 MW are compared to measurements carried out with the same tube using a conventional single-disk window. These experiments showed that even by using a q. o. mode converter, the influence of window reflections on the gyrotron oscillatory behavior cannot be removed completely.