中国双相不锈钢的发展及研究进展

结合中国双相不锈钢发展的特点,从技术进步、产量增加、应用拓展、发展趋势等方面阐述其发展情况。跟随国际发展趋势,中国双相不锈钢经历了从第1代到第3代及经济型双相不锈钢的发展历程,特超级双相不锈钢的开发及应用也在积极探索中。中国双相不锈钢研发虽然起步晚,但在发展初期就与国际同步确立N合金化的现代双相不锈钢发展方向。中国双相不锈钢从业者一贯注重工艺改进和技术进步,在组织控制及性能提升、热塑性和析出相等多方面的研究及进步,特别是近年来在双相不锈钢组织及性能平衡调控、低温冲击韧性研究及提升性能方面的进展,将有力支撑中国双相不锈钢产量的增长及应用的拓展。伴随技术及市场形势的发展,中国双相不锈钢产量在2015—2021年得到快速增长,其中2021年的产量达到24.06万t。可以预见,中国双相不锈钢将在质量、产量、品种、应用等多方面得到进一步的发展。     

将双相不锈钢的研究开发生产应用推向新的水平——第三届国际双相不锈钢大会在太原举行

双相不锈钢由于具有优异的耐腐蚀性能和很高的力学性能，在国际上的研究、开发及推广应用正方兴未艾。我国生产和推广使用双相不锈钢也出现了良好的势头，特别是已经研试成功经济型双相不锈钢和超级双相不锈钢，目前已经具备了大力推广双相不锈钢的条件。为了通过开展国际间的交流与合作，推进我国双相不锈钢的研发、生产水平，推广在各领域中的应用，2009年11月25-26日，在太原花园国际大酒店召开了第三届国际双相不锈钢大会。     

双相钢不可抗拒的发展

纵观整个工业领域，考虑到成本和使用寿命，超级双相钢和特超级双相钢日益成为其他不锈钢的替代品。因此，供应商和零售商都更加关注双相钢。据双相钢市场占有率达50％的奥托昆普公司估计，双相钢需求将以每年20％的速度增长。此外，许多公司正不断成功地推出新的双相钢牌号，用于化工、石化和炼油等工业，要求其具有高耐蚀性、高机械强度（可以减重）和可焊性等良好的综合性能。     

均匀化热处理对超级双相不锈钢临界孔蚀温度及σ相形成的影响

每年用于石油及天然气工业的超级双相不锈钢长盘管其市场价值约1亿美元。超级双相不锈钢具有优良的耐孔蚀及应力腐蚀断裂的性能，并且具有超强的力学性能，因此通常被应用于含氯化物的腐蚀性环境。     

用于湿法烟气脱硫系统的双相及超级双相不锈钢

本文首先讨论湿法烟气脱硫系统中每个部位可能出现的局部腐蚀问题。然后在实验室模拟工艺环境下，利用电化学实验手段，研究各类不锈钢耐均匀腐蚀和局部腐蚀的性能，重点讨论氯化物含量、氟化物含量、pH和温度对耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明，双相UNS S32205或超级双相UNS S32520可以用在许多通常选用奥氏体钢317LNM或超级奥氏体钢UNS S34565的侵蚀环境中。本文第二部分对不锈钢板或不锈钢复合板制造的洗涤塔的寿命周期成本进行了比较。由于双相和超级双相不锈钢具有耐腐蚀性强、     

00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢

介绍了00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢的化学成分及重点元素的作用,给出了00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢的物理性能、力学性能、耐蚀性能,给出了00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢的显微组织,叙述了该钢的热处理工艺、冷热加工工艺、焊接工艺,列出了该钢的适用技术条件、产品形状及用途,介绍了国内该钢近年来的一些研究情况。     

固溶处理对S32707特超级双相不锈钢析出相、组织及性能影响

通过Thermo-Calc热力学计算、OM和FE-SEM观察、力学性能和腐蚀性能试验对不同固溶温度下的特超级双相不锈钢进行分析和研究。结果表明:σ相和非平衡氮化物是固溶水冷组织中的主要析出相,当固溶温度低于1050 ℃时,σ相优先沿双相界面析出,显著降低双相不锈钢的冲击韧性;当固溶温度高于1100 ℃,非平衡氮化物开始在铁素体晶粒内部析出,且随着固溶温度的升高,非平衡氮化物析出数量增加。这是由于固溶水冷过程中氮在铁素体中的溶解度快速降低,过饱和的氮来不及扩散到相邻奥氏体中,只能以氮化物的形式析出。随固溶温度升高,铁素体含量增加,奥氏体含量降低,实验钢的强度增加,冲击韧性降低。在1080～1120 ℃之间固溶时,双相比例接近1∶1,S32707特超级双相不锈钢具有优良的综合力学性能和耐晶间腐蚀性能。      

节约型双相不锈钢组织演变规律的研究进展

节约型双相不锈钢是一种高性能、低成本的结构材料,拥有广阔的应用前景,有望广泛应用于核电、石化、造船、造纸和海水淡化等领域,但是其热加工制备困难,阻碍了大规模工业化生产。简要介绍了国内外双相不锈钢的研究现状,综述了双相不锈钢的组织性能演变、热变形规律及脆性相析出行为等。从组织演变规律入手,指出改善节约型双相不锈钢热塑性的重要性及可行性。     

双相不锈钢成分、性能及析出相分析

叙述了常用的超级双相不锈钢的成分、耐蚀性和应用,分析了不同种析出相、有害相、点蚀当量值(PRE)及焊接对双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响,得出通过控制合金化成分,调整点蚀当量值,编制合理的热处理工艺,严格控制有害相析出,使两相比含量比值接近1,可获得良好耐蚀性、高强度和耐磨性的双相不锈钢。     

高强度及超高强度双相不锈钢线材的应用

1前言 如今在许多领域中双相不锈钢被视为经久耐用的代名词。这主要是南于双相不锈钢兼具高强度、高塑性和优异的耐蚀性能。同溶条件下的双相不锈钢其强度约为奥氏体不锈钢的两倍。SAF2205是一种传统中等合金含量的双相不锈钢，具有高的耐蚀、力学性能和良好的焊接性能。SAF2205和其他2205型双相钢牌号之间的不同在于SAF2205成分控制范围更窄。     

The 80-year history of duplex stainless steel

80 years has passed since duplex stainless steels were first produced and now they have developed into an integral series with the efforts on R & D and development of technology.In the recent decade, duplex stainless steels have been accepted by more and more customers and increasingly used. The first duplex grade produced in Sweden was 453E(26Cr-5Ni) in the 1930s,and then developed into 329.These two grades were characterized by high carbon content and called the first generation of duplex stainless steels.At that time,it was very difficult to add nitrogen into the steels and maintain the phase equilibrium,thus influencing the application properties,for example,intergranular corrosion post welding. One method to solve this problem is to alter the chemical composition,like adding nitrogen,etc.And that came to reality with the development of AOD and metallurgical theory of stainless steels.New series of duplex grades,called the second and third generations duplex,have successively emerged since the 1980s. These grades are characterized by high amounts of alloying elements,like chromium,molybdenum and nitrogen.Furthermore,super duplex stainless grades,like S32750,S32760 and S32707,were developed for various harsh service environments with their outstanding corrosion resistance and workability.These grades possess corrosion resistance corresponding to super austenitic grades,or close to nickel-base alloys, and are used in ocean-engineering,sea water desalination and oil industries,etc. And the application of duplex stainless steel is expending into other industries.For instance,453E is used in the pulp & paper industry.2205(S32205),a medium-alloyed grade,has become the most typical one in the duplex stainless steel family and widely used in many industries like pulp & paper,chemical and oil.New applications are emerging with better understanding of the duplex grades. Modern duplex stainless steels features most the corrosion resistance and strength,making them most cost-efficient in more and more projects. In this paper,the history of duplex stainless steels is recalled and reviewed from R&D,production to application,and latest grades like S82441 are also introduced.     

稀土在双相不锈钢中的应用研究

就国内外稀土在铁索体+奥氏体双相不锈钢中的应用研究作了简单介绍,包括稀土对双相不锈钢的凝固组织、耐腐蚀性能和力学性能的影响,并探讨了稀土在双相不锈钢中的发展前景.     

近代超级不锈钢的发展

不锈钢的近代发展目标是超级不锈钢－超级奥氏体,超级铁素体,超级复相不锈钢。这些钢可在大范围内解决局部腐蚀问题并在某些用途中可替代钛和镍基合金。     

核电站设备制造中双相不锈钢的应用

奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢中稳定存在奥氏体相和铁素体相,该钢具有较高的机械性能和优异的耐点蚀、晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀性能,在核电站设备制备中被广泛应用。一般双相不锈钢铸件中铁素体相的体积分数≤20%,服役温度≤425℃,双相不锈钢锻件中铁素体相约占50%,服役温度≤250℃。文中介绍了核电站设备中应用的双相不锈钢铸、锻件的化学成分、制造和焊接工艺要求及组织和性能。     

Lowcycle fatigue behavior on duplex stainless steels

Stainless steels are used predominantly for their corrosion resistance in moderate to highly aggressive environments. For construction purposes, engineers normally select carbon steel due to low cost, long experience, applicable design rules and a large variety of strength classes. However, different stainless steel types can also provide a very wide range of mechanical properties and they have the advantage of not needing surface protection. Duplex Stainless Steels (DSSs) in particular, are austeno-ferritic steels with twice the mechanical strength of conventional austenitic and ferritic stainless steels and have a potential use in construction. In the early 1980’s, a ‘second generation’ of duplex steels was introduced with better weldability mainly through nitrogen alloying. The most common duplex grade today is the UNS S32205/S31803, which is used in a great number of applications in a wide variety of product forms. This grade was the basis for the development of a ‘third generation’ of duplex steels. These higher alloys are called super-duplex stainless steels and identified as UNS S32750/S32760. The cyclic hardening-softening response, the cyclic stress-strain curve and the microstructure evolution of a high nitrogen duplex stainless steel S32750 have been evaluated and the results compared with reference to low and medium nitrogen duplex stainless steels, S32205 and S32900 grades, respectively. The beneficial effects of nitrogen on the cyclic properties of most modern alloys have been analyzed in terms of the flow stress components, i.e. the back and the friction stress. A phenomenological model is proposed to explain the influence of nitrogen atoms on the cyclic behavior of these steels.     

Energy Absorption Behaviour of Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels in a Crash Box Geometry

The improvement of the passive safety plays an important role in the development of new steels for automotive parts. At the same time aspects of weight reduction as well as the industrial feasibility have to be considered. Powered by these objectives, the development and application of new steel concepts for various purposes is promoted. For the present investigation especially weight reduction combined with an improvement of the passive safety are emphasised. As example one representative part of the body structure, the crash box, is considered. At the moment different steel grades (dual phase‐, TRIP‐and HSLA‐steels) as well as fibre reinforced materials are applied. New materials for this special purpose have to exhibit outstanding formability, a high capacity to absorb energy during a possible crash and should be cost effective compared to already existing material concepts. During this project different grades of austenitic stainless steels with varying stability were compared to duplex stainless steels and a TRIP grade with regard to their possible application as crash‐box material. The austenitic grades show excellent gradual formability according to their strength level. All of them exhibit an extraordinary strain hardening behaviour. The duplex grades show a lower formability but on a much higher yield level. Besides the determination of classical material data such as uni‐ and multi‐axial flow curves, dynamic tensile tests and forming tests for the determination of forming limit curves were performed. The material data were used in the simulation of a drop tower test which is commonly used to evaluate the performance of different materials in car components. The results were then evaluated with regard to the absorbed energy, the folding behaviour and the resulting forces.     

两相质量比对粉末冶金双相不锈钢显微组织与力学性能的影响

将316L奥氏体不锈钢粉末与430铁素体不锈钢粉末分别按照80:20、65:35、50:50质量比混合, 采用冷等静压成型方法制备了双相不锈钢, 研究了奥氏体和铁素体起始粉末质量比对双相不锈钢组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明: 当奥氏体和铁素体起始粉末质量比为65:35, 烧结温度1350℃, 保温时间60min时, 双相不锈钢综合力学性能较好, 其中, 抗拉强度为847MPa, 屈服强度为281MPa, 硬度为HV207, 断后伸长率为37.5%。     

Development of nitrogen-alloyed stainless steel sheet products in Baosteel

Nitrogen plays a vitally important role for improving properties for stainless steels in many aspects.In this paper,the physical metallurgy behavior and the beneficial effects of nitrogen on corrosion resistance and other mechanical properties of stainless steels were summarised.Based on nitrogen alloying,various stainless steel products,such as austenitic,duplex and martensitic staniless steels were developed with enhanced properties,such as corrosion resistance,mechanical strength and weldability,among other things.