超音速等离子转移弧喷涂铝涂层的响应曲面法工艺优化

采用超音速等离子转移弧喷涂铝涂层,通过响应曲面法中的 Box-Behnken 中心组合试验设计了三因素三水平的工艺优化试验,建立了主气流量、工作电流和喷涂距离与涂层孔隙率之间的数学模型。 对最优工艺参数条件下制备的铝涂层,利用 SEM、XRD 对涂层的微观形貌和组织成分进行表征;利用 HMV-2000 型维氏硬度计和 MTS 809 万能拉伸试验机对涂层的显微硬度和结合强度进行测试分析。 结果表明:随着主气流量增大、工作电流减小或者主气流量减小、 工作电流增大,孔隙率均呈减小趋势,得到的最优喷涂工艺为:主气流量:100 L/ min,工作电流:200 A,喷涂距离: 100 mm,丝与喷嘴的距离:10 mm,送丝速度:6 m/ min。 通过最优工艺制备的铝涂层,涂层致密,孔隙率为 2. 3%;涂层与基体的结合强度较高为 24. 4 MPa,显微硬度为 44. 5 HV_{0. 1} 。     

超音速电弧喷涂铝涂层的耐蚀特性

采用光学显微镜、电子扫描显微镜研究了超音速电弧喷涂铝涂层的显微组织结构的及喷涂粒了状态;采用拉伸试验和硬度计测试了涂层结合强度、三度,采用中性盐雾试验对铝涂 耐腐蚀性进行实验,结果表明超音束电弧喷涂铝涂层孔隙率低、组织致密,结合强度和硬芳较高、耐腐蚀性能优越,铝、Ａｃ铝俣金涂层的耐腐蚀性能几乎相同。     

Computer controlled detonation spraying of WC/Co coatings containing MoS2 solid lubricant

Composite WC/Co + MoS₂ coatings were deposited onto steel substrates by Computer Controlled Detonation Spraying using three spraying modes: very cold, cold and normal. Maximal content of MoS₂ in a sprayed powder was 10 wt.%. Characterization of coatings was made with chemical and phase analyses, microhardness measurement, morphology and microstructure investigation. X-ray diffraction study shows that residual MoS₂ exists only in coatings obtained at very cold and cold spraying modes. At normal spraying mode complete decomposition of the solid lubricant occurs during spraying. From the engineering point of view, the coating applied at the cold mode using a powder containing 10 wt.% MoS₂ is the most promising. Such a coating has microhardness of 650 HV_0.2 and a porosity of 10%.     

大气等离子喷涂制备Fe基非晶涂层及微观结构表征

选用Fe-10W-4Cr-3Ni-2Mo-4B-4Si-1C(质量比)合金粉末作为喷涂原料,采用大气等离子喷涂工艺在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢基底上制备了Fe基涂层。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪表征了粉末和涂层的相组成和微观形貌;用Olycia m3分析软件对涂层的孔隙率进行测定;用热分析系统对喷涂粉末和涂层从室温到1 173K范围的DSC曲线进行记录;同时,测定了涂层的显微硬度和结合强度。结果表明:大气等离子喷涂制备的Fe基涂层与基底的结合良好,涂层较为致密并且存在灰色氧化带组织,表现出典型的层状组织结构;涂层不但具有低的表面粗糙度和孔隙率,而且具有高的显微硬度和结合强度;所制备涂层中的非晶含量约为89.2%(质量分数),涂层中形成的晶相组织为纳米晶结构。     

Microstructure and Properties Characterization of Silicon Coatings Prepared by Vacuum Plasma Spraying Technology

Silicon coatings were fabricated by vacuum plasma spraying technology. The morphology, composition, and microstructure of the coatings were investigated by FESEM, XRD, WDX, and TEM. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the coatings were characterized. The results showed that vacuum plasma sprayed silicon coatings were compact and consisted of well-molten silicon splats. The oxidation introduced by the spraying process was limited. Small ball-like particles of size less than 1 μm existed both on the surface and inside of the coatings. The silicon coatings were made up of silicon grains with irregular shapes and different sizes of 0.5-1 μm. The longitudinal microstructure of silicon coatings exhibited typical two-layer microstructure of equi-axed nanometer grains and overlying columnar grains. The open porosity, density, and surface roughness of silicon coatings were 3.2%, 2.24 g/cm³, and 3.47 μm, respectively. And the microhardness and bonding strength of silicon coating, respectively, were 7.0 GPa and 20.6 MPa.     

Effect of Substrate Temperature on Cold-Gas-Sprayed Coatings on Ceramic Substrates

This study focuses on cold-gas-sprayed deposition of metallic coatings onto ceramic substrates for application in power electronics. In order to achieve the required surface activation for bonding, the substrate is heated during spraying. The effects of substrate temperature on bond strength and coating properties are investigated for cold-gas-sprayed coatings of copper and aluminum on Al₂O₃. It is found that the adhesion strengths of the cold-gas-sprayed coatings and that of the single-impacting particles increase with the increasing temperature and roughness of the substrate. Coatings sprayed on heated substrates show relatively low compressive stresses and low hardness, while their electrical conductivity reaches high values of over 90% IACS. Overall, a higher substrate temperature is found to improve the coating properties significantly.     

三种超音速热喷涂工艺制备WC-12Co涂层的组织结构分析

用新研制的超音速等离子喷涂(S—APS)和2种进口超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)设备制备了WC—12Co涂层，分析了3种喷涂工艺对涂层的表面和断面显微形貌、组织结构、孔隙率和氧化、脱碳，以及涂层的显微硬度、结合强度的影响。结果表明，在所试验的条件下，超音速等离子喷涂WC—12Co涂层显示出最致密的组织结构和最高的显微硬度。     

超音速等离子喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层的结构及冲蚀磨损机理

目的改善流体机械部件的耐冲蚀磨损性能。方法采用超音速等离子喷涂(Supersonic Plasma Spraying)系统制备NiCr-Cr_3C_2涂层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了喷涂粉末和涂层的物相结构。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及配套的能谱分析仪(EDS)观察和分析了涂层的微观形貌及化学成分。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)从超微观角度分析了涂层的晶粒结构。采用Image J2x孔隙率计算软件测定了涂层的孔隙率。采用显微硬度仪、纳米压痕仪及万能拉伸试验机分别测定了涂层的显微硬度、弹性模量和结合强度。采用动载磨料试验机进行了冲蚀试验,冲蚀角度为90°,砂浆比为5:8,冲蚀时间为3 h。结果获得的超音速等离子喷涂Ni Cr-Cr_3C_2涂层主要含有NiCr、Cr_3C_2、Cr_7C_3等物相,至少含有单晶、纳米晶、过渡区三个区域。涂层的显微硬度值为911HV0.3,约为基体的3倍,孔隙率为1.4%,结合强度为66 MPa,弹性模量为215.3 GPa。在90°攻角下,涂层的冲蚀磨损失效以疲劳剥落磨损为主。结论用超音速等离子喷涂系统在基体表面制备的Ni Cr-Cr_3C_2涂层具有较好的耐冲蚀磨损性能。     

CNTs含量对微弧等离子喷涂CNTs/AT40涂层力学性能的影响

采用微弧等离子喷涂成功制备了CNTs/Al_2O_3-40%TiO_2复合吸波涂层,借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、拉伸试验机、显微硬度计等测试手段,对涂层的组织结构、结合强度、显微硬度和热震性能进行了测试分析。结果表明:涂层组织结构致密,孔隙率低;CNTs的含量对复合涂层的力学性能有较大影响,随CNTs含量的增加,CNTs/AT40复合涂层的结合强度、显微硬度和热震性能都先增大后减小。CNTs质量分数为3%时,平均结合强度最高,厚度0.5 mm时结合强度为32.08 MPa,比AT40涂层的结合强度24.09 MPa提高了33.2%,平均显微硬度为821.6 HV0.1,比AT40涂层提高了20.4%,厚度2.0 mm时热震次数为63次,比AT40涂层增加了16%。     

Preparation and characterization of magnesium coating deposited by cold spraying

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have a great potential as structural materials due to their beneficial combination of high strength to weight ratio, high thermal conductivity and good machinability. However, few works about Mg coatings fabricated by cold spraying can be found in the literature. Thus, Mg coatings prepared at different main gas temperatures by cold spraying were investigated as well as their microstructure, phase structure, oxygen content and microhardness. The critical velocity of the particle was evaluated through numerical simulations. The particle deformation behavior and bonding mechanism were discussed. The result of the oxygen content measurement shows that the oxygen contents of coatings did not increase compared with that of the feedstock powder. The simulation results show that the critical velocity of Mg particles was in the range from 653 m/s to 677 m/s. The observation of the coating fracture morphology shows that the formation of the coating was due to the intensive plastic deformation and mechanical interlocking. The microhardness of the coating increased with the increase of the main gas temperature from 350 °C to 450 °C due to the decrease of the coating porosity.     

Oxidation Control of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed FeAl Intermetallic Coatings Using Dry-Ice Blasting

The performance of atmospheric plasma sprayed FeAl coatings has been remarkably limited because of oxidation and phase transformation during the high-temperature process of preparation. In the present work, FeAl intermetallic coatings were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying combined with dry-ice blasting. The microstructure, oxidation, porosity, and surface roughness of FeAl intermetallic coatings were investigated. The results show that a denser FeAl coating with a lower content of oxide and lower degree of phase transformation can be achieved because of the cryogenic, the cleaning, and the mechanical effects of dry-ice blasting. The surface roughness value decreased, and the adhesive strength of FeAl coating increased after the application of dry-ice blasting during the atmospheric plasma spraying process. Moreover, the microhardness of the FeAl coating increased by 72%, due to the lower porosity and higher dislocation density.     

Quality Improvement of Flame Sprayed, Heat Treated, and Remelted NiCrBSi Coatings

In this study, properties of NiCrBSi coatings, produced by a two-step process of flame deposition and furnace posttreatment, are analyzed. Adhesion strength, microstructure, porosity, microhardness, chemical composition, and residual stresses were analyzed after deposition and after heat treatment; that is, remelting. Numerous specimens were made to study the adhesion strength of coatings after flame deposition. The four chosen influential factors, that is, surface roughness, preheat temperature of the substrate, distance of flame torch, and type of oxyacetylene flame, were optimized to maximize the adhesion strength, using the Taguchi parametric method. The confirmation experiment showed that the developed experimental model is suitable for optimization of flame spraying deposition process. Based on the evaluation of coating properties, the best overall quality was obtained after remelting at a peak temperature 1080 °C with 5 minutes of holding time, followed by slow air cooling.     

Adhesion improvements of Thermal Barrier Coatings with HVOF thermally sprayed bond coats

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are an effective engineering solution for the improvement of in service performance of gas turbines and diesel engine components. The quality and further performance of TBC, likewise all thermally sprayed coatings or any other kind of coating, is strongly dependent on the adhesion between the coating and the substrate as well as the adhesion (or cohesion) between the metallic bond coat and the ceramic top coat layer. The debonding of the ceramic layer or of the bond coat layer will lead to the collapse of the overall thermal barrier system. Though several possible problems can occur in coating application as residual stresses, local or net defects (like pores and cracks), one could say that a satisfactory adhesion is the first and intrinsic need for a good coating. The coating adhesion is also dependent on the pair substrate-coating materials, substrate cleaning and blasting, coating application process, coating application parameters and environmental conditions. In this work, the general characteristics and adhesion properties of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) having bond coats applied using High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying and plasma sprayed ceramic top coats are studied. By using HVOF technique to apply the bond coats, high adherence and high corrosion resistance are expected. Furthermore, due to the characteristics of the spraying process, compressive stresses should be induced to the substrate. The compressive stresses are opposed to the tensile stresses that are typical of coatings applied by plasma spraying and eventually cause delamination of the coating in operational conditions. The evaluation of properties includes the studies of morphology, microstructure, microhardness and adhesive/cohesive resistance. From the obtained results it can be said that the main failure location is in the bond coat/ceramic interface corresponding to the lowest adhesion values.     

Microstructure and thermal cycle resistance of plasma sprayed mullite coatings made from secondary mullitized natural andalusite powder

Natural andalusite powder was calcinated at a high temperature in air to realize secondary mullitization. The resultant secondary mullitized powder was spray-dried and heat-treated to improve sprayable capability. The heat-treated spherical powder was then plasma sprayed onto Ni-based high-temperature alloy (Hastelloy C-276) to form mullite coatings. The chemical composition and phase structure of the as-sprayed and thermally cycled mullite coatings were determined by means of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and X-ray diffraction. The microstructure of the as-sprayed coatings was analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope; and their porosity, microhardness and bonding strength were measured. Moreover, the phase transition temperature and enthalpy of the coatings were determined by means of differential scanning calorimetry; and their thermal shock resistance was evaluated as well. Results show that the spray-dried and heat-treated powder consists of mullite and a small amount of Al₂O₃; while the as-sprayed mullite coatings are composed of crystalline mullite as the major phase and a small amount of amorphous glass phase. During thermal cycle test, the amorphous glass phase is partially transformed to crystalline mullite, finally leading to failure of the coatings. Whether before or after thermal cycle, the mullite coatings experience phase transition around 980 °C, and the enthalpy of crystallization is determined to be − 141.9 × 10^− 3 J/kg and − 95.48 × 10^− 3 J/kg, respectively. The as-sprayed mullite coatings have a porosity of about 6.0 ± 0.2% and possess good thermal cycle resistance, showing promising prospect in a high-temperature application.     

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-based amorphous coatings

Amorphous coatings were fabricated by arc spraying and the effect of the post heat treatment on the microstructure, and the mechanical properties of arc sprayed coatings were studied. Post heat treatment was conducted in the atmospheric environment within the temperature ranged from 500 °C to 800 °C. The microstructure characteristics were analyzed by means of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that with the increase of anneal temperature, the microstructure of the sprayed coatings had several changes as follows: the reduction of porosity, the decomposition and the crystallization of amorphous phase, and the formation of precipitates. The microhardness of the sprayed coatings increased after the heat treatment and it can reached to 1275 HV_300g at the post treated at 600 °C. All the coatings exhibited an excellent abrasive wear resistance, approximately 6 times higher than that of the arc-sprayed 3Cr13 coating.     

TiAl球磨粉反应等离子喷涂工艺

为制备Ti-Al金属间化合物复合涂层,采用Ti、Al球磨粉在Q235钢表面进行反应等离子喷涂研究,获得了由Al3Ti、TiN、Al2O3、TiAl以及残留Al和Ti组成的复合涂层。虽然球磨可以使Ti-Al混合粉细化与活化,使喷涂时的反应更容易、更充分,但喷涂时Al和Ti仍难以充分反应,且在空气环境中喷涂容易氧化和氮化。涂层与基体之间没有形成冶金结合,而是镶嵌式的机械结合。其结合强度最高值达到了44.75MPa,显微硬度最高值达到了379HV0.5。文中还分析了反应等离子喷涂各工艺参数对涂层组织与性能的影响,并采用正交试验对其在一定范围内进行了优化。得到优化的工艺参数为:喷涂距离为120mm、主气流量为35L/min、喷涂电流为600A、球磨时间为6h。     

Study of adhesion of different plasma-sprayed coatings to aluminium

The aim of the work was to determine the bond strength of plasma-sprayed layers to aluminium substrate. The layers of nickel alloy, iron alloy, wolfram carbides with different amounts of nickel were plasma sprayed onto AK12 and PA6 aluminium alloys. The stress affecting the separation of coatings from the substrate was taken into account as the criterion of bond strength. The influence of the substrate surface roughness, the thickness of coatings, the amount of metal binder in carbide layers as well as spraying technique on bond strength were investigated. The microscope observations and sample cross-sections showed very strong adherence of the sprayed layers to aluminium substrates. It was stated that local micro-welds could take place in the layers containing metal. Properly sprayed layers reached bond strength of at least 20 MPa. It was found out that the use of the device providing continuous cleaning of the substrate surface during plasma spraying process significantly increased bond strength and improved coatings structure.     

Improving stability of thermal barrier coatings on magnesium alloy with electroless plated Ni–P interlayer

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) of zirconia stabilized by 8 wt.% yttria (8YSZ) on MB26 rare earth–magnesium alloy with MCrAlY as bond coat were prepared by air plasma spraying (APS). In order to improve the thermal shock resistance of the coatings, an interlayer of Ni–P alloy between the substrate and bond coat was prepared by electroless plating. The preparation, microstructure, bond strength and thermal shock resistance of the coatings were investigated. The results indicate that Ni–P interlayer not only has favorable effects on the protection of Mg alloy substrate from thermal oxidation during thermal spraying, but also significantly improves the bond strength of TBCs. The thermal shock life of TBCs was enhanced from 5 cycles to longer than 130 cycles with the application of Ni–P interlayer. The failure of TBCs in thermal shock test was mainly induced by the corrosion of Mg alloy substrate.     

等离子喷涂TiO2基涂层工艺参数优化研究

目的对TiO_2基涂层的等离子喷涂工艺参数进行优化。方法采用正交实验、基材温度采集并结合涂层微观形貌分析、能谱分析、结合强度试验、显微硬度测试等方法,研究了喷涂电流、喷涂距离、主气流量对涂层组织及性能的影响规律,并获得了优化的喷涂工艺参数。结果涂层分熔融区和部分熔融区,呈现双模结构的混合微观结构特征,截面形貌凹凸不平,并以机械结合为主。拉断后,涂层断裂面呈韧窝状,由陶瓷层到粘结层呈台阶状过渡,陶瓷层整体的内聚结合强度优于陶瓷层与粘结层结合界面的结合强度。涂层条带状夹杂随着粉末流到达基板的温度的增加而减少,对结合强度影响不显著,但对硬度影响较显著。等离子喷涂过程中,粉末流到达基板的温度在一定范围内时,涂层性能随着粉末流到达基板的温度的增加而增加,但粉末流到达基板的温度过大,涂层性能降低。结论获得最优涂层必须采用最优工艺参数,工艺参数对涂层综合性能的影响主次顺序为喷涂电流、喷涂距离、主气流量,得到的优化工艺参数为:喷涂电流350 A,喷涂距离110 mm,主气流量2100 L/h。