Numerical inverse definite minimum time overcurrent relay for microgrid power system protection

Access of distributed generation gets complicated at the distribution level, and hence managing these systems effectively becomes highly challenging. Microgrids have been proposed as a way of integrating a large number of distributed renewable energy sources with a distribution system. They are low to medium voltage networks of small load clusters with distributed generation sources and storages. Microgrids can be operated in the islanded mode or the grid‐connected mode. If a microgrid is connected to the system, it is seen as a single aggregate load. One of the potential advantages of a microgrid is that it could provide more reliable supply to customers by islanding itself from the system in the event of a major disturbance. However, a major problem with microgrid implementation in islanded operation is designing a proper protection scheme. The fault currents for grid‐connected and islanded microgrids are significantly different. Additionally, high penetration of inverter‐connected distributed generation sources leads to conditions where no standard overcurrent protection method will work. Overcurrent protection is considered as the backbone of any protection strategy, especially in distribution systems. Distribution systems constitute the largest portion of the power system network, and therefore the diagnosis of faults in this system is a challenging task. Faults occurring in distribution systems will affect the reliability, security, and quality of a power system. Field‐processable gate array (FPGA) Xilinx Zynq‐based numerical overcurrent relay protection is provided to the microgrid that is operated in islanded mode. This results in faster discrimination and quicker isolation of the faulty section from the microgrid. This improves the reliability of the microgrid because the fault is rapidly diagnosed and isolated from the healthy part, thanks to the high‐speed operation of the 800‐MHz FPGA Xilinx Zynq‐based numerical overcurrent relay. This system is simulated using MATLAB Simulink SimPower system tool box and LabView software. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

微网孤岛模式下负荷分配的改进控制策略

考虑到微网线路阻抗呈阻性引起有功和无功之间存在强耦合,在孤岛模式下,采用传统V/f下垂控制策略不能有效地实现分布式电源输出功率随着负荷功率变化而变化,为实现负荷功率的合理分配,提出采用坐标旋转的虚拟功率V/δ下垂控制策略。该策略由于采用正交线性旋转变换矩阵,实现了功率的解耦,并且增加了功率输出限制反馈环节修正项和微分环节修正项,有效地跟踪负荷功率的变化,确保负荷的合理分配。通过对微网孤岛运行模式下增/切负荷或退出某一分布式电源进行Matlab仿真分析,验证所提出控制策略的可行性。     

主动配电网关键技术在光伏高渗透工业新区电网的应用

以浙江海宁尖山工业高新区区域电网为研究对象,考虑高新产业敏感电力负荷对电能质量和供电可靠性的高要求,分析分布式光伏高渗透、网架弱联络的工业高新区配电网面临的问题,开展基于柔性互联、分布式储能、交直流混合微电网、源网荷储协调控制等关键技术的主动配电网应用实践,以电能质量、供电可靠性、光伏消纳能力等评价指标,研究主动配电网关键技术在工业高新区光伏高渗透区域电网的应用模式,分析主动配电网灵活的网络拓扑、主动的控制策略等优势在区域配电网发挥的作用与意义,展望主动配电网技术在工业高新区配电网的发展前景与方向。     

基于储能变流器的微电网稳定控制策略

微电网是一种将分布式电源、储能装置、变流器、负荷以及监控保护装置有机整合在一起的小型发、配、用电系统。微电网运行方式复杂,为维持微电网电压和频率的稳定,提出一种基于储能变流器的下垂控制与恒频恒压（V f）控制相结合的微电网稳定控制策略。微电网并网运行时,储能变流器采用下垂控制;微电网离网运行时,若电压和频率在设定的范围内,储能变流器仍然采用下垂控制,若超出设定范围,储能变流器采用V f控制。仿真结果表明,提出的控制策略在微电网并网运行、离网运行、以及并/离网切换过程中均能维持微电网电压和频率的稳定。     

微电网中SOFC发电系统控制策略的研究

研究了按主从方式运行的微电网中,以固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)发电系统为主控机的控制策略。将该发电系统划分为原动机模块及接口模块两部分,探讨了功率偏差与模块间直流电压的相关性。在考虑电池利用率指标对安全运行影响的前提下,分别为DC/DC变换器以及逆变器设计了多环反馈控制器,使SOFC发电系统通过模式开关切换,在微电网联网模式下输出设定功率;在孤岛模式下作为平衡机组,输出给定电压并为微电网提供频率参考。还引入了直流电压-频率下垂特性,将主控机与负载之间的有功偏差转化为全网的频率偏差,则微电网中的一次调频机组据此调整出力,以达到改善网络暂态响应特性的目的。仿真分析验证了该控制策略的正确性。     

Adaptive intelligent techniques for microgrid control systems: A survey

This paper introduces a survey on the adaptive and intelligent methods that have been applied to microgrids systems. Interestingly, the adaptive technique is effectively exercised in various control issues including stability, tracking error, and parameter uncertainties. Adaptive control has been extremely developed by using intelligent algorithms to automatically tune the control parameters namely fuzzy logic, particle swarm optimization, bacterial search algorithm, and etc. The objective is to evaluate and classify the design control methods and evaluation algorithms for the microgrid systems to maintain stability, reliability, and load variations by adjusting the controller parameters especially in standalone operation mode. The stability of islanded microgrids are constantly impacted by the related loads. A significant part of the research on an islanded microgrid involves droop control technique. In normal operation, distributed generation units and storage units provide power quality control. Once a shutdown is occurred, microgrid can be isolated from the main grid and operate in a local grid to support the local loads. Thus, distributed generations co-operate storage units to sustain the stability of the islanded microgrid.     

微电网孤岛模式下多种下垂控制策略的研究

在以逆变器为接口的微电网系统中,逆变电源组网控制技术是实现微电网的关键问题之一。作为自治系统的微电网,具有脱网孤岛运行的能力,为了满足负荷变化对系统电压和频率提出的要求,需要针对微电网中的微电源采取相关的控制策略。分析了微电网孤岛运行时各个微电源逆变接口在不同线路阻抗特性下的功率传输特性,给出了相应的下垂控制策略。采用坐标旋转的虚拟功率下垂控制策略,实现了功率的解耦控制,更接近工程实践。通过线性组合定义了类功率变量,而提出了类功率下垂控制策略。同时设计了基于虚拟功率和类功率的功率控制器。最后给出了下垂控制策略的不足,提出了需要深入研究的问题。     

H‐infinity controller for frequency and voltage regulation in grid‐connected and islanded microgrid

This paper presents a study on a grid‐connected and islanded multiple distributed generation (DG) system for frequency and voltage regulation. The multiple DG system includes solar cells, wind turbine, fuel cell, and battery storage. The H‐infinity controller is used whose weighting parameters are optimized to minimize voltage and frequency deviation. The performance of the system is analyzed under different conditions for both grid‐connected and islanded modes of operation. In case of the load variations, the inner voltage and current loop react based on the H‐ infinity control strategies. The outer power loop uses the droop characteristic controller. The design is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results show that the multiple DG system can supply high‐quality power both in grid‐connected and islanded modes. Also, we show that the proposed control methodology will make the system to transit smoothly between the islanded mode and the grid‐connected mode. The results indicate that the frequency and voltage deviations meet the nominal values as per IEEE standard. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Control and operation of distributed generation in distribution systems

Many distribution systems nowadays have significant penetration of distributed generation (DG) and thus, islanding operation of these distribution systems is becoming a viable option for economical and technical reasons. The DG should operate optimally during both grid-connected and island conditions, which can be achieved with change in operating strategy. Many islanding detection techniques have been developed but little work has been done to detect grid re-connection. This paper presents strategies to operate DG in grid connected and islanded modes and a new grid re-connection detection algorithm, which uses average rate of change of frequency (Af5) and real power shift (RPS), in the islanded mode. RPS will increase or decrease the power set point of the generator with increasing or decreasing system frequency, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed method can operate the DG efficiently and is effective in detecting grid-reconnection.     

微电网中基于公共负荷侧电压的改进下垂控制

针对多逆变器并联的微电网系统,以均匀分配各逆变器无功功率,减少各逆变器输出电压降落为目标,文章对改进传统下垂控制方法展开了研究。首先在分析了传统下垂控制方法分配逆变器无功功率不均匀机理的基础上,提出了一种引入公共负荷侧电压反馈的下垂控制方法;然后小信号分析方法对该策略进行建模,为系统参数设定提供了理论依据;最后通过MATLAB仿真来验证本文的控制策略,仿真结果显示,在不影响有功负荷在分布式电源间分配的情况下,能够改善分布式电源间无功出力的分配关系,提高微电网的供电质量。     

A new under‐voltage load shedding scheme for islanded distribution system based on voltage stability indices

Under‐voltage load shedding (UVLS) is an important technique to maintain the voltage stability and frequency of a power system network. UVLS has been applied widely in transmission systems to avoid system blackouts. However, with increasing penetration of distributed generation such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, the application of UVLS becomes important for islanded distribution systems. Under this condition, the network does not have a frequency reference as when it is connected to the grid. In this condition, when the load demand exceeds the PV capacity, UVLS is the only option to stabilize the system by shedding the load based on the changes of the voltage magnitude. In this work, a new UVLS scheme based on voltage stability indices is proposed. Four voltage stability indices are used as indicators for load shedding. Based on the stability indices, the loads that have the highest tendency of voltage collapse shall be the first ones to be shed. The proposed scheme is tested on a practical distribution network energized by a grid, a mini hydro generator, and a PV system. The test results on various scenarios prove that the proposed method is able to restore the system stability. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A Power Flow Solution Technique for Autonomous and Non Autonomous Mode of Operation of Microgrid System

A power flow solution technique has been proposed for microgrid operating in isolated as well as grid-connected mode. The formulation is based on simple impedance matrix approach where the elements of the impedance matrix are the impedance of the power flow paths from the terminal loads to the node representing the point of common connection (PCC). Distributed generators in microgrid are modeled to operate either in droop controlled, P-V or P-Q mode. When connected to the grid, Distributed Generation (DG's) may be operated in any of the operating modes, but during autonomous operation, the droop controlled mode is followed. The bus interfacing the main and the microgrid has been chosen as a voltage regulated bus so as to facilitate seamless transfer from the autonomous to the grid connected mode of operation and vice-versa. Comparisons with existing methods are presented to show the accuracy and ability of the proposed method. Maintaining the PCC bus voltage at 1.0 p.u. helps to have an improved voltage profile and seamless transfer of the system between grid connected and islanded modes.     

多端口分布式光伏接入直流配电系统整体故障穿越协调控制

因新能源渗透率高,多端口光伏分布式接入直流配电系统在并网换流器交流送出线路发生故障时应具备故障穿越的能力.然而,并网换流器与光伏直流变压器的容量、控制方式不同,即使两者在故障穿越期间可以相互高速通信协调,但是由于不同换流设备功率调节响应存在差异,直流母线电压容易发生较大波动,进而导致整个系统脱网.为此,提出了基于光伏端口电压调节的变功率控制方式,对直流配电系统有功功率进行动态补偿,可使直流母线电压快速恢复至额定运行点,解决交流故障导致的直流母线电压大范围波动问题,并给出了调节系数的整定与电压触发阈值的选取方式,从而实现可靠的故障穿越.PSCAD仿真结果表明,与传统控制策略相比,所提方法在不同故障程度、系统在交流故障前运行在不同有功功率的情况下,光伏电站均能有效且快速调节有功功率,避免了直流配电系统中换流器闭锁,保障了并网换流器故障穿越的实现.     

计及可再生能源不确定性的孤岛微电网概率潮流计算

随着具有不确定性的可再生能源接入孤岛微电网的比例不断提高,传统确定性条件下孤岛微电网的潮流计算受到挑战。基于有功功率—频率/无功功率—电压(P-f/Q-U)控制和有功功率—电压/无功功率—频率(P-U/Q-f)控制两种下垂控制策略,在计及可再生能源的不确定性时,建立了综合控制下孤岛交流微电网的概率潮流计算模型,并提出了一种改进的三步LevenbergMarquardt(MTLM)算法对潮流方程进行求解。采用基于Sobol序列的拟蒙特卡洛模拟获得具有随机性的可再生能源出力和负荷的样本,进而对38节点孤岛交流微电网进行概率潮流计算,通过对比验证了MTLM算法的快速收敛性和鲁棒性,研究了不同下垂控制策略下系统频率和电压的概率分布情况,分析了具有随机性的高比例可再生能源接入对孤岛微电网的影响。     

基于RT-LAB的储能系统离网运行控制策略研究

微网离网运行时,要求电压和频率稳定。针对风电和光伏的间歇性波动以及负载的频繁投切特性,微网需要储能系统平衡有功和无功功率。本文首先基于RTLAB搭建了储能系统离网运行实验平台,然后在传统的V/f单环控制基础上,对比分析了电感电流内环和电容电流内环两种双环控制方法,改进了传统的恒压恒频控制,该控制策略有更好的抗负载电流扰动特性。最后在matlab/simulink环境下进行了仿真,并且在RTLAB平台上进行了半实物仿真验证,结果表明了提出控制策略的有效性。     

含异构分布式电源的微电网无功功率分散分层控制策略

无功功率—电压下垂与电压—无功功率下垂是多逆变器孤岛微网系统中两种典型的分布式电源无功控制方式。针对含异构分布式电源的微电网,提出了无功功率的分散分层控制策略:①通过改进空载电压,能够在阻抗不匹配的情况下实现无功功率的合理分配,并将公共连接点(PCC)电压恢复至额定值;②基于不同时间尺度搭建分层结构,能够满足微网静态和动态性能的需求;③摆脱传统控制中通信的制约,实现分布式电源即插即用效果。最后,小信号分析、时域仿真以及RT-LAB硬件在环仿真实验验证了控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

独立微网下频率和电压自恢复的二次调节及功率分配控制方法

传统的虚拟同步机控制策略在独立微网运行情况下系统出现大容量负载投切时,系统频率和电压会偏离额定值,严重时将会发生频率和电压越限,影响系统的安全运行。为解决这个问题,首先基于虚拟同步机控制策略提出一种在独立微网下频率和电压二次自恢复调节控制方法,实现变流器的频率和电压自治恢复调节。其次,针对变流器线路阻抗参数不一致,导致变流器输出有功功率和无功功率分配不均的问题,分析产生此现象的原因,提出功率均分控制策略,实现功率的分配控制。最后,采用单母线和网状2种结构对提出的控制算法进行验证。算例结果证明该控制策略的有效性和通用性。     

Power quality enhancement in autonomous microgrid operation using Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper presents an optimal power control strategy for an autonomous microgrid operation based on a real-time self-tuning method. The purpose of this work is to improve the quality of power supply of the microgrid where some Distributed Generation (DG) units are connected to the grid. Voltage and frequency regulation, and power sharing are the main performance parameters which are considered in this work, particularly during the transition from grid-connected to islanding operation mode and also during load change. In this work, two typical DG units are connected in parallel to configure the microgrid. The controller scheme is composed of an inner current control loop and an outer power control loop based on a synchronous reference frame and the conventional PI regulators. The power controller employs two typical strategies: active–reactive power (PQ) control strategy and voltage–frequency (Vf) control strategy. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an intelligent searching algorithm that is applied for real-time self-tuning of the power control parameters. The proposed strategy in this paper is that both DG units adopt the Vf control mode once the microgrid is islanded in order to regulate the microgrid voltage and frequency, whereas during the load change, only the second DG unit invokes the PQ control mode to ensure maximum power exportation. The results show that the proposed controller offers an excellent response to satisfy the power quality requirements and proves the validity of the proposed strategy.     

低压微电网模式自适应控制策略设计

针对微电网模式切换时控制策略的变化问题,提出了一种基于虚拟同步发电机模型的模式自适应微电网控制策略,适用于微电网两种运行状态。增加了模拟低通滤波器模块和无功功率积分控制模块,满足了分布式电源在微电网两种运行状态下的运行要求。以功角,电角速度和有功功率为控制变量设计了稳定控制器,使微电网在受到负荷突变和状态转换扰动情况下仍能稳定运行。仿真和硬件实验表明该方法不仅确保了运行模式间的平滑转换,还能有效改善孤岛状态下微电网受到扰动时的频率调节效果,降低因微电网模式转换对微电网带来的冲击,有利于微电网的运行稳定。     

含分布式电源的配电网可靠性评估

考虑未来配电网的发电和用电特征,提出计及网架拓扑结构、设备因素、电源出力和负荷需求的不确定性的配电网可靠性综合分析方法。基于网络等值法计算配电网各负荷点的系统侧电网故障率和修复率;针对配网的孤岛运行方式,计算反映电源出力和负荷需求的冗余不确定性的状态转换率参数,分布式电源的机械故障参数和孤岛系统的起动切换参数。最终应用马尔可夫模型,采用IEEE-RBTS BUS6配电网算例,对文中所提方法进行了验证。评估结果表明了该方法的精确性和快速性。