传统自然发酵四川香肠加工贮藏过程中生物胺含量变化

采用高效液相色谱法对传统自然发酵四川香肠加工贮藏过程中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺)含量变化进行测定。结果表明:传统自然发酵四川香肠原料肉中只检测出了色胺、苯乙胺和亚精胺,贮藏120天检测出了7种生物胺,除亚精胺外,6种生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺)的含量在加工过程中均显著增加(P0.01)。传统自然发酵四川香肠中以酪胺、组胺、尸胺和腐胺为主,含量分别达到153.06、127.90、132.46和92.83 mg/kg,4种生物胺占生物胺总量的89.66%。传统自然发酵四川香肠中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、组胺和酪胺)含量均低于20 mg/100 g。生物胺总量在加工贮藏过程中变化显著(P0.01),总量低于1 000 mg/kg。     

牛肉贮藏中微生物数量与生物胺生成的相关性研究

以牛背最长肌为原料,分别采用空气包装(air-packaging,AP),真空包装(vacuum packaging,VP)和气调包装(modified atmosphere packaging,MAP),其中MAP又包括两种气体比例:MAP1为高氧气调包装(78.8%O_2、18.8%CO2和2.4%N_2),MAP2为无氧气调包装(60%CO_2和40%N_2),将4种包装的牛肉在冰温(-1.5℃)和低温(2℃)条件下贮藏,研究贮藏过程中牛肉微生物(菌落总数及嗜冷菌)及8种生物胺的生成情况,并分析微生物与生物胺形成之间的相关性。结果表明:4种包装形式的牛肉在两种贮藏温度下,其菌落总数与嗜冷菌数均呈上升趋势,AP组贮藏10 d时,牛肉的菌落总数及嗜冷菌数均超过6.00 lgcfu/g,而VP和MAP却能较好地抑制微生物的生长繁殖。不同贮藏组中生物胺总量均随贮藏时间的延长而增加,腐胺是主要的生物胺,其次是尸胺和酪胺,色胺、苯乙胺及组胺均未检出。冰温贮藏可以显著抑制微生物生长及腐胺、尸胺和酪胺的生成。相关性分析表明,腐胺、尸胺及生物胺总量与微生物生长存在显著正相关,特别是腐胺及生物胺总量与菌落总数及嗜冷菌数的相关性达到极显著水平(P0.01),因此可作为判定牛肉品质的标准之一。     

液相色谱-串联质谱测定食醋中生物胺含量

为了检测食醋中生物胺,建立了液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）的检测方法,检测食醋中精胺、亚精胺、尸胺、腐胺、组胺、酪 胺、色胺7种生物胺。 结果表明,不同品牌的食醋生物胺总量差异较大,生物胺总量最高可达到229.98 mg/L,而最低为13.48 mg/L, 酪胺含量（0.96～84.83 mg/L）较高;组胺含量（0.80～9.08 mg/L）较低;不同食醋中精胺（3.01～9.44 mg/L）和尸胺（1.38～15.40 mg/L） 含量不同;样品中未检出色胺。 相关性分析结果显示,腐胺与尸胺、组胺与酪胺之间具有显著相关性（P＜0.01）。     

冷藏期内猪肉肌苷酸与生物胺两者变化关系的研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定生鲜猪肉的背最长肌在4℃温度条件下肌苷酸(IMP)和腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺这六种生物胺含量的变化情况,从而进一步分析它们之间的相关性。结果表明,随着货架期的延长,IMP含量呈先上升后降低的趋势,并在第2d达到最高;精胺含量基本保持在4.0mg/kg左右,组胺的含量始终很低,其它的胺类物质都有所增加,尸胺的变化最为突出;虽然腐胺和亚精胺的含量比较低,但是仍然有明显的变化;酪胺变化也非常明显。从Person积差相关系数可以看出,IMP与其他指标相关系数呈负相关显著,有的指标是不显著的;在0.01水平上,IMP与亚精胺之间的负相关性最强,达到了-0.981;其次是尸胺与IMP之间,相关系数是-0.960,呈显著负相关;酪胺也与IMP显著负相关;IMP与腐胺、组胺、精胺的相关系数都不显著。因此,通过测定IMP含量变化可以预测猪肉新鲜度,且可作为猪肉保藏与加工过程中品质控制的重要指标之一。     

市售四川香肠中生物胺含量比较分析

利用高效液相色谱,以丹磺酰氯为衍生试剂,分析了四川地区30种市售四川香肠中色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺的含量。结果表明:30种市售四川香肠中7种生物胺的检出率均为100%,其中组胺含量最高,平均为182.69 mg/kg;酪胺、尸胺和腐胺次之,平均含量分别为176.93、163.40和60.88 mg/kg;亚精胺平均含量最低,为7.68 mg/kg。30种四川香肠中生物胺的总含量为335.76~1 267.13 mg/kg,1号样品的生物胺总量最高,1、2、5、13、14、15和16号样品中尸胺、组胺和酪胺含量均超过100 mg/kg,存在一定的安全隐患。     

传统中式香肠成熟过程中生物胺的生物控制

以传统中式香肠成熟过程中生物胺含量的变化为研究对象,重点介绍了色胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺的变化。在香肠加工过程中添加发酵剂和复合植物提取物来控制香肠中生物胺的积累,利用高效液相色谱仪检测成熟过程中生物胺的变化。结果表明,添加发酵剂可有效地抑制色胺、腐胺、尸胺、酪胺的生成;复合植物提取物只是在抑制酪胺含量的增加上有显著效果;同时加入发酵剂和复合植物提取物对色胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺的抑制效果更显著,特别是组胺,在生产结束时含量为0。发酵剂和复合植物提取物对精胺和亚精胺基本没有影响。     

国产葡萄酒中生物胺组成与含量分析

通过对国产葡萄酒产品中生物胺组成和含量的检测分析,了解国产葡萄酒中生物胺含量现状。采用GB/T 5009.208—2008方法,对国内市售的250个国产葡萄酒样品中8种生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺和亚精胺)含量进行检测。结果显示,国产葡萄酒样品中8种生物胺含量范围分别为色胺0~32.78 mg/L,苯乙胺0~48.20 mg/L,腐胺0~46.60 mg/L,尸胺0~9.38 mg/L,组胺0~14.37 mg/L,酪胺0~14.60 mg/L,精胺0~12.73 mg/L,亚精胺0~0.50mg/L;葡萄酒样品中检出率最高和最低的生物胺分别为腐胺和精胺,检出率分别为88.4%和50.0%,组胺检出率为52.8%;98.8%的葡萄酒样品中组胺含量低于10 mg/L,98.0%的葡萄酒样品中酪胺含量低于10 mg/L。同其他种类葡萄酒相比,干红葡萄酒样品中生物胺含量相对较高,但与欧洲葡萄酒传统酿造国家的同类产品含量水平一致。国产葡萄酒中生物胺含量水平符合食品安全要求,具有较好的饮用安全性。     

发酵香肠中生物胺的研究

本文采用RP-HPLC法测定了发酵香肠中的生物胺(苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺)的含量。样品经0.4mol/L高氯酸溶液提取,丹磺酰氯衍生,流动相为乙腈和水,采用梯度洗脱,流速为1mL/min,紫外检测波长为254nm。该方法检测限为:腐胺、尸胺、亚精胺、酪胺和精胺为0.1μg/mL,组胺0.5μg/mL,苯乙胺0.05μg/mL。回收率分别为苯乙胺86.71%、腐胺88.88%、尸胺94.55%、组胺87.57%、酪胺83.67%、亚精胺88.55%、精胺94.91%。结果表明发酵香肠中生物胺的种类及含量因香肠的品种而异,7种生物胺平均总量为13.40mg/100g,变异范围为7.83~19.13mg/100g。本法简便、快速、灵敏、可靠。     

混合菌种发酵生产低酸度川味香肠加工过程中生物胺含量的变化

接种混合发酵剂并在控温控湿条件下生产低酸度川味香肠,对加工过程中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺)含量变化进行研究。结果表明:干燥结束时,低酸度川味香肠中除亚精胺以外,其他生物胺含量均低于人工控温控湿不接种组(B组)、自然条件接种组(C组)、自然条件不接种组(D组),其中色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、组胺和酪胺的含量均显著低于未接种组(P0.01),说明混合发酵剂在适宜的温湿度条件下能明显抑制低酸度川味香肠中色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、组胺和酪胺积累(P0.01);混合发酵剂对低酸度川味香肠中尸胺的抑制作用不显著(P0.05)。     

四川区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种牦牛肉发酵香肠中生物胺含量的研究

以四川省10 区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种发酵剂的牦牛肉香肠共21 个样品为研究对象,测定发酵香肠中的生物胺含量。结果发现,21 个发酵香肠样品中均检测到酪胺、亚精胺、精胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺及组胺,β-苯乙胺均未检出;生物胺总量在57.34～411.12 mg/kg,除采自凉山州西昌的自然发酵牦牛肉香肠和广安的自然发酵猪肉香肠中酪胺含量超过了美国食品及药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）规定标准（酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg）,其余均不存在生物胺安全问题。     

不同啤酒生物胺含量的比较

使用反相高效液相色谱法,测定啤酒中8种常见生物胺含量。以苯甲酰氯为衍生试剂,Agilent EclipseXDB-C18为固定相,乙腈和乙酸铵溶液为流动相,紫外检测波长设置为254 nm,梯度洗脱。本文首先对国内市售啤酒生物胺种类及含量范围进行研究,检测结果表明国内啤酒中8种生物胺均有存在,但不同样品所含种类不同,且有个别胺含量偏低无法定量。不同厂家的产品在种类和含量上存在差别,但整体含量接近,生物胺总量为4.21～10.59 mg/L,不足以对人类健康产生危害。原麦汁浓度、酒精度与生物胺含量的关系显示,二者与生物胺有一定联系,但非主要因素,相对于生产厂家和发酵情况,原麦汁浓度、酒精度对生物胺含量的影响较小。     

Hygienic status and biogenic amine content of mung bean sprouts

 Microbiological analyses of commercial mung bean sprouts showed the total, viable microbiological population to exceed 10⁸ cfu/g. Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter agglomerans were found to be the dominant and most frequently isolated microbial species. Putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were detected in all samples investigated. Formation of biogenic amines by pure culture isolates was studied in a modified decarboxylase medium at different temperatures, pH values and atmospheres. Highest activities were found under aerobic conditions at 20  °C. K. pneumoniae 861 produced 1.2 mg cadaverine/ml after an incubation period of 24 h and E. cloacae 862 produced 2 mg putrescine/ml after 48 h of incubation. For E. agglomerans 863, no biogenic amines were detected under these conditions. Production of cadaverine by E. cloacae 862 and K. pneumoniae 861 under aerobic conditions is presumably related to lysine decarboxylase activities. Although highest decarboxylase activities have usually been found at acidic pH values, amine production reached a maximum at pH 7. Under anaerobic conditions, E. cloacae 862 produced only about half the amount of putrescine as under aerobic conditions, whilst K. pneumoniae 861 produced significantly less cadaverine but was able to produce putrescine. Received: 10 October 1997 / Revised version: 21 January 1998     

Hygienic status and biogenic amine content of mung bean sprouts

 Microbiological analyses of commercial mung bean sprouts showed the total, viable microbiological population to exceed 10⁸ cfu/g. Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter agglomerans were found to be the dominant and most frequently isolated microbial species. Putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were detected in all samples investigated. Formation of biogenic amines by pure culture isolates was studied in a modified decarboxylase medium at different temperatures, pH values and atmospheres. Highest activities were found under aerobic conditions at 20  °C. K. pneumoniae 861 produced 1.2 mg cadaverine/ml after an incubation period of 24 h and E. cloacae 862 produced 2 mg putrescine/ml after 48 h of incubation. For E. agglomerans 863, no biogenic amines were detected under these conditions. Production of cadaverine by E. cloacae 862 and K. pneumoniae 861 under aerobic conditions is presumably related to lysine decarboxylase activities. Although highest decarboxylase activities have usually been found at acidic pH values, amine production reached a maximum at pH 7. Under anaerobic conditions, E. cloacae 862 produced only about half the amount of putrescine as under aerobic conditions, whilst K. pneumoniae 861 produced significantly less cadaverine but was able to produce putrescine. Received: 10 October 1997 / Revised version: 21 January 1998     

休闲发酵色拉米中生物胺的测定与分析

人体摄入过多的生物胺时会出现许多不良反应，本实验对乳杆菌（米酒乳杆菌和戊糖乳杆菌）和片球菌（戊糖片球菌和小片球菌）在休闲发酵色拉米中生物胺的生成量进行了测定与分析。结果表明：供试乳杆菌和片球菌均能产生不等量的组胺、尸胺、腐胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺，但都不产生色胺，产品中的生物胺生成量表现出明显的菌株效应。采用复配菌种（片球菌＋葡萄球菌）发酵可以明显降低香肠中组胺、尸胺、腐胺和酪胺以及总生物胺的含量。     

A survey on free biogenic amine content of fresh and preserved vegetables

A survey on free biogenic amine contents in fresh and preserved vegetable products was carried out. A simple extraction method, involving an homogenisation step with 0.1 M HCl, was applied. Two different derivatization procedures (using o-phthaldialdehyde and dansyl chloride) were applied on different aliquots of the same acid extracts and HPLC analyses were carried out with the same reversed phase (C18) HPLC column. Results obtained with the two procedures were compared. With the exception of sauerkraut, putrescine (0.2–0.5 mg/100 g fresh weight) and spermidine (0.4–4.5 mg/100 g) were always the most represented amines, generally followed by spermine (maximum 1.1 mg/100 g). Tyramine level was 4.9 mg/100 g in canned sauerkraut while other samples presented levels not exceeding 1.2 mg/100 g. The spinach sample showed the highest histamine content (2.0 mg/100 g).     

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of probiotic Turkish fermented sausage

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of Turkish fermented sausage manufactured by using probiotic starter cultures (Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus or their combination) were investigated before and after fermentation-drying period and during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C for 8 months at 2 month intervals. As results of the study, during fermentation and storage biogenic amine content (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine) of the samples were increased significantly. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform and fecal coliform microorganisms were not detected during fermentation and storage. Probiotic microorganism counts of all samples were higher than the lower limit of 6.0 log cfu/g which is requested for probiotic foods.     

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of probiotic Turkish fermented sausage

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of Turkish fermented sausage manufactured by using probiotic starter cultures (Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus or their combination) were investigated before and after fermentation-drying period and during refrigerated storage at 4?±?1?°C for 8?months at 2?month intervals. As results of the study, during fermentation and storage biogenic amine content (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine) of the samples were increased significantly. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform and fecal coliform microorganisms were not detected during fermentation and storage. Probiotic microorganism counts of all samples were higher than the lower limit of 6.0 log cfu/g which is requested for probiotic foods.     

黄酒生产过程中生物胺的形成及变化

采用高效液相色谱的方法分析某企业春、秋和冬酿黄酒生产过程中的总生物胺及色胺、组胺、苯乙胺、酪胺、尸胺、腐胺、精胺、亚精胺8种生物胺含量,探讨了黄酒原料及整个发酵生产过程中生物胺形成和分解机制。结果表明,冬酿黄酒中主要的生物胺是腐胺、酪胺和色胺,在整个生产过程中呈现先降低后升高的趋势,其中后酵生物胺含量最高,为186.7 mg/L;春酿、秋酿和冬酿黄酒中前酵阶段生物胺含量差异不明显（P＞0.05）,后酵阶段秋酿黄酒和冬酿黄酒生物胺含量显著高于春酿黄酒（P＜0.05）,煎酒阶段冬酿黄酒生物胺含量显著高于春酿黄酒和秋酿黄酒（P＜0.05）;冬酿和秋酿黄酒中酪胺含量分别为72.11 mg/kg和30.26 mg/kg,以及高含量的腐胺和色胺,具有潜在的食品安全隐患。