Pb-30%Bi包晶合金定向凝固的两相微观组织研究

对Pb-30%Bi包晶合金进行定向凝固试验,研究了在不同生长速率、不同试样直径条件下获得的两相微观组织,并对其组织的形成及微观组织尺度进行分析。试验结果表明,当生长速率V由1μm/s逐渐增大到100μm/s时,微观组织经历胞状初生α相+胞间包晶β相到枝晶状α相+枝晶间β相微观组织的转变。当生长速率V≤0.5μm/s时,在小直径(1.8 mm)试样中发现不完全带状组织,而在大直径(7 mm)试样中却得到了振荡组织。同时发现,初生α相的一次枝晶间距λ与凝固速率V之间存在λV0.16=241.0μm1.16s-0.16的关系,这与Hunt模型和Trivedi模型较好地吻合。     

Pb-Bi包晶合金定向凝固微观组织演化

对Pb-(26,28,30,34)Bi(质量分数,%,下同)包晶合金进行平界面生长的低速定向凝固到枝晶状生长的高速定向凝固实验,研究了Pb-Bi包晶合金的微观组织形成及其演化。实验结果表明,在温度梯度G=30K/mm条件下,当凝固速度V=0.25μm/s时,初生α相和包晶β相均以平界面生长,凝固组织的演化过程为:单相初生α相→两相竞争组织→β单相。V=0.5μm/s时,定向凝固组织的演化过程为:单相初生α相→胞状α相+胞间包晶β相→α+β两相竞争组织→β单相。在G=20K/mm条件下,当凝固速度V=1μm/s时,初生α相以胞状领先生长,包晶β相则在胞状α间形核生长,并包裹住α胞。当凝固速度增加至V≥2μm/s时,初生α相由胞状转变为枝晶状,包晶β相则在枝晶间包围α枝晶。     

定向凝固速率对Cu-7．9％Co包晶合金凝固组织的影响

对Cu-7．9％Co包晶合金不同定向凝固速率下的凝固组织进行了研究。结果表明：在定向凝固速率1μm／s～100μm／s下，随凝固速率的提高，初生α-Co相体积分数减少，使形态从定向生长的枝晶转变为等轴枝晶，相应地β-Cu包晶相的生长界面形态由平界面转变为枝状界面。利用最高界面生长温度假设，计算得到了凝固速率在0．55μm／s～5000μm／s范围内α-Co相领先于β-Cu相生长，与实验结果较为吻合；并当凝固速率大于5000μm／s时，β-Cu相的凝固界面生长温度高于α-Co而成为领先相，可以不通过包晶反应直接从熔体中凝固析出。     

Microstructure And Its Scales Of Cu--70%Sn Peritectic Alloy Under High—Temperature Gradient Directional Solidification

在凝固速率1-500 μm／s的范围内,Cu-70％Sn包晶合金定向凝固组织由ε相、包晶η相和共晶体组成,ε相为 领先相与最高界面生长温度假设的分析一致.理论计算结果显示,当凝固速率大于22.35 mm／s时,η相可直接从液相中析出, 无需通过包晶反应进行.凝固速率越低,ε向η相固相转变系数越大,造成ε相尺寸在1-5μm／s范围内变化很小,而包晶η 相的体积分数随凝固速率的增加呈现先减后增的变化趋势.在凝固速率小于50#m／s时, Cu-70％Sn包晶合金一次枝晶间距 满足λV0.325=199.5μm1.325·s-0.325;在凝固速率高于50μm／s时,一次枝晶间距满足λV0.528=676 μm1.528·s-0.528.     

定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的微观组织演变与微观偏析(英文)

在3～70μm/s的生长速度范围内对Ti-46Al-8Nb(摩尔分数,%)合金进行定向凝固实验,研究其微观组织演变和微观偏析形式。在该生长速度范围内,固-液界面表现为规则的枝晶生长,一次枝晶间距随着生长速度的加快而逐渐减小。在定向凝固过程中观察到典型的L+β→α包晶反应,最终得到具有α2/γ层片和B2相的微观组织。在各个晶粒中,层片与β相枝晶初始生长方向呈0°或45°。包晶反应导致严重的成分偏析,在凝固过程中,铝富集在枝晶间,铌富集在枝晶心部。随着α相的形核和生长,铌的偏析程度逐渐增大,从而促进B2相的析出,而富集在枝晶间的铝在包晶反应发生后逐渐变得均匀、一致。     

凝固速率对Cu-1.0wt%Cr合金界面形态及枝晶演变的影响

研究了定向凝固速率对Cu-1．0wt％Cr亚共晶合金凝固界面形态及枝晶生长的影响。结果表明：当温度梯度一定时，随着凝固速率的提高，初生α相形态经过平面晶-胞晶组织-粗树枝晶-细树枝晶一系列的演化；初生α相的一次枝晶间距λ1在胞晶生长阶段逐渐增大，而在枝晶生长阶段，λ1又逐渐减小；而二次枝晶间距λ2随凝固速率的增加一直减小。     

深过冷Al_(46.2)Fe_(36.6)Ti_(17.2)包共晶合金的快速凝固及组织演变

采用落管无容器处理技术实现了Al_(46.2)Fe_(36.6)Ti_(17.2)三元包共晶合金的深过冷与快速凝固,获得直径为130~1 150μm的合金粒子,其过冷度范围为202~30 K。研究发现,在自由落体条件下,合金熔体在快速凝固过程中呈现显著的溶质截留效应,包共晶转变进行得不彻底,凝固组织中包含Fe_2Ti相、Fe Al相和τ_2相,其中Fe_2Ti相为初生相,组织呈现枝晶形貌,Fe Al相和τ_2相形成层片状包共晶组织。随着液滴直径的减小,冷却速率增加,过冷度增大,凝固组织中初生Fe_2Ti相的形貌由粗大枝晶逐渐变为细碎枝晶,一次枝晶轴长度与粒子直径呈线性减小关系;包共晶组织由长条状层片变为球状胞,并且层片间距呈指数型减小。     

Pb-Bi包晶合金定向凝固过程中带状组织的形成(英文)

采用Bridgman定向凝固技术对Pb-Bi包晶合金进行定向凝固实验,生长速度为0.5μm/s,温度梯度为35K/mm。在亚包晶和过包晶成分的Pb-Bi合金中(Pb-xBi,x=26%,28%,30%和 34%)均观察到带状组织。由于熔体对流的影响,在试样中心形成树状初生α相,周围被包晶β相基体包围。带状组织出现在树状组织后,并且该带状组织为过渡性的。测定带状组织中的成分分布,从而确定α和β两相的形核过冷度。在有限长试样中,熔体对流是形成过渡性带状组织的主要原因,该过渡性带状组织表现为有限带数,带宽不恒定,且在Pb-Bi合金的两相包晶区很宽的成分范围内出现。     

生长速率对NiAl-7.8Mo亚共晶合金定向凝固组织及界面形态的影响

采用高温度梯度定向凝固装置制备了NiAl-7.8Mo亚共晶合金,系统研究了生长速率对合金凝固时界面形态、枝晶生长及初生相析出的影响。随生长速率的增大,固液界面依次呈现平、胞枝、枝的形貌转变,初生β相的一次枝晶间距λ1在胞晶生长阶段逐渐增大,而在枝晶生长阶段λ1又逐渐减小;二次枝晶间距λ2随生长速率的增加一直减小。初生β相的析出量随生长速率的增加而增加。分析结果表明:生长速率增加导致熔体过冷度增加,使得NiAl初生相形核率增加,最终导致初生β相的析出量随生长速率的增加而增加。     

生长速率对NiAl-7.8Mo亚共晶合金定向凝固组织及界面形态的影响

采用高温度梯度定向凝固装置制备了NiAl-7.8Mo亚共晶合金,系统研究了生长速率对合金凝固时界面形态、枝晶生长及初生相析出的影响.随生长速率的增大,固液界面依次呈现平、胞枝、枝的形貌转变,初生β相的一次枝晶间距λ1在胞晶生长阶段逐渐增大,而在枝晶生长阶段λ1又逐渐减小;二次枝晶间距λ2随生长速率的增加一直减小.初生β相的析出量随生长速率的增加而增加.分析结果表明:生长速率增加导致熔体过冷度增加,使得NiAl初生相形核率增加,最终导致初生β相的析出量随生长速率的增加而增加.     

Effect of sample diameter on primary dendrite spacing of directionally solidified Al-4%Cu alloy

The relationship between primary dendrite arm spacing and sample diameter was studied during directional solidification for Al-4%Cu (mass fraction) alloy. It is shown that primary dendrite spacing is decreased with the decrease of the sample diameter at given growth rate. By regressing the relationship between primary dendrite arm spacing and the growth rate, the primary dendrite arm spacing complies with 461.76v-0.53, 417.92v-0.28 and 415.83v-0.25 for the sample diameter of 1.8, 3.5 and 7.2 mm, respectively. The primary dendrite spacing, growth rate and thermal gradient for different sample diameters comply with 28.77v-0.35G-0.70, 23.17v-0.35G-0.70 and 23.84v-0.35G-0.70, respectively. They are all consistent with the theoretical model , and b1/a1=2. By analyzing the experimental results with classical models, it is shown that KURZ-FISHER model fits for the primary dendrite spacing in smaller sample diameters with weaker thermosolute convection. Whereas TRIVEDI model is suitable for describing primary dendrite arm spacing with a larger diameter (d＞2 mm) where convection should be considered.     

Zn—2.75%Cu合金定向凝固组织及对流的影响

研究了Zn-2.75%Cu合金在传统Bridgeman法和ACRT－B法下定向凝固组织的差别。着重讨论了生长速度和液相强制对流对Zn-Cu包晶定向凝固组织的影响。实验发现,在Bridgeman法定向凝固过程中,生长速度的增加使得液相中的温度梯度减小,一次枝晶间距减小,一次枝晶间距与生长速度和温度梯度的关系式为：λ1=0.6064R^-0.25GL^-0.5。强制对流使得一次枝晶发生分叉和偏转。并且随着对流强度的加大,一次枝晶间距降低,二次枝晶的生长被抑制。包晶反应的存在,使得枝晶的尖端和二次枝晶熔解,造成了固相中枝晶和初生枝晶的差别。     

Competition of the primary and peritectic phases in hypoperitectic Cu–Sn alloys solidified at low speed in a diffusive regime

Directional solidification experiments on hypoperitectic Cu–Sn alloys have been performed at very low velocity in a high thermal gradient to ensure planar front growth of both phases. The diameter of the sample has been reduced to 500 μm to strongly reduce convection. Lamellar and fibrous peritectic cooperative growth of the primary α- and peritectic β-phases has been observed on length spanning several millimeters. For the first time in a high solidification interval peritectic alloy, a quenched interface of both phases in contact with the liquid has been obtained. An unexpectedly high volume fraction of the primary phase, which furthermore fluctuates over time, has been observed. This is attributed to the transient state of the (α + β) growth front to a steady state and the associated evolution of the large diffusion layer ahead of the solid–liquid interface.     

Secondary dendrite arm migration caused by temperature gradient zone melting during peritectic solidification

During dendritic solidification of Al–Ni and Sn–Ni peritectic alloys in a temperature gradient, it is observed that a thick peritectic layer forms on the front edge of the secondary dendrite arm of the primary phase, while there is almost no peritectic phase on the back edge. This observation is explained satisfactorily by a new version of secondary dendrite arm migration caused by temperature gradient zone melting during peritectic solidification, which involves both primary and peritectic phases. Experimental and theoretical analysis in the present work demonstrates that temperature gradient zone melting can cause extensive melting/solidification of the primary and peritectic phase during peritectic solidification.     

Microstructure and Stress-Rupture Property of Large-Scale Complex Nickel-Based Single Crystal Casting

The microstructure and stress-rupture property of the large-scale complex single crystal(SX) casting DD10 were investigated in high-rate solidification process. It is found that the primary dendrite arm spacing(PDAS) does not increase monotonically with the height increase. When across the platform, the temperature gradient increases due to the effect of platform, and the corresponding PDAS decreases. The distribution of eutectic volume fraction in large-scale complex SX casting is affected by PDAS, solid back diffusion, and the development of high order dendrites. The eutectic volume fraction contained in the sample taken below the platform decreases with the height increase. While the eutectic volume fraction contained in the sample taken upper the platform increases gradually with the height increase. After heat treatment,most of the γ/γ' eutectics are eliminated and the components are distributed uniformly. The similar stress rupture properties of the samples at different heights in the same direction are obtained.     

生长速度与试样直径对定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金显微组织和硬度的影响

对Ti-46Al-8Nb（摩尔分数,%）合金进行布里奇曼型定向凝固实验,考察生长速度和试样直径对合金显微组织、相变路径和硬度的影响。结果表明,随着生长速度的增加和试样直径的减小,凝固过程由完全β相凝固转变为具有包晶反应的凝固过程,其最终显微组织为α2/γ层片及有α2/γ层片和B2相组成的多相组织。以上结果是由扩散和对流的减弱造成的溶质富集而引起的。包晶反应的发生往往导致严重的溶质偏析,其中溶质Al和Nb的偏析使得层片组织较为粗大。因此,在较高生长速度下发生包晶反应时,合金硬度值急剧下降,硬度曲线随着生长速度的增加呈不连续变化。严重溶质偏析导致的粗大层片组织也使得该成分合金的硬度低于其他Ti Al基合金的硬度。     

Pb-Bi亚共晶和包晶合金的快速凝固

采用硅油净化法使大体积Ｐｂ－５０％Ｂｉ亚共晶合金和Ｐｂ－２９．２％Ｂｉ包晶合金分别获得了４５Ｋ（０．１１ＴＬ）和１１７Ｋ（０．２３ＴＬ）的过冷度,并对这两种合金快速凝固过程中ε金属间化合物相的组织开矿及随过冷度的变化规律进行了探讨,对于Ｐｂ－５０％Ｂｉ亚共晶合金,实验发现ε相以枝晶方式生长,随着这冷度的增大,ε相枝晶细化显著,最大过冷度处一次和二次枝晶间距细化达一个数量级,同时在过冷度达４５Ｋ的试