孔隙结构对地下水回灌颗粒堵塞影响的试验研究

地下水人工回灌是增加地下水补给量的有效手段,颗粒堵塞是影响地下水回灌效率的主要因素,介质孔隙结构是颗粒堵塞发生发展的直接影响因素。为了研究孔隙结构如何对地下水回灌颗粒堵塞产生影响,基于地下水回灌工程实际,设计并搭建了一维砂柱物理模型,通过玻璃珠介质和石英砂介质的对比试验,研究了介质孔隙结构对地下水回灌颗粒堵塞的影响。定量表达并分析了孔隙结构对颗粒运动过程和颗粒堵塞发生发展的影响。对试验现象进行了定量描述和理论推导,分析总结了地下水回灌试验过程中的颗粒运动规律及颗粒堵塞机理。研究表明,地下水回灌过程中介质孔隙结构越不规则,颗粒堵塞发展越快、发展程度越高、影响范围越大。本研究为地下水人工回灌等提供了一定介质孔隙结构对颗粒堵塞影响方面的理论参考。     

地下水人工回灌颗粒沉积研究进展

颗粒堵塞是影响地下水人工回灌效率的主要因素,揭示地下水人工回灌过程中引起颗粒堵塞发生发展的颗粒沉积机理规律,为减少回灌堵塞、提高回灌效率的研究提供技术支撑。对已有关于回灌颗粒堵塞现象和颗粒沉积理论机制的研究进行了综述。结果表明：现阶段相关研究不能定量地观测颗粒堵塞的微观物理过程,颗粒堵塞机理与颗粒堵塞现象间的内在联系不完全清楚,跨尺度耦合研究不充分。     

不同浓度悬浮物颗粒在多孔介质中迁移特性研究

多孔介质中悬浮物迁移特性的研究,有利于减缓实际回灌工程中的堵塞问题,对地下水人工回灌技术的推广具有重要理论意义。采用室内砂柱试验,研究不同悬浮物浓度条件下多孔介质渗透性的变化、悬浮物颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的运移-沉积规律,并分析堵塞发生的机理。本次试验以中位粒径224.2μm的石英砂作为入渗介质并在砂柱中分别连续注入由中位粒径3.24μm的悬浮物颗粒配制而成的三组不同浓度溶液(100 mg·L~(-1)、300 mg·L~(-1)、500 mg·L~(-1))。研究结果表明,在不同的回灌浓度条件下,砂柱内均发生了表面-内部双重堵塞;且随着悬浮物溶液浓度的增加,悬浮颗粒在多孔介质内的迁移量减少,而滞留量却明显增多,但悬浮物浓度对沉积量的影响随着入渗深度的增加而减小;堵塞速率也会随着回灌液浓度的增加而加快;在回灌的初始阶段,多孔介质的渗透性随时间下降幅度很大,随着试验的进行,最终会趋于稳定状态,且越靠近砂柱表层,悬浮物堵塞的程度越为严重。在实际的人工回灌工程中,要尽可能降低回灌液中悬浮物颗粒的浓度,以降低堵塞的风险,保证回灌工程更为长久地运行。     

注水井回灌过程中堵塞问题实验研究

采用砂柱在实验室内模拟井灌过程中注水井周围砂层的堵塞过程。通过测定渗透系数的变化来分析堵塞的程度，同时，通过测定水样悬浮物浓度、细菌数目、溶解氧、TOC等水质参数的变化来分析井灌过程中可能发生的物理、生物堵塞。试验分别采用平均粒径为0.59 mm和0.34 mm的两种砂样。试验结果分析表明：悬浮物颗粒填充砂粒介质空隙引起的机械堵塞和微生物积聚、繁殖堵塞介质空隙引起的生物堵塞是砂柱堵塞的主要原因；砂柱上部对悬浮物和微生物的过滤、吸附作用强，堵塞也更严重；介质粒径差异对堵塞过程和堵塞程度的影响明显，平均粒径较小的砂柱更容易发生堵塞，而平均粒径为0.59 mm的砂柱渗透系数减小持续时间长，渗透系数减小的幅度大。     

A Suitable Tool for Sustainable Groundwater Management

Artificial recharge is used to increase the availability of groundwater storage and reduce saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, where pumping and droughts have severely impaired groundwater quality. The implementation of optimal recharge methods requires knowledge of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena involving water and wastewater filtration in the subsoil, together with engineering aspects related to plant design and maintenance operations. This study uses a novel Decision Support System (DSS), which includes soil aquifer treatment (SAT) evaluation, to design an artificial recharge plant. The DSS helps users make strategic decisions on selecting the most appropriate recharge methods and water treatment technologies at specific sites. This will enable the recovery of safe water using managed aquifer recharge (MAR) practices, and result in reduced recharge costs. The DSS was built using an artificial intelligence technique and knowledge-based technology, related to both quantitative and qualitative aspects of water supply for artificial recharge. The DSS software was implemented using rules based on the cumulative experience of wastewater treatment plant engineers and groundwater modeling. Appropriate model flow simulations were performed in porous and fractured coastal aquifers to evaluate the suitability of this technique for enhancing the integrated water resources management approach. Results obtained from the AQUASTRESS integrated project and DRINKADRIA IPA CBC suggest the most effective strategies for wastewater treatments prior to recharge at specific sites.     

地下水源热泵回灌过程颗粒迁移-脱离模型及堵塞区判定

开展多孔介质中悬浮颗粒的迁移-脱离过程研究对地下水回灌工程、注浆工程和石油工程等具有重要意义。以地下水源热泵工程为依托,提出了描述颗粒迁移-脱离过程的波浪状曲面模型,研究不同的粒径组合以及不同压力对多孔介质中颗粒迁移以及脱离特性的影响。在此基础上,采用Comsol对典型地下水源热泵工程进行模拟,揭示了不同粒径及压力分布条件下回灌堵塞区分布规律。结果表明:在相同颗粒粒径组合(相同临界速度)下,压力越大,可以脱离的悬浮颗粒的范围越大;在相同压力下,临界速度越大,可以脱离的悬浮颗粒的范围越小;其他条件相同时,位置离抽水井和回灌水井越近,压力越大,渗流速度越大,悬浮颗粒越容易脱离。     

Potential Clogging and Dissolution Effects During Artificial Recharge of Groundwater Using Potable Water

To avoid the water quality deterioration that are caused by artificial recharge (AR) of groundwater, potable drinking water has been used as one of the source water for AR to control the side effects caused by the over-exploitation of groundwater. Chemical clogging problems can still be caused by certain chemical components, especially Fe and Al, and a lower concentration of these elements can cause a notable decrease in hydraulic conductivity at the top layer of the infiltration medium. Some components in AR source water can be obstructed by the clogging layer, leading to a change in water quality. The accumulation of total suspended solids (TSS) at the clogging layer can cause physical clogging and worsen the degree of chemical clogging. Although clogging and the related change in water quality were the dominant issues that affect the infiltration rate and health risks during the AR process, the dissolution of the aquifer matrix should also be taken into account. This dissolution contributed to not only the hydraulic conductivity of the infiltration medium but also the potential change in water quality during the aquifer recharge, storage and recovery processes.     

雨洪水回灌中多分散颗粒运移-沉积特征及数值模拟

雨洪水回灌过程中多分散颗粒造成的堵塞问题实质上是多孔介质中颗粒的运移和沉积。为了揭示饱和多孔介质中多分散颗粒的沉积特性,开展了5种不同浓度条件下多分散雨洪颗粒(0.375~55.82 μm)人工回灌一维砂柱定流量试验,基于胶体过滤理论,建立多分散颗粒运移-沉积的改进模型并进行相应的数值模拟。物理试验和数值模拟结果表明:不同浓度条件下多分散颗粒的沉积剖面都符合“上陡峭,下平缓”的超指数分布,而不是常规模型预测的指数分布。超指数分布是多分散颗粒的非均等沉积造成的,常规模型均化了沉积颗粒的空间分布,Kozeny-Carman模型可以模拟颗粒的非均等沉积造成介质不同位置渗透性能降低,介质的堵塞程度与颗粒大小直接相关,介质渗透性能最大降低为原来的52%,雨洪水中粒径>2.26 μm颗粒的沉积是造成堵塞的主要原因。     

基于CT的再生骨料生态多孔混凝土细观结构分析

为了研究以再生骨料为粗骨料的大孔径多孔混凝土的细观结构,将混凝土看作由骨料、砂浆基质、界面过渡区及孔隙等组成的多相复合材料。利用医用CT对试件进行扫描,获得CT图像和CT值等数据。分别考虑了不同预设孔隙率和不同再生骨料替换率的影响,采用Matlab图像处理技术对多孔混凝土各相组分进行直观表征,同时分别采用CT法和孔隙率测量试验法计算多孔混凝土的体积孔隙率,对比验证CT法测算体积孔隙率的可行性,最后采用阈值分割算法进行试件面层孔隙率计算,定量评价多孔混凝土孔隙分布的连续性与均匀性。结果表明:大孔隙率和高再生骨料替换率会导致多孔混凝土出现大孔隙增多、且形状由光滑圆形向不规则形状或矩形发展的趋势;对于振动成型的试件,沿高度方向面层孔隙率变化较大,且变化剧烈的部分集中在试件上部,孔隙率连续性较差;利用CT法测算试件体积孔隙率,结果与试验法相接近且略大于试验法;试件孔隙分布的均匀性与孔隙率呈负相关。     

Effect of Land-Use Change and Artificial Recharge on the Groundwater in an Arid Inland River Basin

The spatial-temporal variability of groundwater in an inland basin is very sensitive to human activity. This study focused on groundwater changes in the Alagan area within the Tarim Basin, China, with the aim of analyzing the effects of land-use change and artificial recharge on the response characteristics of groundwater. The distributed hydrological model MIKE SHE was introduced for modeling the influence of land use and artificial recharge on groundwater. Based on the runoff variation of this area, we selected three periods to simulate and analyze the response of groundwater. The results of land-use change indicated that there were significant changes from 1980 to 2000. The changed region accounted for 11.93 % of the total area, and the low coverage grasslands showed the greatest reduction. The simulation of hydrological processes before artificial recharge showed that the groundwater depths differed greatly with land-use types. Response analysis of groundwater to artificial recharge showed that the regions in which groundwater decreased were mainly distributed in grassland and bare land. Moreover, spatial autocorrelation coefficients indicated positive spatial autocorrelation of groundwater depths, but these began to reverse in 2010. Overall, land use and artificial recharge have a great influence on the time and spatial distribution of groundwater. Artificial recharge has played a positive role in improving groundwater conditions, but did not change the decreasing trend in time and space. The adaptation of environment to the decrease of groundwater presents as degradation. Groundwater conditions could be improved to some extent by the artificial recharge, but its change seems to be an irreversible process. Overall, this response study provides insight into estimations for exploration of water resources in arid areas.     

基于无资料地区地下水资源量计算方法的研究

地下水是指储存在地面以下饱和岩土孔隙、裂隙及溶洞的水。地下水资源量是指某时段内地下含水层接收降水、地表水体、侧向径流及人工回灌等项渗透补给量的总和。其中,地表水体渗透补给量由湖泊（水库、坑塘）周边渗透补给量、河道及渠系渗透补给量和田间灌溉入渗补给量组成。对无资料地区通常采用临近站地形、地貌等相似的地区借用其现有的水文资料来计算地下水资源量。文章对此进行探讨研究。     

溶质运移中多孔介质弥散度影响因素的SPH模拟研究

借助光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法,本文从流体质点运动和溶质扩散的物理本质出发,设计并进行孔隙尺度下多孔介质中溶质运移的仿真实验,进而分析多孔介质弥散度影响因素,并讨论弥散度与多孔介质结构参数的关系。通过离散化N-S方程和Fick扩散方程,建立描述孔隙水流动的SPH水动力模型和描述溶质分子扩散的扩散模型,求解出在低Pe数下对流扩散方程的一维定解问题,检验了模型的准确性。在高Pe数流场中,进行了恒定流速的黏性流体穿透多孔介质薄层的仿真实验,计算结果可准确模拟出过水断面上各流体质点的流速差异、流体质点在多孔介质中的弥散过程以及流体质点的迂曲绕流过程;通过建立三段理想化的孔隙通道模型,发现在迂曲路径相同时,速度差对机械弥散度仍有显著影响。最后,为探究弥散度与多孔介质结构参数的关系,生成了多组随机粒径的二维多孔介质进行溶质穿透仿真实验。计算结果表明,弥散度与流速变异系数、迂曲度、迂曲路径差以及不均匀系数大致呈正相关,与孔隙率呈负相关。     

涠洲岛地下水人工回灌的可行性分析

通过对北海市涠洲岛水资源的供需现状和发展趋势分析,提出实施地下水人工回灌的必要性和可行性;在对地质构造、水文地质条件、水源条件、工程效益等进行分析后,认为在涠洲岛实施地下水人工回灌是可行的。     

Statistical Approach for Comprehensive Planning of Watershed Development Through Artificial Recharge

The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that cross-correlation analyses can contribute to the artificial recharge study in regional level of shallow aquifer. Correlations between hydrologic time series data were analyzed to identify the hydrogeologic location for potential artificial recharge in district Surat, Gujrat, India. The natural groundwater-level fluctuations and rainfall data were used for the analyses. The effective development of groundwater resources is essential for a country like India. India receives a good amount of average annual rainfall (114?cm) but most of its part goes waste as runoff. Over exploitation of groundwater due to increasing population is an additional cause of water crisis that results in the reduction in per capita availability of water in the country. Artificial recharge is essential for effective development of groundwater resources. An effort has been made to evaluate the suitable recharge zone considering rainfall by arresting runoff to restore groundwater conditions using a statistical technique. Groundwater system in a basaltic terrain where the top weathered regolith forms shallow aquifer the water table variation is directly influenced with temporal rainfall variation. Understanding of this relation is of critical importance to management of groundwater resources. A diagnostic relationship between recharge time series and water level time series is used to serve the purpose to determine the best site for groundwater recharge.     

土工膜防渗平原水库膜下气场数值模拟

以多相孔隙介质理论为基础推导了考虑孔隙中水气二相流的非饱和土固结理论方程,在一定的简化假设基础上编写了相应的有限元耦合计算程序。针对某土工膜全库盆防渗的平原水库进行了不同地下水位与库水位组合方案的三维有限元计算,通过整理库底和过渡平台两处膜下气压与地下水位及库水位变化关系曲线分析了土工膜下气压变化规律。计算结果表明:地下水位快速上升会引起膜下气压迅速增大,使得土工膜的气胀成为可能;当地下水位与土工膜间距小于1m时,膜下气压会随着库水位上升迅速增大。     

Micro-computed tomography scanning approaches to quantify,parameterize and visualize bioturbation activity in clogged streambeds: A proof of concept

Fine particle clogging and faunal bioturbation are two key processes co-occurring in the hyporheic zone that potentially affect hyporheic exchange through modifications in the sediment structure of streambeds. Clogging results from excessive fine sediment infiltration and deposition in rivers, and it is known to decrease matrix porosity and potentially reduce permeability. Faunal bioturbation activity may compensate for the negative effect of clogging by reworking the sediment, increasing porosity, and preventing further infiltration of fines. Although both processes of clogging and bioturbation have received significant attention in the literature separately, their combined effects on streambed sediment structure are not well understood, mostly due to the lack of a standard methodology for their assessment. Here, we illustrate a novel methodology using X-ray computed tomography (CT), as proof of concept, to investigate how, together, clogging and bioturbation affect streambed porosity in a controlled flow-through flume. By visualising gallery formations of an upward conveyor macroinvertebrate; Lumbriculus variegatus as a model species, we quantified bioturbation activity in a clogged streambed, focusing on orientation, depth, and volume at downwelling and upwelling areas of the flume. Gallery creation increased the porosity of the streambed sediment, suggesting a potential improvement in permeability and a possible offset of clogging effects. We illustrate the promising use of X-ray CT as a tool to assess bioturbation in clogged streambeds, and the potential role of bioturbation activity supporting hyporheic exchange processes in streambeds, warranting further studies to understand the extent of bioturbation impacts in natural systems.     

泡沫塑料滤层的雨洪入渗物理淤堵模拟试验研究

泡沫塑料是一种新型滤层材料,在海绵城市入渗系统中具有较好的应用前景,迄今仍存在不同雨洪悬浮物特征下滤层规格的选取以及淤堵之后如何维护等疑难问题。针对雨洪悬浮物淤堵问题,通过在典型场地取样调查分析,得出研究区域雨洪悬浮物粒径级配及浓度范围,采用室内试验来模拟泡沫塑料滤层的物理淤堵过程。将雨洪颗粒划分为5个粒组,分别制备悬浮物溶液,系统开展了滤层入渗模拟试验,建议了滤层选型原则。即对于粒径[0.1,0.25) mm以及<0.1 mm的细颗粒,与其相对应的具有最佳截留效果的滤层规格分别为80 ppi和100 ppi。采用组合级配悬浮物颗粒制备不同浓度的悬浮物溶液,针对两种规格的滤层,开展了入渗模拟试验,获得了泡沫塑料滤层渗透系数下降速度随悬浮液浓度的变化规律。即相同滤层孔径下,雨洪悬浮物浓度越高,滤层淤堵速度越快;相同悬浮物浓度下,滤层孔径越小,淤堵速率越快。滤出液浊度的分析结果也证明了渗透系数的变化规律。     

Recharge Wells Site Selection for Artificial Groundwater Recharge in an Urban Area Using Fuzzy Logic Technique

In arid and semi-arid area, groundwater is the most important water resources. Surface runoff harvesting is the most important process in the artificial recharge of groundwater that should increase groundwater quality and quantity. Urban impervious area provides an appropriate surface to produce adequate amounts of runoff. Groundwater recharge via recharge wells is one of the successful direct sub-surface methods. As many cities around the world face issues of water scarcity due to a fast and unsustainable urbanization, identify the best locations of groundwater recharge wells is an interesting relevant topic, especially in the arid and semi-arid area. Selection of a suitable area for groundwater recharge could increase efficiency of the recharge wells. In this study, the best location of recharge wells was investigated in Urmia city located in the North-west of Iran using fuzzy logic technique. In this study, locations of the drainage channel junctions with adequate potential of surface runoff were determined using SWMM. Appropriate locations for recharge wells were determined based on different layers including distance to runoff harvesting points, distance to the production water wells and depth of groundwater table. Hydraulic condition (hydraulic conductivity and specific recharge) was also used separately. The input layers were prepared using geostatistical interpolation techniques in ArcGIS 9.3 software. Mamdani fuzzy inference system was applied to incorporate the fuzzified input layers. Finally, in each area, pixels with the highest value were proposed as suitable locations for recharge wells. Based on the results, the number of pixels with “High” priorities increased when the hydraulic conductivity was used to site selection. Comparing hydraulic conductivity layer and selected location of the recharge wells shows that the area with low hydraulic conductivity and the area closed to the production water wells has not suitable priority for recharge wells.     

Estimation of Groundwater Recharge from the Rainfall and Irrigation in an Arid Environment Using Inverse Modeling Approach and RS

Quantifying recharge from agricultural areas is important to sustain long-term groundwater use, make intelligent groundwater allocation decisions, and develop on-farm water management strategies. The scarcity of data in many arid regions, especially in the Middle East, has necessitated the use of combined mathematical models and field observations to estimate groundwater recharge. This study was designed to assess the recharge contribution to groundwater from rainfall and irrigation return flow in the Mosian plain, west of Iran. The Inverse modeling approach and remote sensing technology (RS) were used to quantify the groundwater recharge. The recharge for steady–state conditions was estimated using the Recharge Package of MODFLOW. The land-use map for the research area was produced using remote sensing and satellite images technology. According to results, groundwater recharge from the rainfall and irrigation return flow was at the rate of 0.15 mm/day. The recharge to the groundwater from rainfall was about 0.08 mm/day (10.8 % of total rainfall). The average of groundwater recharge contribution in the study area was about 0.39 mm/day that include 15.2 % of the total water used in the irrigated fields. We can conclude that irrigation water is the most important resource of groundwater recharge in this area, consequently, it should be integrated into relevant hydrological models as the main source of groundwater recharge.     

石川河河谷区地下水人工补给潜力与补给方式

为实现石川河地下水位的有效回升进而维持采补平衡,需在该区实施地下水人工补给工程,并确定合理的补给位置及有效的补给方式。选取地下水埋深、坡度、含水层厚度、含水层渗透系数、与环境敏感区距离和给水度6个指标,运用空间分析技术对人工补给地下水地点适宜性进行评价;在此基础上建立三维地质模型分析典型人工补给潜力区的地层结构,探索可行的地下水人工补给方式。结果表明：适宜进行人工补给的高潜力和较高潜力区域主要分布在研究区中部及东南部,面积达48.01 km²,占研究区总面积的32.0%。建议：在石川河河道中上游高潜力和较高潜力区域的北部修建地表入渗池或渗坑;在河道中上游高潜力和较高潜力区域南部和河道中下游的较高潜力区域布设反滤回灌井群;可沿石川河河道中上游高潜力与较高潜力区域之间布置一条长约4.5 km的渗渠,利用河道进行入渗补给。研究结果可为地下水库的修建提供参考。