NO_x和SO_2在Cu_2O(111)表面上同时脱除的DFT研究

采用密度泛函理论,系统研究了SO_2和NO_x在Cu_2O(111)表面上同时脱除的反应机理。计算结果表明,在Cu_2O(111)表面上,NO_2会直接与SO_2反应,进而生成SO_3和NO,反应能垒是121.372kJ/mol;SO_2与NO之间的反应是通过NO先以二聚体的形式生成N_2和O,生成的O原子与SO_2生成SO_3的过程是整个反应过程的速控步骤,能垒是139.992kJ/mol。根据以上结果总结出了Cu_2O(111)表面上SO_2和NO_x共同脱除的机理,将对研究NO_x和SO_2共同脱除提供重要的理论指导意义。     

煤焦异相还原N_2O的反应机理

采用两种不同的简化煤焦模型,利用量子化学密度泛函理论研究了煤焦异相还原N_2O的反应机理。通过计算反应物、中间体以及过渡态的结构和能量明确了反应的过程,并通过热力学分析和动力学分析深入分析煤焦异相还原N_2O的反应机理。研究结果表明:单个碳原子无法体现N_2O分子在煤焦表面的吸附和脱附过程,不适于作为煤焦模型研究煤焦异相还原N_2O的反应,六环苯环簇碳基模型可以成功地研究煤焦异相还原N_2O的反应。煤焦异相还原N_2O的反应共经历三个过渡态和两个中间体将N_2O还原成N_2,N_2O分子在煤焦表面的吸附反应的活化能为51.01 kJ·mol~(-1),煤焦表面吸附N_2O的过程容易进行。煤焦异相还原N_2O的反应在所研究的温度范围(298.15~1500 K)内为放热反应,可以自发发生,反应平衡常数大于10~5,可以完全进行,认为是单向反应。煤焦异相还原N_2O的反应在所研究的温度范围(298.15~1500 K)内反应速率较快,反应活化能为43.55 kJ·mol~(-1),Arrhenius表达式为1.24×10~(10)exp(-5238.15/T)。     

Ag表面乙醇选择性催化氧化的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论计算对Ag (111)和Ag (211)表面乙醇催化氧化过程进行了系统性研究。研究发现原子氧物种是常温下乙醇氧化的关键中间体。在表面原子氧物种辅助下,乙醇O—H键和α-C—H键依次断裂,生成乙氧基中间体和乙醛产物(活化能(E_a)38.0 kJ/mol)。乙醛随后与表面原子氧和羟基氧物种作用,导致CCOO(在Ag(111)表面发生CCOO→C+CO_2)和CH_2COO (在Ag (211)表面发生CH_2COO→CH_2+CO_2)中间体C—C键断裂生成CO_2,该过程是速率控制步骤(Ea95.5 kJ/mol)。计算结果表明乙醇在Ag表面催化氧化过程为结构敏感反应,降低表面缺陷位数量可提高产物中乙醛选择性。     

2,3-二氯吡啶催化加氢动力学研究

采用液相还原法制备了Pd/C催化剂,在压力0.6 MPa、温度303～323 K、转速800 r/min的条件下应用于2,3-二氯吡啶催化加氢反应动力学研究,建立了动力学反应模型,对动力学参数进行了估值。其中3-氯吡啶催化加氢反应为2.1级反应,反应速度方程为：■,活化能44.14 kJ/mol, 2-氯吡啶催化加氢反应为1级反应,反应速率方程为：■,活化能72.28 kJ/mol, 2,3-二氯吡啶催化剂加氢反应为3级反应,反应速度方程为：■,活化能81.13 kJ/mol。     

高温煤焦/CO2气化反应的动力学研究

对煤气化随机孔模型的动力学控制区的假设进行了改进,建立了高温煤焦/CO2气化反应碳转化率(X)与反应时间(t)的修正随机孔模型:X=1-exp[-kt(a+bkt+k2t2)],并在950℃～1 400℃气化温度范围内,用修正随机孔模型模拟淮南慢速热解煤焦和淮南快速热解煤焦/CO2气化反应,所得表观活化能范围分别为121.99kJ/mol～153.75kJ/mol和88.57kJ/mol～121.39kJ/mol.结果表明,修正随机孔模型的拟合效果优于随机孔模型和收缩未反应芯模型的拟合效果,能很好地体现煤焦气化反应的动力学特征,且该模型适用于不同煤焦的气化反应模拟.     

Pt/WC催化剂甲醇脱氢反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和周期平板模型,研究了甲醇在PtML/WC(0001)催化剂表面上的脱氢反应机理。通过对甲醇分解过程中反应物、中间体及产物的结构优化和对可能基元反应的过渡态搜索,得到了各吸附物种在最稳定吸附构型下的吸附能和各基元反应的活化能垒。通过对三条可能反应路径的比较,即甲醇分子中O—H键断裂生成甲氧基(CH_3O~*)和氢(H~*)、C—H键断裂生成羟甲基(CH_2OH~*)和氢(H~*)、C—O键断裂生成甲基(CH_3~*)和羟基(OH~*),发现O—H键的断裂所需活化能最低。因此,在PtML/WC(0001)表面上,甲醇分子中的O—H键断裂生成CH_3O~*为整个反应的速控步骤。     

对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯二聚体水/醇/氨解机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3P86/6⁃31++G（d,p）方法对对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯二聚体的水/醇/氨解反应机理进行了理论研究。设计了水/醇/氨降解过程的各种可能反应路径,对参与反应的各种中间体、过渡态及产物进行了几何结构优化和频率计算以获得热力学与动力学参数值,分析了对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯二聚体主链酯键中的酰氧键位置水/醇/氨降解的反应机理。结果表明,水/醇/氨解能够降低对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯二聚体主链酯键中的酰氧键裂解的反应活化能,使反应更易于进行,其中水解中主要基元反应步的反应能垒最高约为169.0 kJ/mol,氨解最低约为153.0 kJ/mol,其次是醇解约为155.0 kJ/mol。     

煤焦热解过程中产生NH_3的量子化学研究

基于密度泛函理论和过渡态原理,使用Dmol 3模块在分子水平上研究了含有吡啶型氮和吡咯型氮的Armchair和Zigzag型煤焦边缘模型热解过程中释放NH_3的过程,并从能量和热力学角度分析煤焦中哪种氮的存在形式容易热解释放NH_3.所涉及的基元反应均寻找到了过渡态,并得到每一步反应的活化能.通过吉布斯自由能的比较和反应能量对比发现,含有吡啶氮的煤焦模型第一步加氢吸附是放热的,而第二步加氢吸附则为吸热的;含有2-吡啶酮的吡咯氮煤焦模型氢的吸附过程是吸热的;无论是含有吡啶氮还是吡咯氮,Armchair煤焦模型相对于Zigzag煤焦模型来说更容易开环析出NH_2基团;含有2-吡啶酮的吡咯氮煤焦模型相对于含有吡啶氮的煤焦模型来说更容易加氢析出NH_2,进而形成NH_3分子;四条反应路径中含有吡咯氮的Armchair模型最容易产生NH_3.     

RDX热分解的TG-DSC-QMS-FTIR同步动力学

采用TG-DSC-QMS-FTIR同步动力学技术对RDX的热分解过程进行了研究,结果表明,RDX在熔融之后发生分解,可以确定RDX的产物有C、H2O、CH2O、N2O、CO、CO2、NO2,可能有CH4和NH3,而几乎没有NO.采用多元非线性拟合技术进行动力学参数计算,结果表明,RDX的分解过程大致可以分为3个连续步骤,第1步反应的活化能为235 kJ/mol,指前因子log(A/s-1)为22,反应级数为0.6,主要气体产物为CO2、NO2和CH2O;第2步反应的活化能为110 kJ/mol,指前因子log(A/s-1)为1.5,反应级数为1.7,主要的气体产物是N2O、H2O、CH4、NH3、C2O+/C3H+4、CN+/C2H+3、CHO+/C2H+;第3步反应的活化能为223 kJ/mol,指前因子log(A/s-1)为20.9,反应级数为4,主要的产物是C和CO.     

1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑合成机理的理论计算

为了研究由二叠氮基乙二肟(DAzGO)合成1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑(H_2DHBT)的反应机理,采用密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/6-31G(d)基组水平上计算了酸性条件下DAzGO分子成环反应的反应物、过渡态和产物结构,获得反应能垒。结果表明,DAzGO分子的成环为两步成环的亲电反应,其中第一个基元反应是决速步,反应能垒为86.94kJ/mol;氢离子和水分子的存在将反应能垒降低了30.46kJ/mol,氢离子和水分子可以促进成环反应。DAzGO的成环反应在丙酮、水、乙醚中的决速步能垒分别为87.03、90.08、72.59kJ/mol;溶剂的极性越小,对DA_2GO分子成环反应的促进作用越大,乙醚为最佳反应溶剂。     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

用两个形状指数表征粉煤灰颗粒形貌的研究

引用两个形状指数表征颗粒形状的概念,即先将颗粒形状近似为椭圆,再将椭圆图像分离:以圆为基准的颗粒宏观形状指数δ;以光滑椭圆为基准的颗粒轮廓凹凸度,即微观形状指数ζ。分析和发展了近似椭圆模型。并运用图像分析仪对粉煤灰、水泥样品进行实验。结果表明,粉煤灰颗粒的两个形状指数δ和ζ都大于水泥颗粒。证明粉煤灰颗粒的球形度、表面光滑度优于水泥,而且,随着粒径增大,δ和ζ呈下降趋势,表明磨制颗粒越粗。(?)粒形状越不规则。文中还运用近似椭圆模型再现了颗粒的模拟图像。     

典型煤碳燃烧特性研究和数值模拟

本文以三种典型煤的碳燃烧为研究对象，分别采用简单一维沉降燃烧方式和等温加热燃烧方式，实验研究了煤在快速加热条件下，其碳的初期和中，后期燃烧过程。以实验为基础，建立了煤的碳燃烧模型，变工况数值模拟了煤的碳燃烧过程，揭示了煤不同条件下的单颗粒碳燃烧特性。     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。