钛合金高温防护涂层制备技术研究进展

钛合金具有比强度高、抗蚀性优异、中温性能稳定等优点,但在高温下的氧化和氧脆严重影响了其热稳定性。重点介绍了化学气相沉积（CVD）、物理气相沉积（PVD）、离子束辅助沉积（IBAD）、搪瓷涂层等技术在钛合金表面制备高温防护涂层的原理、特点及研究成果,指出了各种技术存在的问题,并提出了下一步研究重点。     

钛表面高温防护涂层研究进展

对高温钛合金及钛铝金属间化合物而言,施加合适的高温防护涂层是目前实现长时间有效高温防护的唯一选择。回顾了钛表面五大高温防护涂层体系的发展现状,即热扩散渗铝(硅)涂层、金属间化合物包覆涂层、氮化物陶瓷涂层、搪瓷涂层以及惰性氧化物陶瓷涂层,总结了这些涂层的高温防护机理、改性方法以及失效机制。现阶段,单一的高温防护涂层体系及其制备方法在钛合金实际应用中依然存在着较大的局限性,设计和发展具有优异综合性能的新型高温防护涂层并发展相应的高效制备方法,仍是高温钛合金防护领域亟待解决的问题。 更多还原     

选钛尾矿制备钒钛搪瓷及性能研究

目的研究攀枝花选钛尾矿制备出钒钛搪瓷的表面形貌、密着性能及在质量分数为30%H_2SO_4溶液中的耐酸腐蚀性能。方法将选钛尾矿煅烧或制备成V_2O_5助剂后,分别加入到搪瓷原料中,经熔融淬化,制备出搪瓷釉料,釉料制浆涂覆在脱碳热处理后的Q235碳钢表面,经850℃搪烧制备出钒钛搪瓷涂层,并通过XRD、SEM及EDS研究其涂层的表面形貌、密着性能及耐酸性能。结果在搪瓷原料中直接加入煅烧选钛尾矿的质量分数高于8.4%时,制备出的搪瓷涂层表面存在明显的气泡,瓷釉面不细腻、光泽度低、耐酸性能不足,而在搪瓷釉料中添加V_2O_5质量分数为3.5%~5%的助剂时,制备的搪瓷涂层密着性能、釉面光泽度及化学耐酸性能显著提高。结论将选钛尾矿制成V_2O_5助剂添加釉料中制备的搪瓷涂层界面易形成Fe-V过渡层,利于提高搪瓷的密着性能。在酸溶液中,瓷釉面形成含有SiO_2的保护膜,进一步阻止被酸腐蚀,提高了耐酸性能。     

镁合金电火花沉积改性层性能及组织结构的研究

应用电火花沉积设备在AZ91D镁合金表面沉积纯铝涂层进行表面改性处理,研究了电火花沉积工艺参数以及前处理对沉积改性层性能和组织结构的影响;并结合扫描电镜、中性盐雾试验等研究手段对镁合金改性涂层的微观表面形貌、截面形貌、腐蚀情况以及显微硬度进行了分析和对比;同时,也对镁合金表面沉积纯铝涂层的沉积机理和沉积层改善基体耐腐蚀性、硬度进行分析与讨论。研究结果表明:电火花沉积工艺参数及预处理对AZ91D镁合金表面沉积纯铝涂层的组织结构、微观形貌特点有重要影响;电火花沉积工艺参数的降低以及沉积前对母材和电极的预热处理,涂层表面显微硬度较基材有了较大程度的提高;同时,强化层组织结构均匀致密、涂层厚度适中、涂层内部裂纹孔洞等缺陷明显降低,与镁合金基材相比,表现出较好的耐腐蚀性能。     

激光熔注氧化铈改性铝硅涂层的工艺优化及微观组织

采用粉末共渗法在镍基高温合金表面获得约为280μm厚的铝硅涂层,以纳米氧化铈含胶浆料作为中间体在铝硅涂层表面形成透光预置层后进行激光熔注试验,获得稀土改性的铝硅涂层。以熔深偏离量和缺陷等级为指标对激光工艺参数进行了优化,并采用OM、SEM、EDS及ToupView软件等对比分析了改性前后铝硅涂层的微观组织。结果表明:本文试验条件下,最优的工艺参数为150 W的激光功率、1000 mm·min~(-1)的扫描速度、20 mm的离焦量。在此参数条件下获得的涂层结构,由改性前的3层转变为两层,即基底上分布着"花朵状"细小组织的改性外层和效果增强的扩散障内层。     

钛合金表面电弧离子镀TiAlN涂层的耐高温性能

采用独立的高纯钛靶和铝靶,在TC4钛合金基材表面以电弧离子镀工艺沉积制备了TiAlN涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对比分析了钛合金基体和涂层热疲劳及氧化前后的表面形貌,利用能谱仪(EDS)分析了氧化前后的表面成分变化,利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析了氧化前后的相结构。结果表明,TiAlN涂层表现出很好的高温抗氧化性能和热疲劳抗力,显著改善了TC4钛合金在高温环境下的使用性能。     

自修复金属搪瓷高温防护涂层

搪瓷涂层作为一种惰性涂层,能与大多数金属零部件相容并提供优异的腐蚀防护效果。但搪瓷的高温软化及本征脆性限制了其在高温以及热冲击等苛刻环境下的服役。总结了国内外解决搪瓷涂层烧结温度与服役温度相矛盾、涂层热循环时易剥落等问题的最新进展:首先介绍了通过复合陶瓷颗粒以及对搪瓷/陶瓷界面反应的调控,实现提高涂层使用温度的同时不改变其熔炼和烧结温度的方法体系;接着分析了影响搪瓷涂层抗热震剥落性能的因素(包括搪瓷釉热膨胀系数、涂层/基体界面结合、搪瓷釉力学性能等)。基于搪瓷的硅氧网络基本结构,从热物理性能以及力学性能角度改性等方案仅能在有限范围内提高其抗热震剥落能力的现实,最后提出了发展自修复金属搪瓷高温防护涂层,从根本上解决搪瓷开裂与剥落的问题。     

面向高端装备零部件的稀土改性MCrAlY涂层

长期以来,在高温防护领域广泛应用的MCrAlY系列涂层受到了各国研究者和工程技术人员的持续关注。文中总结了哈尔滨工业大学纳米表面工程课题组近年来将稀土改性技术应用于制备热喷涂MCrAlY系列涂层的有关研究,结果表明：稀土改性可使NiCrAlY涂层的硬度提高30%~40%,涂层和基体间的结合强度达到60 MPa以上。加入稀土的NiCrAlY涂层热震抗力明显增加,其在1000℃的热震循环寿命超过100次以上。在1000℃条件下,加入稀土的NiCrAlY涂层在190 h后依然完整,表面无特殊变化;质量分数0.1%稀土氧化物涂层1000℃氧化250 h增重速率比未加稀土涂层降低了60.53%。加入稀土还可以显著提高NiCrAlY涂层的抗高温硫化能力及抗腐蚀性能。稀土改性可以有效改善MCrAlY系列涂层的高温性能,满足国家对高端装备零部件高温防护涂层的要求。     

植入钛合金表面制备羟基磷灰石涂层的研究进展

综述了国内外制备羟基磷灰石涂层技术的研究现状,概括了离子束辅助沉积、等离子喷涂、电泳沉积、微弧氧化、溶胶-凝胶和磁控溅射沉积等制备方法的基本原理和工艺特点,总结了膜层的组织结构和性能特点.最后,基于植入钛合金表面性能需求,指出植入钛合金表面制备羟基磷灰石涂层技术的不足和未来研究方向.     

钛合金表面声电沉积/碱热处理法制备HA涂层研究

为了使钛合金(Ti-6Al-4V)具有生物活性,可在其表面施加生物活性羟基磷灰石(HA)涂层.对比了声电沉积法和碱热处理法实验结果,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子能谱(EDS)、傅立叶红外透射光谱(FTIR)以及划痕测试等进行了分析.结果表明,直接采用声电沉积法在钛合金表面制备的羟基磷灰石涂层,经热处理后存在龟裂剥落现象;通过碱热处理法,对钛合金基体表面进行预处理,然后,借助声电沉积法,在钛金属表面沉积了透钙磷石涂层,经热碱液处理转变成的羟基磷灰石涂层,涂层完整,未出现剥落.经进一步高温烧结处理,所制涂层仍呈片状形貌,其由部分含钠的羟基磷灰石组成,而且HA涂层破坏的临界载荷未烧结前的4.365 N提高至烧结后的8.175N.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.