大庆深层火山岩控水压裂工艺研究与应用

大庆深层天然气主要分布于徐家围子气田火山岩储层,气水界面复杂,在以往勘探与开发井的压裂改造中,有多口井(层)压裂后大量产水,气井产水会大幅度提高气田开采难度并降低气田整体开采效益。针对火山岩储层特点(高角度天然裂缝及界面发育、断裂韧性纵向差异大)以及应力剖面特点(受成岩作用影响纵向应力差别小),选用施工参数优化、射孔位置优化、动态胶塞及人工隔层压裂控水工艺技术,经11口井现场试验,采用该系列压裂控水工艺技术可有效控制裂缝高度,保证大庆火山岩储层压裂后不产水。     

页岩气井储层体积改造方法研究

页岩气体积改造是利用水力压裂技术产生复杂的裂缝网络,最大限度的增加裂缝壁面与储层基质的接触面积。本文根据前期微地震监测结果,研究储层压裂改造施工工艺参数匹配性,通过研究实践进行了增加粉陶用量、暂堵转向技术、连续加砂施工工艺和技术参数的调整试验,有效地提高了页岩的压裂缝长,增强了改造体积。通过几口井的实例分析证明,页岩气井压裂体积改造在实践中已取得了较好的效果。     

利用FRACPRO软件进行人工压裂裂缝分析方法探讨

压裂施工设计是压裂施工的指导性文件,一口井压裂施工的成功并不能说明这口井压裂措施的成功,尽管施工达到了设计参数,并不一定说明就能保证压裂效果,压裂效果是油井改造的最终目标,它一定程度上取决于选井选层,施工的效果,另外很大程度上取决于压裂施工设计是否科学合理,压裂施工设计是根据油井所在区块,从油藏工程的角度出发,如考虑油井的开发开采现状,井网井距分布等,优化确定合理的裂缝半长,再根据油井储层地质参数、岩石力学参数等,选取适当的裂缝扩展模型,利用计算机优化计算一定裂缝几何维度所需的砂量、液量以及所需设备功率等等,从而指导压裂施工,在储层中形成所设计的裂缝几何尺寸。     

水平井分段多簇压裂工艺的应用

鸭平4井位于玉门油田鸭西白垩系是典型的低渗透储层,井深3456m,水平段210m,实施了2段6簇的压裂,同步实施了裂缝监测,取得了理想的效果;压裂共入井液量1961.4m3,总沙量159m3,最高砂比26.2%,平均砂比14.5%;该井是玉门油田实施多段多簇压裂工艺的第一口井,是开发低渗透油藏水平井的新突破,探索了一条中深水平井压裂改造的新途径。     

简论体积压裂技术在油田开发中的应用

体积压裂技术通过压裂改造储层使脆性岩石和天然裂缝不断扩张,产生滑移剪切,形成次生裂缝与主裂缝相互交织的网络裂缝系统,使储层整体渗透率得到极大地提高,实现在长、宽、高三维方向对储层的全面改造。本文介绍了直井多层压裂工艺技术和水平井多段压裂工艺技术及其在油田中的应用。     

火山岩裂缝储备层压裂工艺技术

在对火山岩天然缝隙进行压裂施工的过程中,压裂曲线表现为初期压降速度快,解释近井摩阻高、净压力高等特点,在进入到主压裂时,因为火山岩天然裂缝而引起压裂液超量滤失以及天然裂缝开启后对压裂液和支撑剂的分流作用,致使压裂目标主裂缝宽度变窄,支撑剂等运动难度增加而形成砂堵事故,所以在对此类类储层进行压裂施工,必须意识到好天然裂缝发育的问题才是压裂施工成功与否的重中之重,本文章通过对大庆火山岩裂缝性储层天然裂缝开启原理及测试压裂数据特征分析,提出适用于火山岩裂缝性储层的压裂改造的工艺手段和技术方法。     

浅层煤储层多脉冲高能气体压裂技术试验及应用研究

针对我国煤层气储层特征及开发现状,基于高能气体压裂机理及研究基础,开展了适用于沁水盆地煤层气开发的高能气体压裂技术试验研究。该区煤层气储层资源量较为丰富,煤储层(埋藏深度1000m)为浅层煤储层,具有低孔隙度、低渗透率等特点,目前主要以水力压裂改造煤气层储层达到投产增产目的。针对此区煤层气水力压裂开发效果不明显,二次压裂增产效果不理想等问题,设计了煤层气储层多脉冲压裂技术的试验应用研究与探索。重点论述了浅层煤层气多脉冲压裂技术设计方法,装药结构设计,作用机理与工艺设计,及全封闭井口多脉冲压裂设计等,总结分析了三口井现场试验应用的试验效果及存在的不足。该工艺技术应用试验的成功为我国浅层煤层气压裂开发提供了新的增产技术与途径。     

缝网压裂工艺技术在杏北扶余油井的应用

某开发区扶余油层属于低孔特低渗透储层,由于储层发育差,常规压裂和注水开发难以建立有效驱替,压裂后措施效果差,为此开展了缝网压裂增产试验。通过对扶余油层储层特点、地应力等分析,确定可采用缝网压裂增产技术,通过优选压裂液组合,优化施工参数等方式,提高施工净压力,增加裂缝复杂程度。现场试验2口井,压裂后产液效果比较明显,平均单井初期日产液量15t,为同区块日产液量的2倍,缝网压裂技术为扶余油层产量动用探索了一条新途径。     

大庆火山岩测试压裂参数解释新理论模型的建立与应用

大庆徐家围子气田火山岩气藏天然裂缝发育及局部构造变化大,导致压裂中出现高滤失、高停泵压力梯度以及近井高摩阻等疑难问题,为了进一步提高疑难储层施工成功率,在以往火山岩测试压裂方法研究基础(传统"G函数"模型,二维)之上,建立了更适合大庆火山岩储层压裂参数解释的新理论模型——广义"G函数"模型(三维),并对所建立的模型进行了数值模拟分析和现场应用,与传统"G函数"模型(二维)对比发现,新理论模型对火山岩储层压裂参数解释更为合理和准确,成功率也有明显提高(应用11口井加砂符合率由72.4%提高到87.1%),从而解决了火山岩疑难储层改造成功率低的问题,对火山岩疑难储层压裂技术具有重要意义。     

致密砂岩储层压裂裂缝扩展形态试验研究

为研究致密砂岩储层水力压裂裂缝扩展形态及空间展布规律,利用真三轴水力压裂模拟实验系统,分析了水平应力差、压裂液黏度以及排量对复杂缝网形成规律的影响。研究结果表明:低水平应力差(3 MPa)下,水力裂缝更容易发生转向,趋向于沿着相对薄弱的天然裂缝和层理面延伸,使得裂缝趋于复杂,有利于致密砂岩储层形成复杂的裂缝网络;在水力裂缝扩展中,低黏度压裂液能充分保证滤失,在裂缝中流动摩阻小,有利于裂缝尖端的破裂,而且形成复杂缝网;压裂液泵注排量越大,破裂压力越大,裂缝越容易多处起裂,使得压裂裂缝形态趋于复杂。研究结果为致密砂岩储层现场压裂施工提供参考。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.