TA15钛合金的高周疲劳性能和断裂特征

研究了双态组织的TA15钛合金的高周疲劳性能和疲劳断裂特征,结果表明,β转变组织中次生α相的数量和形态对疲劳性能有显著影响,次生相α相的球化显著降低了合金抗裂纹扩展的能力,而大量的片状次生α相则通过造成疲劳裂纹的分枝有效地降低了疲劳裂纹的扩展速度,提高了疲劳极限.     

Ti-55531钛合金室温强-塑-韧匹配化热处理工艺研究

目的 采用Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr(Ti-55531)钛合金,研究了不同热处理工艺条件下室温强-塑-韧性能的匹配关系,为满足不同强度、断裂延伸率、断裂韧度综合服役性能要求提供热处理工艺参考。方法 在单相区固溶+时效、双相区固溶+时效2种制度下进行了热处理试验,分析了不同单相区固溶冷却方式(空冷、炉冷)和时效温度、双相区固溶温度等条件下的室温拉伸性能(抗拉强度σb、断裂延伸率A)和断裂韧度KIC,揭示了Ti-55531钛合金室温强度、塑性、断裂韧度的匹配关系。结果 经单相区固溶+空冷+时效处理得到了细片层状次生αs相,随时效温度的升高,αs相尺寸增大,抗拉强度降低,延伸率和断裂韧度升高;经单相区固溶+炉冷+时效处理得到了较粗的α片层,随时效温度从500 ℃升高至600 ℃,α片层尺寸增大,抗拉强度降低,延伸率和断裂韧度升高,但呈现出较高的脆性;随着双相区固溶温度的升高,初生αp相尺寸显著降低,促进后续时效处理过程中析出了更细小的次生αs相,提高了强度,降低了延伸率和断裂韧度。结论 得到了2种能够实现良好强-塑-韧性能匹配的热处理工艺路线:1)850 ℃/1 h固溶后炉冷至600 ℃保温8 h,可得到片层组织以及较高的断裂韧度(KIC=110.01 MPa.m^1/2)、良好的强度(σb=1 111 MPa)和断裂延伸率(A=9.69%);2)810 ℃固溶+空冷+600 ℃/3 h时效,可得到初生αp+次生αs相的双态组织,实现了高强度(σb=1 287 MPa)和高断裂延伸率(A=12.76%),同时断裂韧度达到60.4 MPa.m^1/2。     

TC4ELI钛合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为研究

应力腐蚀是海洋装备用钛合金面临的主要威胁之一。为了给海洋装备的安全服役提供技术支撑，以海洋环境用TC4ELI钛合金为研究对象，根据恒位移WOL(楔形张开加载)试样测定K_ISCC的原理，系统开展了不同组织状态下TC4ELI钛合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为研究。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了应力腐蚀试样断口形貌和裂纹扩展路径，用二次离子质谱仪分析了裂纹部位元素分布情况。结果表明：TC4ELI双态组织(α相与β相)板材的应力腐蚀门槛值K_ISCC为56.01 MPa·m^1/2,魏氏组织板材的应力腐蚀门槛值K_ISCC大于67.48 MPa·m^1/2,应力腐蚀试样断口主要由基体、疲劳预制区和撕裂区组成，双态组织试样疲劳预制区与撕裂区界面存在应力腐蚀区，裂纹尖端除主裂纹外还有部分次生裂纹出现；魏氏组织试样未发现明显应力腐蚀开裂特征，魏氏组织的抗应力腐蚀能力优于双态组织的。TC4ELI合金双态组织试样的应力腐蚀开裂以穿晶断裂为主，氢元素易于在裂纹尖端富集。     

ZTA15铸造钛合金高周疲劳性能研究

目的 研究ZTA15铸造钛合金的高周疲劳性能及其疲劳断裂微观机理。方法 测试ZTA15铸造钛合金的室温轴向拉伸高周疲劳性能,并对合金的金相组织和断口形貌进行观察与分析。结果 随着应力比的提高,ZTA15铸造钛合金的疲劳强度相应提高,疲劳寿命也相应延长。应力比为?1、0.06、0.5时,相应ZTA15铸造钛合金的中值疲劳强度分别为341.5、512.5、643 MPa。疲劳断口形貌显示,疲劳裂纹多萌生于试棒的表面和次表面,裂纹萌生区呈类解理断裂特征。裂纹扩展区可以观察到明显的疲劳辉纹、扩展台阶和二次裂纹等典型特征。结论 疲劳失效机理和疲劳性能差异与合金的显微组织有一定的关系。应力比对疲劳性能的影响主要作用于疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展阶段。     

显微组织对TC18钛合金应力控制低周疲劳性能的影响

研究了片状和网篮两种典型组织对TC18钛合金不同应力振幅下低周疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明:TC18钛合金低周疲劳寿命对显微组织的变化不敏感.在相同的应力振幅下,双态组织和片状组织的疲劳寿命基本相当.TC18钛合金的低周疲劳寿命N取决于加载的应力振幅,σmax与N之间呈对数关系,相关系数达0.99以上.     

Ti60钛合金室温保载疲劳性能及断裂行为

研究高峰值应力条件下Ti60钛合金双态组织和片层组织的低周疲劳与保载疲劳性能,利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等观察和分析Ti60钛合金的显微组织与疲劳断裂行为。结果表明:显微组织对低周疲劳性能影响不大,但显著影响保载疲劳性能,双态组织保载疲劳敏感性大于片层组织;保载情况下,疲劳寿命显著下降;随峰值应力的提高,疲劳寿命下降,保载疲劳敏感性增加;相同循环周次内,保载疲劳塑性应变累积大于低周疲劳,双态组织的塑性应变累积大于片层组织;低周疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面,为单裂纹源,而保载疲劳裂纹为内部多源萌生;断口表面均存在准解理小平面,双态组织断口准解理小平面密度大于片层组织。     

高强度结构钢及其接头热影响区的疲劳及断裂性能分析

采用焊条电弧焊对48 mm厚高强度结构钢进行焊接,对焊接接头热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔK_th、裂纹扩展速率da/dN和断裂韧度K_IC进行研究并与基体进行对比。结果表明,在室温下,焊接接头热影响区具有更好的疲劳和断裂性能;随着与熔合线距离的增大,热影响区的组织依次为粗大板条状贝氏体+奥氏体薄膜、细粒状贝氏体、回火索氏体+细粒状贝氏体,硬度逐渐下降;在室温下,焊接接头热影响区和基体冲击韧性均位于上平台。热影响区的残余奥氏体薄膜和硬度较高的贝氏体是影响其疲劳和断裂性能的重要因素。      

稀土元素(La,Sm,Tb)合金化铌硅材料显微组织及室温断裂韧度EI北大核心CSCD

采用真空非自耗电弧熔炼制备添加稀土元素的Nb-20Ti-16Si-3Al-3Cr-2Hf合金纽扣锭,稀土元素为不同含量的Sm,La,Tb。对铸态合金进行微观组织分析和室温断裂韧度测试。结果表明:合金主要由(Nb,Ti)相与Nb5Si3相组成,不同部位存在多种微观组织,粗大的两相组织存在宏观聚集现象;纽扣锭中普遍存在规则的共晶晶胞和以Nb5Si3相为核心的板条状晶胞;共晶晶胞中心为Nb5Si3相和铌固溶体相Nbss组成的层片状组织,外围为粗大的"齿状"两相组织;板条状晶胞的Nb5Si3相核心保留了完整的平直界面和规则的棱角,晶胞外围主要由细小网状的硅化物和粗大的树枝状Nbss相组成。使用多元线性回归分析不同稀土含量与合金室温断裂韧度的关系,不同稀土含量的合金室温断裂韧度值分布在11~15MPa·m^(1/2)之间,多元线性逐步回归分析后得到室温断裂韧度Kq与稀土含量(Sm,La,Tb)的关系为Kq=10.344+6.896La+2.993Sm。     

TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接头疲劳性能研究

研究了TC4钛合金薄板母材及其激光焊接头的拉伸和疲劳性能.结果表明:与母材相比激光焊接头的强度升高,延伸率下降;拉伸试样均断在母材.激光焊接头的疲劳寿命在低应力水平时高于母材,而在高应力水平时低于母材.在疲劳扩展区,母材为韧性穿晶断裂,熔合区则呈现出韧性和脆性相混合的断裂形貌;在瞬断区,母材由等轴韧窝组成,而熔合区主要为粗大的穿晶解理平面.     

权函数法计算的混凝土断裂韧度

在采用解析方法确定混凝土的双K断裂韧度时,粘聚断裂韧度计算的准确性直接影响起裂韧度断裂控制参数计算的准确性。根据权函数法,给出了基于CEB-FIP粘聚应力软化函数计算的粘聚断裂韧度的表达式。使用最大高度为1000mm的五组楔入劈拉紧凑拉伸试件测量的最大荷载和临界裂缝嘴张开口位移,计算了混凝土的双K断裂韧度,并与积分解析计算公式进行了对比。结果表明,两种解析计算方法较为吻合,最大误差不超过2%。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of an investment cast gamma titanium aluminide

Abstract

Investment castings have been produced in γ-TiAl of composition Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Mn (at.-%) using induction skull melting. The microstructures of the bars were studied in the as cast condition and after hipping and heat treatment. Heat treatment at 1200°C led to a near γ structure whereas treatment at 1350°C resulted in a nearly lamellar structure. However, a duplex structure was retained after treatment at 1300°C. Tensile, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth resistance tests have been carried out on specimens machined from different sized bars. The tensile properties increased with decreasing bar diameter but, conversely, both the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance improved as the bar diameter increased. It has been found that the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance in nearly lamellar structures were better than those in near γ structures, whereas duplex structures had intermediate properties. However, the tensile properties of duplex structures were better than both near γ and nearly α₂ /γ lamellar structures, with optimum values at 35 ± 5% α₂ /γ lamellae of ～400 MPa 0·2% proof strength, 470 MPa tensile strength, and 0·9% elongation.     

Comparative study of fatigue and fracture in friction stir and electron beam welds of 24 mm thick titanium alloy Ti‐6Al‐4 V

In this study, friction stir welding of Ti‐6Al‐4 V was demonstrated in 24 mm thickness material. The microstructure and mechanical properties, fatigue, fracture toughness and crack growth of these thick section friction stir welds were evaluated and compared with electron beam welds produced in the same thickness material. It was found that the friction stir welds possessed a relatively coarse lamellar alpha transformed beta microstructure because of slow cooling from above the transus temperature of the material. The electron beam welds had a fine acicular alpha structure as a result of rapid solidification. The friction stir welds possessed better ductility, fatigue life, fracture toughness and crack growth resistance than the base meal or electron beam welds. Thus, even though friction stir welding is a relatively new process, the performance benefits it offers for the fabrication of heavy gage primary structure make it a more attractive option than the more well‐established electron beam welding method.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of Al/Al laminated structure produced via ultrasonic consolidation process

Mechanical properties of a 2024 aluminium alloy laminated structure produced by the ultrasonic consolidation were investigated. In comparison with the monolithic aluminium alloy, the existence of laminated structure gave different fatigue and fracture mechanisms that associated with the layer interfaces. The Al/Al laminated specimens had the lower tensile strength but much higher fracture toughness than the monolithic Al specimens due to the exit of interface delaminations around the crack tip. The fatigue life of the laminated specimens was comparable to that of the monolithic Al specimens, though the initiation and propagation of the crack in the laminated specimens depended strongly on the microstructure of each material. The interface between layers could arrest the fatigue crack and impede the further propagation.     

有利于铸造TiAl合金增压器涡轮叶片可靠性的组织设计

针对增压器涡轮应用背景,详细分析定向层片组织铸造TiAl合金的室温拉伸塑性、断裂韧度以及高温热暴露后的剩余塑性等反映叶片抗损伤能力的性能,并讨论在叶片中形成这种定向层片组织的工艺可行性,以获得一种有利于增压器涡轮可靠性的组织设计。结果表明:定向层片组织铸造TiAl合金具有优异的室温拉伸塑性和断裂韧度,并且在高温热暴露后仍能保持较高的室温拉伸塑性,这些优异性能均依赖于定向层片取向一致性特征。通过控制凝固冷却条件和Ti/Al原子比,在增压器涡轮叶片中可以获得层片界面近似平行叶片表面的定向层片组织,有利于提高叶片的抗损伤能力,从而改善TiAl合金增压器涡轮的使用可靠性。     

两种双基体C/C复合材料的微观结构与力学性能

借助偏光显微镜、扫描电镜以及力学性能测试研究了两种双基体C/C复合材料的微观结构与力学性能。结果表明:基体碳在偏光显微镜下呈现出热解碳的光滑层组织,沥青碳的各向同性、镶嵌和流域组织。在SEM下普通沥青碳为"葡萄状"结构,中间相沥青碳为片层条带状结构。具有多层次界面结构的材料可以提高材料的弯曲强度,改善材料的断裂韧度,两种材料在载荷-位移曲线中载荷为台阶式下降,呈现出假塑性断裂特征。材料A和材料B的弯曲强度分别为206.68,243.66MPa,断裂韧度分别为8.06,9.66MPa·m1/2,材料B的弯曲强度、断裂韧度均优于材料A。     

High cycle fatigue characteristics of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy

The fatigue crack growth rate, fracture toughness and fatigue S-N curve of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy at high cycle fatigue condition were measured and fatigue fracture process and fractography were studied using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that at room temperature and R = 0.1 conditions, the characteristics of fatigue fracture could be observed. Under those conditions, the fatigue strength and the fracture toughness of a 2124-T851 thick plate is 243 MPa and 29.64 MPa · m^1/2, respectively. At high cycle fatigue condition, the higher the stress amplitude, the wider the space between fatigue striations, the faster the rate of fatigue crack developing and going into the intermittent fracture area, and the greater the ratio between the intermittent fracture area and the whole fracture area.     

Effect of build direction on the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth in selective laser melted Ti‐6Al‐4 V

Experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth characteristics in selective laser‐melted titanium 6Al‐4 V materials as a follow‐on to a previous study on high cycle fatigue. For both the fracture toughness and crack growth evaluation, the compact tension specimen geometry was used. It was found that the fracture toughness was lower than what would be expected from wrought or cast product forms in the same alloy. This was attributed to the rapidly cooled, martensitic microstructure, developed in the parts. At low stress ratios, the crack growth rates were faster than in wrought titanium but became comparable at higher ratios. The fracture toughness appears to be higher when the crack is oriented perpendicular to the build layers. The difference in the average threshold and critical stress intensity values for the crack growth results for the three orientations was within the scatter of the data, so there was essentially no difference. The same was true for the empirically derived Paris Law constants. Residual stresses were likely to have overshadowed any variation in crack growth because of microstructural directionalities associated with build orientation.     

两种组织TC11钛合金薄板弯曲疲劳性能的研究

本研究选取了具有（α＋β）等轴组织和α／β粗片层组织的TCll钛合金作为研究对象,采用研究了TCll合金薄板样品在恒总应变幅控制下的弯曲疲劳性能及其损伤行为,通过对疲劳开裂路径和断裂的观察与表征,探讨了疲劳损伤与组织结构间的关系。研究发现,恒总应变幅控制下的等轴组织TCll钛合金薄板的弯曲疲劳性能明显的高于粗片层组织合金。等轴组织合金的疲劳裂纹沿α相中的滑移带萌生并扩展,片层组织样品疲劳裂纹沿着α相或与片层垂直的方向扩展。     

全层状TiAl基合金断裂中晶界的双重作用

通过SEM原位拉抻技术和双晶体压缩实验研究了全片层TiAI基合金晶界断裂行为。研究表明,在全层状组织的断裂行为中,晶界具有双重作用。一方面,微裂纹首先萌发于晶界区,其扩展方式取决于晶界两侧片层的取向。另一方面,不同类型的晶界对裂纹扩展的阻力不同,因而对全层状TiAI基合金韧性的作用不同,纵向晶界有助于断裂韧性的提高,而横向晶界对合金韧性不利。