连续退火和水淬+回火工艺对DP1000双相钢屈服特性的影响

分别采用连续退火和水淬+回火工艺模拟了1000MPa级冷轧双相钢的退火过程.连续退火工艺下双相钢的屈服强度较低,250℃过时效时屈服强度为472MPa;320℃过时效时屈服强度为454MPa.而水淬+回火工艺下双相钢的屈服强度较高,250℃回火时屈服强度为1083MPa;320℃回火时屈服强度为887MPa.金相分析显...     

Mn含量对低碳中锰TRIP钢组织性能的影响

为研究连续退火工艺生产中锰TRIP钢汽车板的可行性,采用CCT-AY-Ⅱ型钢板连续退火机模拟分析了不同锰含量对中锰TRIP钢组织性能的影响规律.采用SEM、TEM和EBSD等微观分析方法观察不同锰含量中锰TRIP的微观组织,利用XRD法测量了残留奥氏体量,实验测量其力学性能.结果表明:试验钢在650℃保温3 min时,随着锰质量分数(4.8%≤w(Mn)≤8%)的增加,屈服强度先增加后降低,抗拉强度持续升高,断后延伸率则基本不变,维持在20%左右,残余奥氏体含量也随着锰含量的增加而增加;当锰质量分数超过6%(含6%)时,真实应力-应变曲线由于动态应变时效而呈锯齿状,且加工硬化指数远大于5Mn钢.试验钢的高塑性由亚稳奥氏体的TRIP效应和超细晶铁素体或马氏体共同提供.     

马氏体对C-Si-Mn冷轧双相钢屈服特性的影响

通过实验室退火与回火,采用力学测定与显微组织分析研究了马氏体体积分数与回火温度对双相钢屈服特性的影响.结果表明:随马氏体体积分数从0%增加到约15%,双相钢的屈服强度显著降低,降低值约为80～100MPa;而马氏体体积分数在15%～35%之间,双相钢的屈服强度维持在一个较低的水平.当马氏体体积分数大于35%,双相钢屈服...     

高强贝氏体基体钒微合金化TRIP钢的性能

对一种钒微合金化TRIP钢进行冷轧连续退火,研究了钢的组织特征和力学性能。结果表明,贝氏体基TRIP钢的组织由贝氏体/马氏体和少量的残余奥氏体组成。随着贝氏体区等温时间的延长,钢的抗拉强度下降,屈服强度和延伸率提高。残余奥氏体由块状向薄膜状转变,体积分数增加,薄膜状残余奥氏体主要分布在贝氏体板条间,厚度为50-90 nm。在400℃等温180 s连续退火钢板呈现出相对低抗拉强度(960 MPa)、高屈服强度(765 MPa)和高延伸率(22.0%)的特性,而且加工硬化指数(0.20)、各向异性指数(0.94)和强塑积(21120 MPa.%)也较为优良。     

退火温度对LH800空冷强化钢组织与力学性能的影响

为获得具备良好冷成形性能的空冷强化钢，以冷轧LH800为研究对象，采用SEM、EBSD、TEM等技术手段，研究了该钢种在罩式退火过程中的组织演变和力学性能变化。研究结果表明：在600～700℃退火得到了铁素体+碳化物组织，拉伸曲线出现明显的屈服平台，并且屈服平台长度随退火温度的升高而减小。随着退火温度升高，铁素体晶内纳米级碳化物数量逐渐减少，晶界粗大碳化物数量逐渐增多，小角度晶界体积分数逐渐减小，且局部取向差(KAM)值逐渐减小。当退火温度超过700℃时，显微组织为铁素体+马氏体+碳化物，拉伸曲线无屈服平台出现。随着退火温度的进一步升高，马氏体体积分数逐渐增加，KAM值也逐渐增大。力学性能结果显示：在700℃退火保温4 h,空冷强化钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度最低，延伸率最高，具备最佳的冷成形性能。本工作基于冷轧LH800退火过程的显微组织和纳米级碳化物的演变，揭示了LH800出现屈服平台现象的本质，并获得了该钢种具备最佳冷成形性能的关键工艺参数。     

连续退火工艺对超高强双相钢力学性能的影响

为研究连续退火工艺参数对超高强冷轧双相钢组织及力学性能的影响,在Gleeble-3500热力模拟实验机上,使用正交实验法设计连续退火工艺获得超高强冷轧双相钢.研究发现:连续退火工艺参数对抗拉强度和总延伸率的影响程度依次是:临界区退火温度>保温时间>过时效温度;两阶段应变硬化特性随马氏体体积分数的增加而更加明显:当马氏体体积分数在35%左右时,冷轧双相钢的应变硬化关系明显呈线性;当马氏体体积分数接近50%时,冷轧双相钢的应变硬化关系呈非线性,但两阶段的应变硬化指数n值变化不大,两阶段并由曲线过渡;当马氏体体积分数在65%左右时,冷轧双相钢的应变硬化关系呈非线性,两阶段的应变硬化指数n值变化较大,并出现明显拐点.     

退火温度对冷轧超细晶亚稳钢组织性能的影响

通过热处理实验,研究了不同退火温度对冷轧汽车用超细晶亚稳钢组织和力学性能的影响。通过单向拉伸试验研究试验钢力学性能,采用SEM、TEM等分析方法表征试验钢的组织结构,利用XRD测量残余奥氏体量。结果表明:随着退火温度的升高,抗拉强度先略有降低再逐渐升高,断后延伸率和强塑积先逐渐升高再降低,残余奥氏体量先增加再减少;在650℃退火20min时抗拉强度为1012MPa,断后延伸率(33%)和强塑积(33.4%)获得最大值,综合力学性能最佳。分析认为,大量的超细晶组织和高含量的残余奥氏体的TRIP效应是实现高强塑积的原因。     

450~780 MPa系列双相钢扩孔性能实验

目的避免双相钢在成形过程中经常出现的翻边或扩孔开裂的问题,提高生产效率。方法以几种强度级别为450~780 MPa的双相钢为实验对象,测试材料的单向拉伸和扩孔性能,并从微观组织上分析影响双相钢强度和扩孔性能的因素。结果 450~780 MPa强度级别双相钢的屈服强度随铁素体晶粒尺寸的减小而增加,抗拉强度随马氏体体积分数的增加呈近似线性增加。双相钢的扩孔性能随着材料强度的提高呈下降的趋势。DP500与DP450和DP600相比,抗拉强度(579 MPa)居中,伸长率最高,但由于其马氏体形态和分布的差异,其扩孔性能反而最低。结论双相钢的扩孔性能会受到马氏体的含量、尺寸、形态和分布的影响,与材料强度和伸长率没有必然的关系,当马氏体呈颗粒状均匀分布时,具有更好的扩孔性能。     

2205双相不锈钢TIG焊接头组织及力学性能

对2205双相不锈钢进行了4组不同热输入条件下的TIG焊接实验,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对焊接接头的显微组织进行了观察与分析,并测试了焊接接头的拉伸力学性能和显微硬度。结果表明:在热影响区,随着热输入的增大,不完全再结晶区带状奥氏体宽度逐渐增大,粗晶区铁素体晶粒的粗化程度逐渐加剧、奥氏体体积分数逐渐增多;在焊缝金属中,随着热输入的增大,魏氏奥氏体逐渐减少,而块状奥氏体逐渐增多,魏氏奥氏体在高温下稳定性差,容易被相界处形成的窄条铁素体分割成块状奥氏体。随着热输入的增大,焊接接头的屈服、抗拉强度逐渐降低,断后延伸率逐渐升高。铁素体体积分数较高的热影响区显微硬度最大,焊缝金属的合金元素含量较高,因此其显微硬度高于母材。     

退火温度对冷轧Fe-Mn-Al-C低密度钢性能的影响

在850-1050℃范围内系统分析了冷轧Fe-Mn-Al-C钢的力学性能、金相组织、XRD图谱以及断裂行为,研究其在退火过程中奥氏体、铁素体、碳化物与力学性能的转变规律。结果表明,在850℃退火处理后冷轧Fe-Mn-Al-C钢的组织为奥氏体+带状d-铁素体+a-铁素体+k碳化物,晶间网状铁素体和较高的碳化物含量使钢板具有较高的强度但是塑性极差,发生解理断裂;在900-1050℃钢板的基体为奥氏体组织,a-铁素体含量下降,而带状d-铁素体破碎呈不连续岛状分布;当d-铁素体长大程度超过奥氏体组织时,铁素体含量增大,XRD峰值升高;退火组织的转变导致抗拉强度随温度的升高而下降,断后伸长率提高;在1000℃时强塑积达到最高值,得到强度与韧性的良好组合,抗拉强度为1003.1 MPa,断后伸长率为41.28%,强塑积为41.41 GPa·%。为了使冷轧Fe-Mn-Al-C钢具有良好的强韧性,退火温度不可低于950℃。同时,Fe-Mn-Al-C钢的测量密度为6.55 g·cm-3,减重效果显著,达到16.6%。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.