Relationship between soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland

The soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient are important hydraulic resistance characteristic parameters. Precisely estimating the hydraulic roughness coefficient is important to understanding mechanisms of overland flow. Four tillage practices, including cropland raking, artificial hoeing, artificial digging, and straight slopes, were considered based on the local agricultural conditions to simulate different values of soil surface roughness in the Loess Plateau. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland using artificial rainfall simulation. On a slope with a gradient of 10°, a significant logarithmic function was developed between the soil surface roughness and Manning’s roughness coefficient, and an exponential function was derived to describe the relationship between the soil surface roughness and Reynolds number. On the slope with a gradient of 15°, a significant power function was developed to reflect the relationship between the soil surface roughness and Manning’s roughness coefficient, and a linear function was derived to relate the soil surface roughness to the Reynolds number. These findings can provide alternative ways to estimate the hydraulic roughness coefficient for different types of soil surface roughness.     

Application of Muskingum routing method with variable parameters in ungauged basin

This paper describes a flood routing method applied in an ungauged basin, utilizing the Muskingum model with variable parameters of wave travel time K and weight coefficient of discharge x based on the physical characteristics of the river reach and flood, including the reach slope, length, width, and flood discharge. Three formulas for estimating parameters of wide rectangular, triangular, and parabolic cross sections are proposed. The influence of the flood on channel flow routing parameters is taken into account. The HEC-HMS hydrological model and the geospatial hydrologic analysis module HEC-GeoHMS were used to extract channel or watershed characteristics and to divide sub-basins. In addition, the initial and constant-rate method, user synthetic unit hydrograph method, and exponential recession method were used to estimate runoff volumes, the direct runoff hydrograph, and the baseflow hydrograph, respectively. The Muskingum model with variable parameters was then applied in the Louzigou Basin in Henan Province of China,and of the results, the percentages of flood events with a relative error of peak discharge less than 20% and runoff volume less than 10% are both 100%. They also show that the percentages of flood events with coefficients of determination greater than 0.8 are 83.33%, 91.67%, and 87.5%,respectively, for rectangular, triangular, and parabolic cross sections in 24 flood events. Therefore,this method is applicable to ungauged basins.     

粒子群算法在河道水动力模型参数校正中的应用

参数估计一直是河道水动力模型研究的难点之一,在传统的模型参数人为经验率定方法的基础上,提出了基于粒子群算法的模型参数优化校正方法,构建了参数校正优化模型,并将参数优化校正算法与河道水动力模型进行耦合,针对淮河干流和史灌河支流组成的研究区域,采用一维河道洪水演进模型,比较了糙率系数校正方法和传统经验估算法,校正方法得到的河段糙率系数值比人为经验估计值平均大0.01,淮河干流河段糙率略大于史灌河支流河段糙率,采用校正河段糙率系数得到的河道水位过程与实测值拟合更优,特别在主峰段洪水过程模拟精度显著改善,验证了本文所提出的参数优化校正算法的有效性,为复杂河道水动力模型参数的确定提供了一种有效方法。     

基于MIKE Flood的中小河流溃堤洪水演进数值模拟

针对水文资料缺乏的中小河流,以贵溪市罗塘河下游段为例,应用MIKE软件对河流溃堤洪水演进进行了研究。采用瞬时单位线法推求断面各频率的设计洪水,并将其作为洪水演进模型的输入;利用MIKE软件建立了贵溪市罗塘河下游段的一、二维耦合水动力模型,对该河下游段溃堤洪水演进过程进行了模拟;通过模拟分析,得到了溃口流量过程和堤防保护区洪水淹没过程。研究成果可为中小河流洪水风险分析和灾害损失评估提供技术支撑。     

Flood frequency and routing processes at a confluence of the middle Yellow River in China

Floods cause environmental hazards and influence on socio‐economic activities. In this study, we evaluated the historic flood frequency at a confluence in the middle Yellow River, China. A non‐parametric, multivariate, empirical, orthogonal function matrix model, which consists of time correlation coefficients of flood discharge at different gauge stations and flood events was used for the analysis of flood frequency. The model addresses the characteristics of confluent floods such as frequency and the probability in multiple tributary rivers. Flood frequency analysis is often coupled with studies of hydrological routing processes that reduce the flood capacity of the rivers. Flood routing to the confluence were simulated using kinematic wave theory. Results of this flood frequency analysis showed that flooding frequency has intensified in the past 500 years, especially during the 19th century. Flooding in streams above the confluence was more frequent than in streams below the confluence. Over the last 2000 years, concurrent flooding in multiple tributary rivers accounted for 67.5% of the total flooding in the middle Yellow River. Simulation of flood routing processes shows that the decreased flooding capacity and elevated river bed of the shrunken main channel leads to an increased flood wave propagation time (24–52.3 h) in the study area after 1995. The model indicates that human activities, such as constructions of the Sanmenxia Dam, have changed flood routing boundary conditions and have contributed to the increased flood frequency at the confluence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use of Gene-Expression Programming to Estimate Manning’s Roughness Coefficient for High Gradient Streams

Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) has been widely used in the estimation of flood discharges or depths of flow in natural channels. Therefore, the selection of appropriate Manning’s n values is of paramount importance for hydraulic engineers and hydrologists and requires considerable experience, although extensive guidelines are available. Generally, the largest source of error in post-flood estimates (termed indirect measurements) is due to estimates of Manning’s n values, particularly when there has been minimal field verification of flow resistance. This emphasizes the need to improve methods for estimating n values. The objective of this study was to develop a soft computing model in the estimation of the Manning’s n values using 75 discharge measurements on 21 high gradient streams in Colorado, USA. The data are from high gradient (S?>?0.002 m/m), cobble- and boulder-bed streams for within bank flows. This study presents Gene-Expression Programming (GEP), an extension of Genetic Programming (GP), as an improved approach to estimate Manning’s roughness coefficient for high gradient streams. This study uses field data and assessed the potential of gene-expression programming (GEP) to estimate Manning’s n values. GEP is a search technique that automatically simplifies genetic programs during an evolutionary processes (or evolves) to obtain the most robust computer program (e.g., simplify mathematical expressions, decision trees, polynomial constructs, and logical expressions). Field measurements collected by Jarrett (J Hydraulic Eng ASCE 110: 1519–1539, 1984) were used to train the GEP network and evolve programs. The developed network and evolved programs were validated by using observations that were not involved in training. GEP and ANN-RBF (artificial neural network-radial basis function) models were found to be substantially more effective (e.g., R² for testing/validation of GEP and RBF-ANN is 0.745 and 0.65, respectively) than Jarrett’s (J Hydraulic Eng ASCE 110: 1519–1539, 1984) equation (R² for testing/validation equals 0.58) in predicting the Manning’s n.     

坡面径流阻力计算模式对比研究

坡面流是污染物迁移、土壤侵蚀、泥沙输移的主要动力因素,阻力系数是影响坡面流模拟的重要参数。为比较三种阻力计算模式(阻力系数为常数、以淹没度为变量的Lawrence模型和阻力分割模型)在裸坡、砾石覆盖坡面、植被覆盖坡面三种常见坡面上的适用程度,本文建立了坡面降雨径流模型,对不同类型坡面的产流进行了模拟。坡面径流模型采用扩散波模型,坡面降雨入渗模型采用考虑坡度影响的Green-Ampt模型,当存在植被时,考虑冠层降雨截留损失。结果表明:在裸坡上,三种阻力计算模式均适用;而在有砾石覆盖和植被覆盖的坡面上,考虑阻力系数时空变化的阻力分割模型模拟精度最高。阻力系数对坡面径流流量的影响在坡面汇流的涨水与退水阶段较大,而在稳定阶段很小。对有植被覆盖坡面,降雨强度存在阈值,大于阈值时,不同阻力模式对坡面流模拟结果影响甚微;反之,需选择合适的阻力计算模式,且坡长越长,坡度越缓,降雨强度阈值越大。     

MODELING DAM-BREAK FLOOD OVER NATURAL RIVERS USING DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD

A well-balanced numerical model is presented for two-dimensional, depth-averaged, shallow water flows based on the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. The model is applied to simulate dam-break flood in natural rivers with wet/dry bed and complex topography. To eliminate numerical imbalance, the pressure force and bed slope terms are combined in the shallow water flow equations. For partially wet/dry elements, a treatment of the source term that preserves the well-balanced property is presented. A treatment for modeling flow over initially dry bed is presented. Numerical results show that the time step used is related to the dry bed criterion. The intercell numerical flux in the DG method is computed by the Harten-Lax-van Contact (HLLC) approximate Riemann solver. A two-dimensional slope limiting procedure is employed to prevent spurious oscillation. The robustness and accuracy of the model are demonstrated through several test cases, including dam-break flow in a channel with three bumps, laboratory dam-break tests over a triangular bump and an L-shape bend, dam-break flood in the Paute River, and the Malpasset dam-break case. Numerical results show that the model is robust and accurate to simulate dam-break flood over natural rivers with complex geometry and wet/dry beds.     

A Fast Semi Distributed Rainfall Runoff Model for Engineering Applications in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

A new GIS based rainfall runoff model is developed for engineering applications, achieving a highly automated watershed analysis process starting from watershed delineation and up to the runoff hydrograph calculation. The model can be classified as a semi-distributed time area model that adopts an improved grid based approach for calculation of watershed response. The model deals with each grid cell in the digital elevation model as an independent hydrologic unit. Travel time through each grid cell is estimated using Manning’s formula and a stream power formula that relates the hydraulic radius at the cell to the characteristics of its upstream watershed area and excess rainfall depth. The watershed response at its outlet is estimated by routing the response of each grid cell using a flow path response function that is defined for that cell. The routed responses of all watershed cells are then convoluted to produce the outflow hydrograph. Model advantages include accuracy improvements due to the incorporation of grid-based routing calculations (both translation and attenuation), fully automated model structure, and fast ability to model many watersheds simultaneously. The combination of these advantages constitutes the novelty of the model that makes it very suitable for engineering design as well as for real-time applications. The model was tested using the data of the experimental watershed, Walnut Gulch, Arizona, USA, gauged by 88 rainfall stations and several discharge recording flumes. The results show that the model can accurately predict the runoff hydrograph where suitable input is available.     

Hydraulic model with roughness coefficient updating method based on Kalman filter for channel flood forecast

A real-time channel flood forecast model was developed to simulate channel flow in plain rivers based on the dynamic wave theory.Taking into consideration channel shape differences along the channel,a roughness updating technique was developed using the Kalman filter method to update Manning's roughness coefficient at each time step of the calculation processes.Channel shapes were simplified as rectangles,triangles,and parabolas,and the relationships between hydraulic radius and water depth were developed f...     

河道型水库洪水演进研究进展及存在的问题

河道型水库调度需要综合考虑入库洪水、人工调控和库区河道地形等因素对洪水演进传播过程的影响。通过分析总结河道型水库洪水波特征和动库容特性方面的研究成果,明确了河道型水库需要采用水文水动力模型耦合方法进行动库容调洪,但需要关注人工调控对坝址水位流量关系的干扰。随后分析总结了水库河道糙率特性方面的研究,指出水库洪水演进计算需要考虑水流流动型态对糙率的影响。进一步总结了近坝区水流特性的现有成果,指出近坝区水流三维流动特征显著,把坝前区域断面作为边界条件,计算时可能会引起系统性误差,明确了今后应该深入开展人工调控对近坝区断面过流能力的影响和糙率率定方面的研究,以提高洪水演进模型精度。     

含淹没植被明渠水位及糙率变化试验研究

采用概化水槽试验研究了在不同植物间距、水流条件下,含淹没植被明渠水位、曼宁糙率系数的变化特征,给出了含淹没植被明渠的糙率经验公式.试验结果表明:相同的流量、水深条件下,明渠的水位壅高值和水面比降均随植物间距的减小而逐渐增大,当植物枝叶相互间贴近或交叉时,植物对明渠水位、比降的影响程度相对较大;水深基本相同、植物排列方式相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水面比降基本呈线性增大趋势;水深相同的条件下,含淹没植被明渠糙率受水流流速的影响较小.     

Real-time flood forecasting of Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas

A combination of the rainfall-runoff module of the Xin’anjiang model, the Muskingum routing method, the water stage simulating hydrologic method, the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method, and the real-time error correction method is applied to the real-time flood forecasting and regulation of the Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas. The Xin’anjiang model is used to forecast the flood discharge hydrograph of the upstream and tributary. The flood routing of the main channel and flood diversion areas is based on the Muskingum method. The water stage of the downstream boundary condition is calculated with the water stage simulating hydrologic method and the water stages of each cross section are calculated from downstream to upstream with the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method. The input flood discharge hydrograph from the main channel to the flood diversion area is estimated with the fixed split ratio of the main channel discharge. The flood flow inside the flood retarding area is calculated as a reservoir with the water balance method. The faded-memory forgetting factor least square of error series is used as the real-time error correction method for forecasting discharge and water stage. As an example, the combined models were applied to flood forecasting and regulation of the upper reaches of the Huai River above Lutaizi during the 2007 flood season. The forecast achieves a high accuracy and the results show that the combined models provide a scientific way of flood forecasting and regulation for a complex watershed with flood diversion and retarding areas.     

黄河下游游荡型河段洪水演进与河床变形过程的数值模拟

黄河下游游荡型河段的河床变形过程相当复杂，横向变形尤为突出，现有水沙数学模型一般仅能模拟河床纵向冲淤，不能模拟滩岸横向冲刷与崩塌，本文将平面二维水沙数学模型与粘性河岸冲刷的力学模型相结合，建立河床变形的平面二维混合模型。然后以黄河下游花园口至夹河滩的游荡型河段为例，采用该混合模型，首次较为全面地模拟了1982年汛期的洪水演进与河床变形过程。沿程最高水位、出口断面流量过程等计算值与实测值符合较好。计算结果还表现为大水时主槽冲刷，滩地淤积；小水时主槽淤积，滩地崩塌。该计算结果与游荡型河段的年内冲淤变化规律一致。     

不同地质条件下边坡动力特征的DDA方法分析

为了对边坡动力响应特征进行分析,基于非连续变形分析(DDA)方法,改进了部分程序,并利用改进的DDA建立了边坡分析模型。该模型绘制了坡体中加速度放大系数等值线图,首先验证了模型黏滞边界的远近对边坡动力响应特征影响极小;其次,分析了不同坡角、坡高、岩性及输入一定地震波周期条件下的边坡加速度放大系数等值线随高程及水平深度的变化特征。分析表明:坡角、坡高小于一定值时,加速度放大系数随高程及水平深度增加呈递增趋势,同一边坡岩性较硬或输入波周期较长时,加速度放大系数较大;而当边坡中存在节理及软弱夹层等不利地质体时,地震波传播会受到反射和透射作用的影响,从而影响边坡的动力特征。经DDA模拟计算揭示:当岩体弹性模量较大时,节理对地震波传播的透射作用较强,且当节理间距与输入波长的比值小于临界值时,其比值越大,节理对波的透射作用越强;岩体分界面下部岩性较上部岩性硬时,随着2种岩体弹性模量差值增大,透射波峰值加速度衰减越明显,而反之分界面以下岩体较上部软时,随2种岩体弹性模量差值增大,透射波峰值加速度放大越明显;当软弱夹层厚度以及其与周围岩体波阻抗的比值较大时,地震波经过软弱夹层时的透射作用较小。     

Seasonality of Roughness - the Indicator of Annual River Flow Resistance Condition in a Lowland Catchment

Accurate estimation of flow resistance restricts the quality of the hydraulic model performance. In this study, we try to investigate the seasonal dynamic of the Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) based on the one-dimensional hydraulic model HEC-RAS in a German lowland area. We set up four river section models based on the 1 m digital elevation model and field measurements, in which the seasonal roughness factors were calibrated and validated with the gauge record. The results revealed that: 1) the Manning’s n varied from 46% to 135% from the base value in autumn; 2) adopting the seasonal roughness factor improved the quality of the model output; 3) the vegetation condition and water elevation dominated the Manning’s n in summer (April–September) and winter (October–March) half year respectively. Water temperature increased the flow resistence in winter half year; 4) the peak value of Manning’s n appeared in late summer due to the highest biomass, while the minimum roughness occurred in early-spring because of the combined influence of low biomass, high water level and relatively higher temperature. The involvement of seasonal roughness factor improved the model performance and the results are comparable to the previous research of the same area.     

斜坡堤栅栏板护面波浪爬高数值模拟

以海堤工程中常用的栅栏板护面为例,采用源函数造波法研究了栅栏板糙率对波浪爬高的影响。结果表明:在线性规则波作用下,波浪爬高衰减系数随着斜坡堤坡面糙率的增大而减小,当糙率为0.40～0.50时,波浪爬高衰减系数在0.6～0.7之间变化;当糙率大于0.50时,波浪爬高衰减系数随着斜坡堤坡度的变缓有增大的趋势。当波陡较小时,在相同糙率条件下,斜坡堤坡度越缓,爬高衰减系数越小;波陡较大时,随着斜坡堤坡度的变缓,波浪爬高衰减系数先增后减。     

WRF-Hydro模型参数在河西内陆河流域的敏感性分析

为研究WRF-Hydro模型参数在河西内陆河流域的敏感性，以西营河流域九条岭水文站以上区域为研究区，在离线模式下利用2015—2018年的全球预报系统(GFS)数据驱动WRF-Hydro模型。基于LH-OAT方法对WRF-Hydro模型的6个主要参数对不同评价指标和空间分辨率的汇流演算网格的敏感性进行了分析，定量计算了各参数的敏感性指标，划分了敏感度等级，并结合典型洪水分析了各参数对洪水过程线的具体影响。结果表明：河道曼宁糙率乘子(MANNFAC)为极敏感参数，入渗系数(REFKDT)、土壤饱和导水率(REFDK)、深层导水系数(slope)为敏感参数，地表糙率乘子(OVROUGHRTFAC)为一般敏感参数，地表持水深度乘子(RETDEPRTFAC)为不敏感参数；各参数的敏感性并不是一成不变的，参数敏感度会受到评价指标的影响，有一定程度的变化；随着汇流演算网格空间分辨率的变化，各参数全局敏感度也会有小幅变化，但参数的全局敏感度等级不发生改变；MANNFAC对峰现时间的调节效果最好，REFKDT和REFDK对洪量和洪峰流量的调节效果显著，slope可以很好地调节洪水过程线的形状。     

基于Nash瞬时单位线法的渗透坡面汇流模拟

基于Nash瞬时单位线法,结合Horton土壤入渗经验模型,并考虑植被对降雨的截流作用,建立了渗透坡面汇流计算的数学模型。以矩形坡面为研究对象,基于其汇流时间-面积特性,推导建立了Nash瞬时单位线参数n、K的确定方法。其中参数n的值与坡面汇流时间-面积曲线指数相等,K的值与坡面汇流时间相等。应用本文建立的模型,对林地渗透坡面降雨径流进行计算,并与实测值进行比较。结果表明,计算值与实测值的变化趋势基本吻合,初步验证了本文方法的合理性。     

淮河鲁台子以上流域洪水预报模型研究

本文以淮河鲁台子以上流域为例,采用分布式概念性水文模型,对王家坝以上流域及阜阳、蒋家集、横排头淮干支流进行降雨径流与洪水过程研究,同时进行参数率定。采用马斯京根法、马斯京根水位模拟法和扩散波非线性水位法,对淮河干流王家坝至鲁台子区间具有行蓄洪区流域洪水进行预报。预报模型在2007年的大洪水预报调度中得到了检验,取得了较高的精度。