淮河鲁台子以上流域洪水预报模型研究

本文以淮河鲁台子以上流域为例,采用分布式概念性水文模型,对王家坝以上流域及阜阳、蒋家集、横排头淮干支流进行降雨径流与洪水过程研究,同时进行参数率定。采用马斯京根法、马斯京根水位模拟法和扩散波非线性水位法,对淮河干流王家坝至鲁台子区间具有行蓄洪区流域洪水进行预报。预报模型在2007年的大洪水预报调度中得到了检验,取得了较高的精度。     

Rainfall-runoff simulation and flood forecasting for Huaihe Basin

The main purpose of this study was to forecast the inflow to Hongze Lake using the Xin＇anjiang rainfall-runoff model. The upper area of Hongze Lake in the Huaihe Basin was divided into 23 sub-basins, including the surface of Hongze Lake. The influence of reservoirs and gates on flood forecasting was considered in a practical and simple way. With a one-day time step, the linear and non-linear Muskingum method was used for channel flood routing, and the least-square regression model was used for real-time correction in flood forecasting. Representative historical data were collected for the model calibration. The hydrological model parameters for each sub-basin were calibrated individually, so the parameters of the Xin＇anjiang model were different for different sub-basins. This flood forecasting system was used in the real-time simulation of the large flood in 2005 and the results are satisfactory when compared with measured data from the flood.     

复杂河道实时洪水预报的半自适应模型研究

具有行蓄洪区的复杂河道的洪水演算是洪水预报中的一难点。对于复杂河道如何在水文学方法中考虑分洪、蓄洪并提高实时洪水预报的精度是一个重要的问题。为解决这一难题，在提出基于马斯京根流量演算河道洪水实时预报的半自适应滤波模型的基础上，对该模型在具有行蓄洪区的复杂河道中的应用问题进行了深入的研究，提出了蓄洪区的计算与预报方法，使得半适应滤模型可以用于复杂河道行蓄洪的调度和实时洪水预报。     

大流域洪水预报与洪水调度管理方法研究

采用水文学与水力学、确定与随机相结合的方法，研究大流域洪水预报与洪水调度管理。确定性模型采用降雨～径流模型的新安江模型和经验预报方案进行流域流量过程预报，一维非恒定流水力学方法进行河道流量与水位以及蓄滞洪预报。随机模型采用线性动态模型进行下断面水位实时预报，最小二乘递推模型进行误差实时校正。以长江支流修水流域为例，采用新安江模型、经验方案进行万家埠与柘林水库入库洪水预报作为水力学计算的上边界条件，采用一维非恒定流水力学方法进行河道洪水流量、水位计算以及分洪计算。该方法为流域的防洪减灾提供了科学的途径。     

马斯京根分段演算与水箱模型组合在区间洪水过程预报中的应用

介绍了马斯京根流量演算方法和水箱模型,提出了将马斯京根分段分步流量演算方法与水箱模型相结合进行区间洪水预报的方法,并将该方法应用于渭河林家村站、汉江安康水库站的洪水预报的研究中,实践证明该方法合理可行,可以推广应用到其它的区间洪水预报中。     

Application of Muskingum routing method with variable parameters in ungauged basin

This paper describes a flood routing method applied in an ungauged basin, utilizing the Muskingum model with variable parameters of wave travel time K and weight coefficient of discharge x based on the physical characteristics of the river reach and flood, including the reach slope, length, width, and flood discharge. Three formulas for estimating parameters of wide rectangular, triangular, and parabolic cross sections are proposed. The influence of the flood on channel flow routing parameters is taken into account. The HEC-HMS hydrological model and the geospatial hydrologic analysis module HEC-GeoHMS were used to extract channel or watershed characteristics and to divide sub-basins. In addition, the initial and constant-rate method, user synthetic unit hydrograph method, and exponential recession method were used to estimate runoff volumes, the direct runoff hydrograph, and the baseflow hydrograph, respectively. The Muskingum model with variable parameters was then applied in the Louzigou Basin in Henan Province of China,and of the results, the percentages of flood events with a relative error of peak discharge less than 20% and runoff volume less than 10% are both 100%. They also show that the percentages of flood events with coefficients of determination greater than 0.8 are 83.33%, 91.67%, and 87.5%,respectively, for rectangular, triangular, and parabolic cross sections in 24 flood events. Therefore,this method is applicable to ungauged basins.     

复式河道一维洪水演进数值模拟

针对复式河道的特点,建立复式河道一维非恒定流数学模型,采用四点线性隐格式离散圣维南方程组,在动量方程中通过对主槽宽度进行修正,很好地解决了漫滩瞬间流量波动问题。通过2006年汛期调水调沙期间的实测资料对黄河下游白鹤—孙口河段洪水演进过程进行验证,结果表明,计算的洪峰变化过程比较符合实测情况,洪水传播时间的计算值与实测值基本吻合。     

A coupled rainfall-runoff and runoff-routing model for adaptive real-time flood forecasting

This paper describes an adaptive hydrologic modelling technique for real-time flood forecasting. The modelling approach is based on a linear stochastic time-varying representation of the rainfall-runoff process and on the Muskingum routing method formulated as an optimal linear filtering problem. The most general stochastic rainfall-runoff model used for linear forecasting is known as the transfer function noise model. An on-line identification procedure based on an extension of the recursive Instrumental Variable estimator is discussed. The routing procedure, based on the Muskingum method, is written in a state-space representation. This allows real-time updating of the state and the system parameters by means of Kalman filtering. The described method is used to forecast extreme flood events for the River Ourthe (drainage basin: approx 3626 km²), one of the main tributaries of the River Meuse, Belgium. The method is compared with stationary modelling procedures and its superiority based on objective forecasting criteria is demonstrated.     

胖头泡蓄滞洪区老龙口分洪闸泄洪能力分析

胖头泡蓄滞洪区位于哈尔滨市上游嫩江干流、松花江干流及第二松花江交汇处,可减轻三江洪水对哈尔滨市的防洪压力。采用数学模型计算和实体模型试验相结合的方法研究老龙口分洪闸的泄流能力及其影响因素,数学模型主要用于分析嫩江干流河道的冲淤演变及水位变化,同时为实体模型提供上下游边界条件;实体模型用于研究不同方案下分洪闸的过流能力。结果表明,老龙口分洪闸的泄流能力主要取决于嫩江干流水位和分洪通道的水位,而且对二者水位差的变化非常敏感。分洪闸过流能力的影响因素主要包括嫩江干流河道冲淤变化、分洪流量、洪水类型及行洪流路走向等。嫩江干流河道冲淤变化幅度很小,对干流水位基本不产生影响;分洪流量对嫩江干流水位影响比较明显,最大分洪流量时水位降幅达0.70 m。嫩江干流与第二松花江共发型洪水分洪对蓄滞洪区水位的减小幅度大于嫩江干流型洪水;蓄滞洪区内地形地貌复杂,不同分洪通道对分洪闸闸下水位影响显著,是泄洪闸过流能力的关键影响因素。因此,在蓄滞洪区内设置能快速分散蓄滞洪水的分洪通道非常必要。     

基于区间入流预报的右江河道洪水演进

广西右江如果发生大洪水,将对郁江和南宁市的防洪产生严重威胁,因此右江洪水演进分析对南宁市的防洪具有重要意义。选出百色水文站洪峰流量依次增大的5场洪水,用右江百色-田东河段区间内的小流域作为代表性流域率定新安江模型参数,对区间入流洪水进行了预报。根据预报结果采用经参数试错法率定后的马斯京根模型对5场洪水进行了演进,计算了田东水文站断面的流量。结果表明:计算结果与实测流量相对误差较小,相关性系数较大,说明试错法对于马斯京根模型参数求解精度较高。     

A dam-breach erosion model: I. Formulation

This paper, Part I in a series of two, develops a mathematical model for earthern dam breach erosion. This model constitutes an extension of the Breach Erosion of Earthfill Dams (BEED) model developed by Singh and Scarlatos (1987). Two aspects are emphasized: the evolution of the dam breach, and the subsequent flood and sediment routing. Simulation of dam breach evolution is based on hydrologic, geometric and geotechnic considerations. Einstein-Brown and Bagnold equations are utilized to compute the rate of erosion in the breached section. A water routing scheme, based on a modified version of the Muskingum method to simulate flow exchange between channel and floodplains, is used to route the resulting breach hydrograph. A sediment routing scheme based on the Muskingum method, modified to simulate deposition in floodplains, and deposition and scouring in the channel, is utilized to route the breach sediment graph. In Part II, the model is tested against historical dam failures, and an analysis is made to determine its sensitivity to various parameters.     

河道洪水实时预报模型及在寸滩—螺山河段的应用

采用水力学和水文学相结合的方法，根据河道非恒定流的圣维南方程组，建立了河道洪水相应涨至预报模型和扩散波洪水预报模型，既可预报流量，又可预报水位。在模型的实时校正技术中，采用了具有时变遗忘因子的递推最小二乘实时校正算法，提高了参数实时跟踪能力和辨识精度。相应涨差实时预报模型和扩散波实时预报模型在寸滩－螺山河段上的应用均获得较好的效果。     

Investigation the Effect of Using Variable Values for the Parameters of the Linear Muskingum Method Using the Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO)

Flood routing is a technique to determine the flood hydrograph at a point of downstream where is of great importance and flood-induced risks can cause irreparable damages. Routing methods can be classified into two categories: hydraulic routing and hydrologic routing. Hydrologic methods are less accurate than hydraulic methods but they are widely used for engineering of rivers due to simplicity and being acceptable. Muskingum is a simple, widely used hydrologic method in the flood routing. In present study, accuracy of the linear Muskingum method has been evaluated using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm in a Karun River reach bounded to the Mollasani hydrometric station and Ahwaz station upstream and downstream of the river, respectively. The results suggest that if three distinct values rather than constant values are used for X, K, ?? parameters in the Muskingum method, the accuracy of computed outflow will be increased particularly in the peak section of hydrograph so that the Mean Relative Error (MRE) of the peak hydrograph section was 2.44% when constants were. However, in the case of using three different values for these parameters, the error value reached 0.89%.     

融冰洪水演进的马斯京根模型

为解决参数率定过程复杂的问题,将河段内的融冰产生的流量视为河段下断面出流的一部分,构建出适用于文开河融冰时期洪水演进的马斯京根模型,并将优化算法应用到模型参数率定的过程中。以黄河宁蒙河段为例,采用试错法、非线性规划法和智能算法中的遗传算法这3种方法对所构建的模型参数进行率定。模拟结果表明:3种方法所模拟的出流过程线均合格;整体上,非线性规划法模拟的精度最高,其洪水的确定性系数D_c为0.980,过程平均相对误差RE为4.840%;而试错法模拟的洪峰流量更为准确,且冰期模拟精度高于无冰期。本研究为融冰洪水演进的模拟提供了一种新方法。     

长江中游防洪调度整体数学模型

长江中游是洪灾最为严重的地区，其中尤以荆江河段最为严重，长委会以往对洪水预报和分蓄洪方案的计算多采用水文学的方法，为适用实时分洪调度决策的更高要求，１９９０年水利部和长委会领导决定先建立一个自宜昌至大通的防洪实时调度整体数学模型，其中包括洞庭和鄱阳二湖水系，研制工作从１９９１年开始，并对宜昌至汉口段作了具体计算，经过１９９２年汛期实时预报工作的检验，又经过１９９３年对１９６９年洪湖溃口分洪进行重演     

用分层马斯京根法作河道洪水演算

针对复式河道中用马斯京根法作洪水演算时,常出现洪水参数K、x值难以概化,整个过程线高、低水段很难拟合的情况,根据马斯京根法的基本原理.结合复式河道中漫滩部分水体的影响,提出了把整个入流过程按河槽形态的变化进行分层处理的分层马斯京根洪水演算方法。该法经在渭河临潼至华阴河段实际运用,其精度较传统马斯京根法有明显的提高。     

河道洪水流量预测方法研究

及时准确地预报某区域内河道指定区段洪水流量及发生时间,对合理实施该区域的防洪预案、落实抗洪抢险措施、组织调度人员及防汛物资具有重要意义。目前河道洪水预报普遍采用马斯京根流量演算法及加里宁—米尔加科夫洪水演进法,两种方法的参数率定存在局限性,对应支流的河道分段处理也存在问题。本文依据最小二乘法,建立含有预测河段上游干流、支流水文站（或水位站）流量或水位预测模型,该模型不受其他水文参数的率定精度影响,直接利用以往洪水及当次洪水上游、下游站的观测资料建立回归预测模型,并通过递推方式完成当次洪水预测,表达形式简单直观、便于实际应用。利用该模型完成了嫩江干流齐齐哈尔水文站2013年洪水流量预测,经与实测成果比较,洪峰流量最大拟合误差小于5.2%,具有较好的计算精度。     

随机微分方程在泄洪风险分析中的运用

本文根据调洪过程中水库蓄洪量具有Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ过程特性的分析，建立了带有随机作用项的Ｉｔｏ随机微分方程，以描述和分析调洪过程中库水位的随机变化规律。在此基础上，给出了动态的泄风险表达，并通过Ｆｏｋｋｅｒ－Ｐｌａｎｃｋ向前方程，求解了与泄洪风险率紧密相关的库水位过程的概率密度分布。计算实例表明，运用随机微分方程进行水库的调洪演算，能够全面，正确地反映各种不确定性因素对库水位过程的影响，从而使泄洪风险分     

A Modified Muskingum Flow Routing Model for Flood Wave Propagation during River Ice Thawing-Breakup Period

During the period of river ice thawing and breakup process (termed as “ice cover thawing-breakup”), vast amount of water stored in ice-covered river reach will be released comparing to that under open flow condition. The flow routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period will be different from that under open flow condition, since water stored in and channel from ice thawing-breakup process and flow routing process are very complicated. If the flow routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period can be predicted, it will very important for flood protection in the downstream river reach. In present study, water released from ice cover thawing process is considered as the lateral inflow to the channel flow during propagation process of flood wave from upstream to downstream. A model for the flood routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period has been developed based on the Muskingum hydrologic method. Using the modified Muskingum model, the routed outflow hydrograph has been determined along the Baotou Reach of the Yellow River during river ice thawing-breakup period. Results showed that the simulated hydrographs using developed model agree well with those of field measurements.

     

分蓄洪区数学模型中边界处理的改进

针对分蓄洪区水流数值计算中的复杂边界问题,在传统笛卡尔坐标方法的基础上改用斜角笛卡尔方法.该方法能更好地贴近实际水边线,又能保留传统笛卡尔方法的优点.运用改进的分蓄洪区平面二维水流数学模型计算了湖北省白谭湖分蓄洪区洪水演进的情况.