基于自然循环回路的非能动安全壳冷却系统数值模拟

针对一种基于自然循环回路的非能动安全壳冷却系统(PCCS),建立了一维均相流数学模型,并采用单节点安全壳两组份模型,利用牛顿迭代法求解,模拟了PCCS的稳态运行和事故工况下安全壳和PCCS的瞬态响应过程,得到了系统自然循环的换热和流动特性。计算结果表明:PCCS能在喷淋系统故障的事故条件下在一定时间内有效实现安全壳降温,但要实现长期阶段进一步降温还需对换热水箱进行补水和冷却操作。     

一体化装置实验对RELAP5的评价

针对一体化自然循环试验装置OSU-MASLWR开展的实验,采用系统分析程序RELAP5/MOD3.3进行分析计算。失水事故瞬态计算结果表明,堆芯有足够的冷却,加热元件在整个瞬态过程中温度不断降低。安全壳内出现热分层现象,通过安全壳壁从安全壳到周围水池的热传递速率足以除去堆芯的衰变热。与试验结果相比,程序基本预测了整个瞬态过程中各参数的变化情况。     

华龙一号非能动安全壳冷却系统循环水箱的热分层现象数值研究

华龙一号核电技术采用了非能动安全壳冷却系统的先进设计。作为一种自然循环系统，系统的冷却能力与其循环水箱的水温直接相关，循环水箱中的热分层现象研究对循环系统冷却能力的准确评估以及工程设计优化均有重要的现实意义。本文基于计算流体力学（CFD）技术对循环水箱升温过程进行了三维流动传热的数值模拟。研究表明，循环水箱中存在较为明显的热分层现象，总体上呈现水池顶部温度波动大，而底部等温层较为平缓的特点，系统循环功率和循环流量均会对水箱的升温过程产生影响：功率增大、流量减小均会促使水箱内产生较明显的热分层现象，同时也会使水箱平均温度偏高，出口水温也相应较高。2列循环系统出现循环功率或流量不均衡对水箱平均温度以及出口温度的升高过程基本无明显影响，因此非能动安全壳冷却系统水箱对系统循环能起到一定的自稳定的效果。     

华龙一号非能动安全壳冷却系统循环水箱的热分层现象数值研究

华龙一号核电技术采用了非能动安全壳冷却系统的先进设计。作为一种自然循环系统,系统的冷却能力与其循环水箱的水温直接相关,循环水箱中的热分层现象研究对循环系统冷却能力的准确评估以及工程设计优化均有重要的现实意义。本文基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术对循环水箱升温过程进行了三维流动传热的数值模拟。研究表明,循环水箱中存在较为明显的热分层现象,总体上呈现水池顶部温度波动大,而底部等温层较为平缓的特点,系统循环功率和循环流量均会对水箱的升温过程产生影响:功率增大、流量减小均会促使水箱内产生较明显的热分层现象,同时也会使水箱平均温度偏高,出口水温也相应较高。2列循环系统出现循环功率或流量不均衡对水箱平均温度以及出口温度的升高过程基本无明显影响,因此非能动安全壳冷却系统水箱对系统循环能起到一定的自稳定的效果。     

地下核电厂非能动安全壳冷却系统启动特性研究

非能动安全壳冷却系统依靠上升段和下降段密度差驱动形成的自然循环流动排出安全壳内热量。在地下核电厂中,非能动安全壳冷却系统换热器与换热水箱之间的水位差高达180 m,可形成很大的自然循环驱动压头,利于自然循环流动和换热。对非能动安全壳冷却系统的启动过程进行程序计算模拟,发现在系统建立自然循环的过程中,如果换热水箱温度过高或者系统设计不合理,可能不能建立自然循环。同时,流体可能会在上升段出现闪蒸现象,引起两相自然循环流动振荡。     

基于CFD的铅铋快堆上腔室降阶热分层模型开发

在铅铋快堆紧急停堆后，上腔室发生热分层现象对堆内结构完整性和自然循环余热排出能力产生重要影响，需要重点关注。为克服传统热分层分析方法的缺陷，基于计算流体动力学（CFD）程序Fluent得到高精度的全阶快照，通过特征正交基分解（POD）与Galerkin投影结合的方法构建降阶热分层模型。通过与CFD全阶热分层模型对热分层现象进行对比分析，研究结果表明所开发的降阶热分层模型能很好地模拟上腔室温度分布，能快速地开展铅铋快堆事故下的热分层界面特性研究。本文研究对热分层现象产生机理、有效遏制热分层现象产生提供了重要分析工具。     

非能动余热排出换热器换热能力数值分析

基于多孔介质模型,对AP1000非能动余热排出换热器(PRHR-HX)运行初始阶段进行了数值模拟。一回路的入口温度及流量采用RELAP5的计算结果,并以此作为CFD计算的边界条件。采用多孔介质模型处理C型管束区,添加管束区分布阻力。通过商业CFD软件FLUENT计算得到安全壳内置换料水箱(IRWST)侧冷却剂的三维温度及速度分布,通过用户自定义函数UDF完成一回路侧与IRWST侧的耦合换热计算,获得一回路温度分布及换热量。计算结果表明,随着IRWST内冷却剂温度升高,换热器热负荷降低,并出现明显的热分层现象,同时证明采用多孔介质模型与耦合换热计算是分析PRHR/IRWST系统瞬态热工水力特性的有效方法。     

过冷沸腾自然对流两相CFD模拟及应用

采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,开展过冷沸腾自然对流两相模拟与应用研究。对侧壁加热圆柱水箱过冷沸腾自然对流实验采用两相CFD瞬态模拟,模拟时间为1 500 s,通过模型设置与模拟方法研究,再现了过冷沸腾发生后实验的温度阶跃,得到与实验较一致的温度分布、气泡产生时间与产生位置,确保了数值计算的合理性与准确性。在此基础上,对以欧洲ESBWR(经济简化沸水堆)非能动安全壳冷却系统(PCCS)为原型的ISP-42实验进行了两相CFD模拟,获得与实验一致的温度分布,确定采用两相CFD数值模拟对非能动安全壳冷却系统及非能动余热排出系统进行应用研究可行,为下一步计算传热系数、构建自然对流传热模型建立了良好基础。该项研究对工程应用中探寻非能动安全壳冷却系统及非能动余热排出系统的两相自然循环传热特性具有较大价值。     

非能动安全壳局部分层及分区计算研究

搭建小型非能动钢制安全壳台架，以蒸汽为工质，通过实验研究破口事故下非能动安全壳内的环流与热分层现象。结果表明：不同的喷射流量下，安全壳内均存在分层现象；分层属于局部分层而非大空间整体分层。对当前国内外常用的安全壳计算程序进行对比分析，并结合实验研究结果，提出一种根据壳内传热和流动的特点进行分类分区，然后再各自建立模型进行计算的新方法。     

华龙一号失水事故后安全壳内气溶胶自然沉降现象研究

对于未采用喷淋系统的安全壳设计,安全壳内的自然沉降过程是放射性核素在安全壳内的一个重要去除机理.本文给出了重力沉降、扩散电泳、热电泳和布朗扩散四种自然沉降机理的沉降速率分析模型,对华龙一号冷管段双端剪切大破口失水事故后安全壳内气溶胶自然沉降现象开展了研究,分析了气溶胶粒径分布特性、气溶胶释放假设对自然沉降现象的影响.分...     

Experimental Analysis on Mitigation of Thermal Stratification in the Suppression Pool of a Water Wall Type Passive Containment Cooling System

A water wall type passive containment cooling system with an outer pool surrounding the suppression pool is one passive containment cooling system. In the system, a baffle plate in the suppression pool mitigates thermal stratification formed at the vent tube outlet level and enlarges the heat transfer area. The effectiveness of the baffle plate in mitigating thermal stratification was experimentally confirmed; the heat transferred to the outer pool increased about 50% due to a larger high temperature region and a longer effective heat transfer length. The experimental analysis was performed using a three-dimensional thermal-hydraulic analysis program. In the analysis, a laminar flow model and slip conditions on structural walls were used, and the calculated temperature profiles and natural circulation flow rates along the baffle plate agreed with measurements. The model was then judged as a valid and practical tool to evaluate global natural circulation and temperature distributions in a large pool. And it was analytically corn- firmed that the thermal resistance of the PCV wall and the heat flux to the outer pool affected the performance of the baffle plate.     

华龙一号非能动安全壳热量导出系统热工水力特性研究

本文针对华龙一号非能动安全壳热量导出系统（PCS）,基于漂移流模型开发了一套一维自然循环瞬态计算程序。利用该程序对PCS内热工水力特性进行了分析研究,得到PCS自然循环流量、换热系数、换热器进出口温度、上升管路竖直段出口含气率及水箱水位等热工水力参数随PCS换热功率的变化。本文研究结果将为评估华龙一号PCS的换热能力提供可靠工具,对PCS的设计和改进也具有指导意义,并为后续开发能够模拟带有PCS的安全壳内热工水力行为的程序打下基础。     

一维开式自然循环系统分析程序的实验验证

基于华龙一号非能动安全壳热量导出系统（PCS）综合性能实验装置实验结果,对采用基于漂移流模型开发的华龙一号PCS程序（PCS?NCCP）进行验证,对比分析了设计工况及非设计工况下PCS?NCCP程序计算值与实验值之间的误差。结果显示,所开发的PCS?NCCP程序能模拟PCS的排热能力、稳态运行特性和动态响应特性,程序计算值能很好地跟踪实验的趋势和幅值变化,绝大部分计算误差落在±20%范围内,验证了PCS?NCCP程序的准确性。     

Analysis of large-scale tests for AP-600 passive containment cooling system

All next-generation light water reactors utilize passive systems to remove heat via natural circulation and are significantly different from past and current nuclear plant designs. One unique feature of the AP-600 is its passive containment cooling system (PCCS), which is designed to maintain containment pressure below the design limit for 72 h without action by the reactor operator. During a design-basis accident (DBA), i.e., either a loss-of-coolant or a main-steam-line break accident, steam escapes and comes in contact with the much cooler containment vessel wall. Heat is transferred to the inside surface of the steel containment wall by convection and condensation of steam and through the containment steel wall by conduction. Heat is then transferred from the outside of the containment surface by heating and evaporation of a thin liquid film that is formed by applying water at the top of the containment vessel dome. Air in the annular space is heated by both convection and injection of steam from the evaporating liquid film. The heated air and vapor rise as a result of natural circulation and exit the shield building through the outlets above the containment shell. All of the analytical models that are developed for and used in the COMMIX-1D code for predicting performance of the PCCS will be described. These models cover governing conservation equations for multicomponents single-phase flow, transport equations for the k − two-equation turbulence model, auxiliary equations, liquid-film tracking model for both inside (condensate) and outside (evaporating liquid film) surfaces of the containment vessel wall, thermal coupling between flow domains inside and outside the containment vessel, and heat and mass transfer models. Various key parameters of the COMMIX-1D results and corresponding AP-600 PCCS experimental data are compared and the agreement is good. Significant findings from this study are summarized.     

开式自然循环流动不稳定性的频域法分析

非能动安全壳热量导出系统依靠自然循环导出事故后排入安全壳内的热量,但在运行过程中也可能发生流动不稳定性现象。本文以某开式自然循环非能动安全壳热量导出系统为对象,建立了描述该系统行为的数学模型和本构关系,运用小扰动法对守恒方程进行线性化,通过Laplace变换获得系统质量流速随加热段进口焓变化的传递函数。基于Nyquist稳定性判据,分析了热工参数变化对该自然循环系统稳定性的影响。结果表明:系统的流动稳定性本质上受空泡份额随质量含气率的变化关系的制约,在一定范围内,随着质量含气率的增大,空泡份额对质量含气率的敏感性减弱,系统趋于稳定。     

Improvement in understanding of natural circulation phenomena in water cooled nuclear power plants

The IAEA has organized a coordinated research project (CRP) on “Natural Circulation Phenomena, Modelling, and Reliability of Passive Systems That Utilize Natural Circulation.” Specific objectives of CRP were to (i) establish the status of knowledge: reactor start-up and operation, passive system initiation and operation, flow stability, 3-D effects, and scaling laws, (ii) investigate phenomena influencing reliability of passive natural circulation systems, (iii) review experimental databases for the phenomena, (iv) examine the ability of computer codes to predict natural circulation and related phenomena, and (v) apply methodologies for examining the reliability of passive systems. Sixteen institutes from 13 IAEA Member States have participated in this CRP. Twenty reference advanced water cooled reactor designs including evolutionary and innovative designs were selected to examine the use of natural circulation and passive systems in their designs. Twelve phenomena influencing natural circulation were identified and characterized: (1) behaviour in large pools of liquid, (2) effect of non-condensable gases on condensation heat transfer, (3) condensation on the containment structures, (4) behaviour of containment emergency systems, (5) thermo-fluid dynamics and pressure drops in various geometrical configurations, (6) natural circulation in closed loop, (7) steam liquid interaction, (8) gravity driven cooling and accumulator behaviour, (9) liquid temperature stratification, (10) behaviour of emergency heat exchangers and isolation condensers, (11) stratification and mixing of boron, and (12) core make-up tank behaviour. This paper summarizes the achievements within the CRP for the first five phenomena (1-5).     

Author index to volume 79

Scaling criteria for a natural circulation loop under single phase and two-phase flow conditions have been derived. For a single phase case the continuity, integral momentum, and energy equations in one-dimensional area average forms have been used. From this, the geometrical similarity groups, friction number, Richardson number, characteristic time constant ratio, Biot number, and heat source number are obtained. The Biot number involves the heat transfer coefficient which may cause some difficulties in simulating the turbulent flow regime. For a two-phase flow case, the similarity groups obtained from a perturbation analysis based on the one-dimensional drift-flux model have been used. The physical significance of the phase change number, subcooling number, drift-flux number, friction number are discussed and conditions imposed by these groups are evaluated. In the two-phase flow case, the critical heat flux is one of the most important transients which should be simulated in a scale model. The above results are applied to the LOFT facility in case of a natural circulation simulation. Some preliminary conclusions on the feasibility of the facility have been obtained.     

Scaling laws for thermal-hydraulic system under single phase and two-phase natural circulation

Scaling criteria for a natural circulation loop under single phase and two-phase flow conditions have been derived. For a single phase case the continuity, integral momentum, and energy equations in one-dimensional area average forms have been used. From this, the geometrical similarity groups, friction number, Richardson number, characteristic time constant ratio, Biot number, and heat source number are obtained. The Biot number involves the heat transfer coefficient which may cause some difficulties in simulating the turbulent flow regime. For a two-phase flow case, the similarity groups obtained from a perturbation analysis based on the one-dimensional drift-flux model have been used. The physical significance of the phase change number, subcooling number, drift-flux number, friction number are discussed and conditions imposed by these groups are evaluated. In the two-phase flow case, the critical heat flux is one of the most important transients which should be simulated in a scale model. The above results are applied to the LOFT facility in case of a natural circulation simulation. Some preliminary conclusions on the feasibility of the facility have been obtained.