The effect of methyl-tri-n-butylammonium methylsulfate and graphite nanoplates on production of antistatic acrylic polymer

Methyl-tri-n-butylammonium methylsulfate (BIL) was incorporated into acrylic resin to improve antistatic property of acrylic polymer (AP). In order to avoid reduction in the mechanical properties of acrylic film and to reach higher electrical conductivity values, the combination of graphite nanoplates (Gr) and BIL was used. The effects of incorporation of BIL and Gr into AP on UV-blocking properties and UV transmittance data of acrylic films were measured. After 120 days, AP containing 5 wt% BIL and 0.01 wt% Gr, and AP+15 wt% BIL exhibited antistatic property. While BIL incorporation into acrylic resin deteriorated the mechanical properties, 0.01 wt% Gr incorporation increased the tensile strength by 83%.     

玻纤增强乙烯基酯树脂在漠河地区的自然老化研究

对玻纤增强乙烯基酯树脂在漠河地区的大气暴露三年和库内暴露八年的样品分别进行研究,考察了其拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量、弯曲强度、弯曲弹性模量、压缩强度5种力学性能及变化趋势;对样品进行了扫描电镜微观分析;同时对漠河地区的玻纤增强乙烯基酯树脂进行了寿命预测,计算出材料弯曲性能保留率下降到75%时所需时间。     

气相二氧化硅在胶衣树脂中的应用研究

本文研究了德国N20、国产A200及A380二氧化硅对剪切拉伸强度及模量、弯曲强度及模量、冲击强度、粘度、触变性的影响,试验发现,加入气相二氧化硅能进一步提高力学强度.     

Effect of compatibilizer and organoclay content on structure,thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(butylene succinate)/(Ethylene acrylic acid)/Organoclay nanocomposites

Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/(ethylene acrylic acid) (EAA)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by using the melt intercalation technique. EAA was used as compatibilizer and organoclay was used as inorganic filler. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results indicated the addition of compatibilizer led to a large increase in basal spacing of nanocomposites and better overall dispersion of organoclay in the PBS matrix. However, the basal spacing was found to be invariant as the organoclay content increased. The differential scanning calorimetry analyses revealed that the incorporation of the organoclay and EAA and the variation of organoclay content altered the melting behavior and crystallization properties of PBS. Storage and loss modulus of virgin matrix increased with the incorporation of organoclay and EAA, and a maximum for the nanocomposite with 9 wt% organoclay. Moreover, the glass transition temperatures also increased for the various organoclay‐containing samples. Mechanical properties showed an increase with the incorporation of organoclay and EAA. The 5 wt% organoclay‐filled PBS gave the highest tensile strength and notched Izod impact strength among all the composites. Further increments in organoclay loading reduced the tensile strength and notched impact strength of nanocomposites, which was thought to be the result of agglomeration. However, increments in clay loading enhanced the flexural strength and flexural modulus of nanocomposites, with a maximum at 9 wt% organoclay. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:219–227, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Acrylic Impact Modifier on Mechanical Properties and Processability of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Composites

Abstract

Interest in the use of natural fibers as fillers has grown over the past few years due to the advantages it offers. The use of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as a filler in the unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) is a new attraction in polymer composite technology. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of EFB fillers on processability and mechanical properties of unmodified and acrylic-impact modified PVC-U. To produce the compound, the PVC resin and the additives were first dry blended using a laboratory blender before being milled into sheets using two-roll mill. Test specimens were prepared using a hot press, after which impact and flexural properties were determined. The processability studies of the dry blend were carried out by using a Brabender Torque Rheometer model PL2200. The results showed that the incorporation of EFB filler into unmodified PVC-U decreased the fusion time, but increased the fusion time of acrylic-impact modified PVC-U. The end torque decreased upon the addition of EFB filler for both samples. The addition of 9 phr of acrylic impact modifier into the unfilled and EFB-filled PVC-U compound decreased the fusion time. The flexural modulus showed improvement upon addition of EFB filler, with a sacrifice in impact and flexural strength. The overall results show that the incorporation of EFB filler modified the processability and mechanical properties of both the unmodified and acrylic-impact modified samples.     

Mechanical Properties of Bismaleimides Modified Polysulfone Epoxy Matrices

Epoxy resin has been chemically modified using 4, 8, and 12% of bisphenol-A based polysulphone along with three types of bismaleimides, namely [N, N′-bismaleimido-4,4′-diphenylmethane (BMI-1), 1,3-bis (maleimido) benzene (BMI-2) and 1,1′-bis (4-maleimidophenyl) cyclohexane (BMI-3)]. The epoxy hybrid matrices developed, in the form of castings, were used to characterize their mechanical properties like tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, hardness, and dynamic mechanical analysis as per ASTM standards. Data obtained from mechanical studies indicate that the introduction of hydroxyl terminated polysulfone into epoxy resin enhanced the value of impact strength to the extent of 48% due to the formation of flexible graft structures. Similarly, the incorporation of bismaleimides into epoxy resin also improved both tensile and flexural behavior of epoxy resin. Further, the introduction of combination of both polysulfone and bismaleimides into epoxy resin improved the mechanical properties according to their percentage content. Among the bismaleimides-modified polysulfone epoxy matrices, the epoxy matrix modified with 8% polysulfone and 8% BMI-2 exhibited better mechanical properties than other modified epoxy matrices.     

Processing and characterization of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced by cup-stacked carbon nanotubes

The effect of the dispersion, ozone treatment and concentration of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes on mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the epoxy/CSCNT nanocomposites were investigated. Ozone treatment of carbon fibers was found to increase the surface oxygen concentration, thereby causing the contact angle between water, epoxy resin and carbon fiber to be decreased. Thus, the tensile strength, modulus and the coefficient friction of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin were improved. Moreover, the dispersion of fibers in polymer was increased and the electrical resistivity was decreased with the addition of filler content. The dynamic mechanical behavior of the nanocomposite sheets was studied. The storage modulus of the polymer was increased by the incorporation of CSCNTs. But the glass transition temperature decreased with increasing fiber loading for the ozone treated fiber composites. The ozone treatment did affect the morphology, mechanical and physical properties of the CSCNT.     

周期性孪晶结构碳化硅纳米线改性环氧树脂的性能

通过超声分散和模具浇注成型法制备了周期性孪晶结构碳化硅(SiC)纳米线改性环氧树脂,探讨了SiC纳米线的周期性孪晶结构及含量对环氧树脂复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,周期性孪晶结构SiC纳米线的加入明显改善了环氧树脂基体的力学性能,孪晶结构有助于提高SiC纳米线与基体树脂之间的相互结合程度。随着孪晶SiC纳米线含量的增加,复合材料的拉伸性能和弯曲性能都呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。当SiC纳米线的含量为2%时,复合材料的拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度和弯曲弹性模量均达到最大值,相比于纯环氧树脂分别提高了90.6%,37.8%,38.3%,53.4%和24.5%。当SiC纳米线含量为3%时,弯曲应变达到最大值(6.72%),相比于环氧树脂提高了32.0%。     

硅灰石在聚丙烯塑料改性方面的应用研究

通过硅烷改性剂表面处理的针状硅灰石可提高硅灰石疏水亲有机性,改善硅灰石在聚丙烯树脂中的分散性。填充后的聚丙烯材料在拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弹性模量以及弯曲模量等方面的性能有所提高,而在韧性方面有略微降低。同时材料的耐温性得到较大提高。     

Toughening of vinyl ester resins by two-dimensional MXene nanosheets

Two-dimensional nanosheets are highly effective tougheners for vinyl ester resins. The toughening effect is related to the high specific surface area and unique two-dimensional planar structure of the nanosheets. In this study, a coupling agent γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (Kh-560) was used to modify MXene nanosheets (M-MXene) for use in toughening vinyl ester resin. The mechanical properties, including the tensile strength, flexural strength, Young’s modulus and elongation, of neat vinyl ester resin and vinyl ester resin modified with MXene and M-MXene were investigated. The results showed that modification significantly improved the mechanical properties of the vinyl ester resin. The tensile and flexural strengths of the MXene-nanosheet-modified vinyl ester resin were 27.20% and 25.32% higher, respectively, than those of the neat vinyl ester resin. The coupling agent improved the interfacial compatibility between the MXene nanosheets and vinyl ester resin, which resulted in the tensile and flexural strengths of the M-MXene-nanosheet-modified vinyl ester resin being 52.57% and 54.60% higher, respectively, than those of the neat vinyl ester resin for a loading quantity of nanosheets of only 0.04 wt %, which is economically viable. The main mechanisms by which the nanosheets toughen the resin are crack deflection and crack pinning.     

抗静电木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的研究

为了提高木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的抗静电性能,通过高速混合、挤出造粒以及热压成型的方式制备了4种抗静电木粉/聚丙烯复合材料,并比较了它们的体积电阻率和拉伸强度,结果表明:在4种抗静电复合材料中加入炭黑的复合材料体积电阻率最小,拉伸强度最大。探讨了炭黑用量对木粉/聚丙烯复合材料抗静电性能和力学性能的影响,结果表明:当炭黑用量增加时,复合材料的体积电阻率明显降低,拉伸强度和弯曲强度出现最大值,弹性模量和断裂伸长率呈下降趋势。     

Electrical and thermal conductivity and tensile and flexural properties of carbon nanotube/polycarbonate resins

Adding conductive carbon fillers to insulating thermoplastic polymers increases the resulting composite's electrical conductivity. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are very effective at increasing composite electrical conductivity at low loading levels without compromising composite tensile and flexural properties. In this study, varying amounts (2–8 wt %) of CNTs were added to polycarbonate (PC) by melt compounding, and the resulting composites were tested for electrical conductivity (1/electrical resistivity), thermal conductivity, and tensile and flexural properties. The percolation threshold was less than 1.4 vol % CNT, likely because of CNTs high aspect ratio (1000). The addition of CNT to PC increased the composite electrical and thermal conductivity and tensile and flexural modulus. The 6 wt % (4.2 vol %) CNT in PC resin had a good combination of properties for electrical conductivity applications. The electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were 18 Ω‐cm and 0.28 W/m · K, respectively. The tensile modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and strain at UTS were 2.7 GPa, 56 MPa, and 2.8%, respectively. The flexural modulus, ultimate flexural strength, and strain at ultimate flexural strength were 3.6 GPa, 125 MPa, and 5.5%, respectively. Ductile tensile behavior is noted in pure PC and in samples containing up to 6 wt % CNT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Raw and chemically treated bio-waste filled (Limonia acidissima shell powder) vinyl ester composites: Physical,mechanical, moisture absorption properties,and microstructure analysis

The rapid growth of environmentally sustainable and eco-friendly materials tends to the utilization of biowastes as filler in polymer matrix composites. The particulate composite with improved wettability of fillers and advanced approach can evolve polymer composites that exhibit promising applications in packaging, automobile, marine, construction, and aerospace. In the present work, one of the biowaste fillers were synthesized from Limonia acidissima shells via a top-down approach (pulverizing) and the surfaces were chemically modified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) before they were used as fillers in vinyl ester polymer composites by different weight percentage (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). The prepared particulate composites were characterized by mechanical properties, moisture absorption behavior, and morphology. At different filler loading the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, hardness, density, and moisture intake tests were performed. The results reveal that the properties increased for composites filled with alkaline treated fillers for the same filler loading and found to be higher at filler loading of 15 wt%. The morphological analysis confirms the better interfacial bonding between alkali-treated particles and matrix due to the removal of non-cellulose materials from the surface of the particles.     

Thermal and mechanical properties of copolymers of methyl methacrylate with N‐aryl itaconimides

The article describes the preparation of cast copolymer sheets of methyl methacrylate with varying mole fractions of N‐(p‐methoxyphenyl) itaconimide/N‐(2‐methoxy‐5‐chlorophenyl) itaconimide/N‐(3‐methoxy‐5‐chlorophenyl) itaconimide monomers by bulk copolymerization using azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The effect of incorporation of varying mole fractions of N‐arylsubstituted itaconimides in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) backbone on the thermal, optical and physicomechanical properties of cast acrylic sheets were evaluated. The glass transition temperature and the thermal stability increased with increasing amounts of itaconimides in the polymer backbone. An increase in tensile strength, flexural strength, and storage modulus was also observed. The impact strength decreased marginally upon incorporation of imides into the polymer backbone. A slight decrease in the transparency and a significant increase (4–50%) in the haze was observed. The chemical resistance of PMMA remains unaffected by copolymerization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

几种加工助剂在聚丙烯基木塑复合材料中的应用对比

研究了3种加工助剂对聚丙烯(PP)基木塑复合材料物理力学性能和加工性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜对复合材料的冲击断面进行了分析。结果表明,在一定用量范围内,芳香族碳氢化合物(S-105)和改性烷基酚醛树脂(TKM-M80)能够提高木粉在PP基体中的分散性,改善基体与木粉之间的相容性,从而提高PP基木塑复合材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度、弯曲强度、弯曲弹性模量和加工性能;脂肪醇和脂肪酸酯的混合物(Deoflow A)能够明显提高木粉在PP基体中的分散性和复合材料的加工性能,但用量较大时对复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲弹性模量有不利影响。     

Utilization of Flyash as Filler Material in Hybrid Polyester Composites for Improved Thermo-Mechanical and Erosion Wear Behavior

The present work was carried out for the utilization of major quantities of flyash as filler material in the short fiber reinforced polyester resin composites in various engineering and structural applications. The incorporation of flyash modifies the hardness, tensile, flexural, impact and damping behavior of the composites. It is observed that hardness, flexural modulus and impact strength of flyash filled composites increases with increase in the flyash filler contents. Whereas, with the addition of flyash contents it is observed that there is decrease in tensile strength and flexural strength. But beyond the 10 wt.-% flyash filler addition in the composite the flexural strength increases. At the end, the erosion wear behavior of all the composites has been studied by Taguchi experimental design. It is found that unfilled glass polyester composite suffers greater erosion loss as compare to particulate filled glass polyester composites. The eroded surface morphology is examined by SEM and the related erosion wear mechanism is discussed in detail.     

Synthesis and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester based nanocomposites

Two classes of nanocomposites were synthesized using an unsaturated polyester resin as the matrix and sodium montmorillonite as well as an organically modified montmorillonite as the reinforcing agents. X‐ray diffraction pattern of the composites showed that the interlayer spacing of the modified montmorillonite expanded from 1.25 nm to 4.5 nm, indicating intercalation. Glass transition values of these composites increased from 72°C, in the unfilled unsaturated polyester, to 86°C in the composite with 10% organically modified montmorillonite. From Scanning Electron Microscopy, it is seen that the degree of intercalation/exfoliation of the modified montmorillonite is higher than in the unmodified one. The mechanical properties also supported these findings, since in general, the tensile modulus, tensile strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength and impact strength of the composites with modified montmorillonite were higher than the corresponding properties of the composites with unmodified montmorillonite. The tensile modulus, tensile strength, flexural modulus and flexural strength values showed a maximum, whereas the impact strength exhibited a minimum at approximately 3–5 wt% modified montmorillonite content. These results imply that the level of exfoliation may also exhibit a maximum with respect to the modified montmorillonite content. The level of improvement in the mechanical properties was substantial. Adding only 3 wt% organically modified clay improved the flexural modulus of unsaturated polyester by 35%. The tensile modulus of unsaturated polyester was also improved by 17% at 5 wt% of organically modified clay loading.     

The Physical Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Composites Made from Various Thermoplastics

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB)-based composites were produced using different types of thermoplastic as matrices. The composites were produced by using an internal mixer. The mechanical and water absorption properties of composites were investigated. Overall, the incorporation of EFB into the polymer matrix has resulted in the reduction of flexural strength. The poor performance has been attributed to the poor filler-matrix interaction. Both flexural and tensile modulus of PE and PP composites have been improved upon the addition of fillers, however, both PS and PVC composites showed a decreasing trend. Tensile strength and elongation at break results for all composites have been reduced as the result of incorporation of filler. This has been attributed to the poor filler-matrix interaction or compatibility, size irregularity and also decreased ductile deformation. Water absorption and thickness swelling increased as the filler loading is increased. This has been attributed to the presence of hyrophillic hydroxyl groups of the filler.     

双转子连续挤出机掺混工艺对ABS树脂性能的影响

运用自主研发的双转子连续挤出机探究了掺混工艺对苯乙烯-丙烯腈-丁二烯（ABS）树脂力学性能的影响;借助Polyflow模拟软件分析了掺混工艺对设备混合能力的影响;通过对ABS树脂流变和微观结构的表征,探讨了掺混工艺对橡胶粒子微观形貌的影响。结果表明,随着螺杆转速的增加,设备分散和分布混合能力提高,橡胶粒子的团聚现象减弱,分布均匀性提高,当螺杆转速为400 r/min时,ABS树脂的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量和冲击强度分别提高了16.8 %、15.4 %、30.7 %和7.7 %;当螺杆转速为500 r/min时,在剧烈的剪切作用下,橡胶粒子发生内接枝,导致ABS树脂的力学性能与螺杆转速为400 r/min时的力学性能相比,分别下降了7.6 %、7.5 %、21.8 %和32.6 %。     

Performance of bamboo plastic composites with hybrid bamboo and precipitated calcium carbonate fillers

The influences of hybrid bamboo and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) fillers in a recycled polypropylene/polyethylene matrix on the properties of bamboo plastic composites were studied. Thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared analyses of both thermo‐mechanically refined bamboo fiber (RBF) and ground bamboo particle (GBP) showed relatively higher holocellulose content in RBF, and more effective silane grafting on the RBF surface. The raw PCC particles contained over 95% calcium carbonate, and had an agglomerated form consisting of particles with a mean diameter of about 1.2 microns. Compounding the PCC particles with the plastic resin helped separate and disperse them in the matrix. Measured flexural strength and modulus of PCC‐only‐filled composites increased significantly from 15 to 30% PCC content levels, while the tensile and impact strength of composites decreased with the addition of PCC. For composites with hybrid bamboo and PCC fillers, tensile and flexural moduli were improved with the increase of PCC content. After silane treatment, RBF‐filled composites showed noticeably increased mechanical properties compared with those of GBP‐filled composites. For modulus values, PCC–bamboo–polymer composites were 3–4 times higher than those of PCC–polymer composites at high PCC levels. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers