Spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of poly(2,5 dimethyl aniline) films

UV–visible, IR and redox characteristics of electrochemically deposited poly(2,5 dimethyl aniline) films are affected by varying the monomer concentration (0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 M) and dopant anions in the electrolyte solution (HCl, HClO₄ and H₂SO₄). The optical spectra show the presence of reduced leucoemeraldine phase 320 nm and emeraldine salt phase 740 nm in HCl and HClO₄ while in case of H₂SO₄ media the pernigraniline phase is observed 540 nm. The magnitude of absorbance is highest in H₂SO₄>HCl>HClO₄. On the other hand, the selectivity in the formation of conducting phase is greater in HCl in comparison with HClO₄ and H₂SO₄. IR spectra of the film reveal a higher ratio for the relative intensities of the quinoid to benzenoid ring modes i.e. I₁₅₁₀/I₁₄₄₀ in case of films deposited in H₂SO₄. Cyclic voltammograms show the presence of a single redox couple in each case except for H₂SO₄ where an additional anodic peak is observed. However, the increase in current is highest in HCl>HClO₄>H₂SO₄ hence, the thickness of the films calculated for the cathodic peak are in accordance with the current.     

Fe3O4/MnO2磁性复合氧化物催化剂的制备及性能

具有磁性的非均相催化剂价格低廉、低污染、高能效、容易从溶液中分离出来。经过水热合成法合成的Fe₃O₄/MnO₂磁性复合氧化物催化剂在活化过一硫酸盐（2KHSO₅·KHSO₄·K₂SO₄）产生硫酸根自由基（SO₄-）降解水中有机污染物表现出了优良的性能。把不同质量的磁性Fe₃O₄微球与线状的MnO₂负载到一起,合成三种Fe₃O₄:MnO₂质量比分别为1:3、2:3、1:1的Fe₃O₄/MnO₂催化剂,经过XRD、SEM和TEM表征,表明这两种金属氧化物负载到一起。对比不同Fe₃O₄:MnO₂质量比的Fe₃O₄/MnO₂磁性复合氧化物催化剂活化2KHSO₅·KHSO₄·K₂SO₄的活性,发现Fe₃O₄/MnO₂（2:3）催化剂催化活性最高。通过考察不同因素对Fe₃O₄/MnO₂（2:3）催化活性的影响得出,水中罗丹明B（Rh B）降解的最佳条件为10 mg/L Rh B、0.4 g/L Fe₃O₄/MnO₂催化剂、0.3 g/L 2KHSO₅·KHSO₄·K₂SO₄、pH=8。Fe₃O₄/MnO₂（2:3）磁性复合氧化物催化剂经过3次循环利用后,催化活性没有明显下降。SO₄-在降解水中Rh B起主要作用。      

WS2/g-C3N4异质结光催化分解水制氢性能及机制

通过溶剂蒸发和二次高温煅烧石墨相碳化氮(g-C₃N₄)纳米片和WS₂纳米片混合物构建WS₂/g-C₃N₄异质结,该异质结保留g-C₃N₄和WS₂主体结构的同时,在界面处形成化学键,确保该异质结的化学稳定性和热稳定性。光催化分解水制氢实验表明,WS₂纳米片含量为3wt%时光催化制氢速率高达68.62 μmol/h,分别是g-C₃N₄纳米片和WS₂纳米片的2.53倍和15.29倍,表明异质结的构建可大幅提升g-C₃N₄的光催化性能,循环实验表明该异质结在5次循环实验后光催化性能没有明显下降,表明该异质结的稳定性较好。光电性能测试表明异质结的构建不仅提高激发电子的转移效率,同时抑制激发电子空穴的复合率,大幅提升激发电子的利用效率,致使光催化分解水制氢速率较g-C₃N₄纳米片和WS₂纳米片大幅提升。      

Comparative studies of solid-state synthesized polyaniline doped with inorganic acids

Polyaniline (PANI) salts doped with inorganic acids (HCl, H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄) were directly synthesized by using solid-state polymerization method. The FTIR spectra, UV–vis absorption spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns were used to characterize the molecular structures of the PANI salts. Voltammetric study was done to investigate the electrochemical behaviors of all these PANI salts. The PANI salts were affected by varying the protonation media (HCl, H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄). The FTIR and UV–vis absorption spectra revealed that all PANI salts contained the conducting emeraldine salt phase at different oxidation state. The crystallinity of PANI doped with HCl was better than those doped with H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄. The conductivity of the PANI doped with HCl is the highest among the inorganic acid doped PANI.     

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and optical absorption spectra of VO ions in K2SO4---Na2SO4---ZnSO4 glasses

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra of K₂SO₄---Na₂SO₄---ZnSO₄ glasses containing 3 mol.% of vanadium sulphate have been studied. Spin-Hamiltonian parameters (g, g, A, A), the dipolar hyperfine coupling parameter (P), the Fermi contact interaction parameter (K) and the tetragonality of the V⁴⁺ site (Δg/Δg) have been calculated. The optical absorption spectra of VO²⁺ ions doped these glasses show three bands. By correlating the EPR and optical spectral data, the molecular orbital parameters have been evaluated. Results agree with similar studies made earlier.     

Synthesis of layered MgHPO4. 1.2H2O under ambient conditions

Layered Magnesium Phosphate MgHPO_4. 1.2H₂O is synthesized by the direct ambient pressure and temperature reaction between MgCl₆. 6H₂O and phosphoric acid at pH 6.0. A detailed study has been performed on the temperature dependance of the reversible dehydration-rehydration process that takes place in this material.     

Preparation and characterization of LiAl0.23Mn1.77O4 for supercapacitor electrodes

LiAl_0.23Mn_1.77O₄ was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction. The structure and morphology of LiAl_0.23Mn_1.77O₄ were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The supercapacitive performances of LiAl_0.23Mn_1.77O₄ materials were studied using galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods in 2 mol L⁻¹ (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution. The results show that the LiAl_0.23Mn_1.77O₄ electrode exhibits typical supercapacitive characteristics in aqueous (NH₄)₂SO₄ electrolyte. The specific capacitance is up to 185 F g⁻¹ at current density of 2 mA cm⁻². The ohmic resistance (R_sol) is only 0.22 Ω. Besides, the electrodes showed a stable cycle life in the potential range of 0–1.0 V and retained 93% of initial specific capacitance over 100 cycles.     

Effect of CH4 and H2 on CVD of SiC and TiC for possible fabrication of SiC/TiC/C FGM

SiC and TiC coatings were deposited by CVD on graphite substrates and the effect of the variation of the methane (CH₄) and hydrogen (H₂) ratio on deposition was investigated. SiCl₄, TiCl₄ and CH₄ were used as sources of Si, Ti and C. In case of the SiC coatings, stoichiometric SiC was obtained when the ratios of CH₄/(SiCl₄ + CH₄)andH₂/(SiCl₄ + CH₄) are 0.4 and 10, respectively. Stoichiometric TiC was also obtained under similar conditions. In order to obtain non-stoichiometric materials for possible fabrication of functionally gradient materials (FGM), a change of microstructure and composition was observed with changes of the CH₄ and H₂ ratio. As a result, SiC, TiC and C contents were more easily controlled by a change of the H₂ ratio compared to the CH₄ ratio for SiC and TiC deposition. It has been verified that the change of the H₂ ratio is more desirable for possible manufacturing of SiC/TiC/C FGM.     

甲烷/氢气在超微孔金属有机骨架中的吸附与分离性能研究

使用巨正则蒙特卡罗方法(GCMC)对CH₄和H₂在3种具有不同结构的超微孔金属有机骨架(UM-MOFs)中的吸附与分离性能进行了研究。获得了这3种材料对CH₄和H₂分子的单组分吸附。通过分析它们对CH₄/H₂二元混合物的吸附数据,获得了相应的吸附选择性分布曲线,探索了UM-MOFs对CH₄/H₂分子的吸附与分离机理。     

Carburization performance of Incoloy 800HT in CH4/H2 gas mixtures

Carburization performance of Incoloy 800HT has been studied after cyclic and isothermal exposures to CH₄/H₂ carburizing gas mixtures at high temperatures for 500 h. At 800 °C in 2% CH₄/H₂, Incoloy 800HT suffered external oxidation and carburization, the external continuous layer of reaction products consists primarily of Cr₇C₃, Mn_1.5Cr_1.5O₄, and FeCr₂O₄ with Fe(Cr, Al)₂O₄ as a minor phase. At 1100 °C in 10% CH₄/H₂, external carburization did not occur likely due to high carbon dissolution in the alloy substrate at this temperature. A thermodynamic analysis indicated that 1000 °C was an approximate critical temperature, below which the environment should result in mixed oxidizing/carburizing behavior, while above this temperature reducing carburizing behavior should occur. The experimental results approximately agree with the thermodynamic analysis. Metal dusting was not observed under highly carburizing conditions (a_C>1). The size and morphology of Cr-rich phases (or Cr-carbides) are both temperature- and time-dependent, while the external continuity is more temperature-dependent rather than time-dependent.     

Structural and ionization effects on the adsorption behaviors of some anilinic compounds from aqueous solution onto high-area carbon-cloth

The adsorption of anilinic compounds; aniline, p-toluidine, 1-napthylamine and sodium salt of diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid from solutions in H₂O, in 1 M H₂SO₄ or in 0.1 M NaOH onto activated carbon-cloth was studied by in situ UV spectroscopy. A specially designed adsorption cell was used for this purpose. The adsorption processes were found to follow first-order kinetics and the rate constants were determined. The pH at the point of zero charge of the carbon-cloth surface was measured as 7.4. The highest rates and extents of adsorption were observed from H₂O solutions for aniline, p-toluidine and 1-napthylamine and from solution in 1 M H₂SO₄ for the sodium salt of diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid. The adsorption behaviors of these four anilinic compounds in the three solutions (in H₂O, in 0.1 M NaOH and in 1 M H₂SO₄) were explained in terms of electrostatic and dispersion interactions between carbon-cloth surface and the anilinic species. The adsorption isotherm data for the anilinic compounds were derived at 30 °C and treated according to Langmuir and Freundlich models. The Freundlich model was found to represent the experimental isotherm data better than Langmuir model.     

Dissociation process of CH4/H2 gas mixture during EACVD

The dissociation process of CH₄/H₂ gas mixture during EACVD has been investigated using Monte Carlo simulation for the first time. The electron velocity distribution and H₂ dissociation were obtained over a wide range: 100<E/N<2000 Td. The variation of CH₄ dissociation with CH₄ concentration in the filling gas has been simulated. The electron velocity profile is asymmetric for the component parallel to the field. Most electrons possess non-zero velocity parallel to the substrate. The number of atomic H is a function of E/N. There are two peaks at E/N=177 Td and 460 Td. The appropriate E/N is suggested to be 500–800 Td for low temperature deposition. The main diamond growth precursor is proposed to be CH₃ and CH₃⁺.     

N2O5/HNO3硝化合成1,2,3,4-丁四醇四硝酸酯

以赤藓糖醇为原料,利用绿色硝化剂五氧化二氮（N₂O₅）在硝酸(HNO₃)介质中硝解制得1,2,3,4-丁四醇四硝酸酯（ETN）。与现有混酸法相比,该反应可在无硫酸(H₂SO₄)环境下进行,后处理简单,废酸污染小。试验探讨了投料比、反应温度和反应时间对ETN产率的影响,用扫描电镜SEM、红外光谱IR等对不同ETN晶体的形态进行了表征。结果表明,投料比m(赤藓糖醇):m(N₂O₅):V(HNO₃)=2.5 g :4.0 g :20.0 mL、反应温度为20 ℃、反应时间为2 h时,ETN的产率最高,达76.6%。同时,3种不同晶体形态的ETN具有相同的特征峰。     

Al(H2PO2)3/聚氨酯弹性体复合材料的制备及阻燃性能

采用熔融共混技术,将Al（H₂PO₂）₃引入聚氨酯热塑性弹性体,制备了一系列次磷酸铝/聚氨酯弹性体复合材料（Al（H₂PO₂）₃/TPU）。采用极限氧指数（LOI）、垂直燃烧（UL-94）、锥形量热测试、TG和SEM研究了Al（H₂PO₂）₃对Al（H₂PO₂）₃/TPU复合材料阻燃性能及热稳定性的影响,采用力学测试研究Al（H₂PO₂）₃对其力学性能的影响。阻燃测试表明,Al（H₂PO₂）₃可以有效提高Al（H₂PO₂）₃/TPU复合材料的阻燃性能。当Al（H₂PO₂）₃添加量为20wt%时,Al（H₂PO₂）₃/TPU复合材料UL-94级别达到V-0级,LOI达到30.5vol%。热重测试表明,Al（H₂PO₂）₃的加入会导致复合材料热分解温度降低,但其残炭率有明显升高。锥形量热测试表明,Al（H₂PO₂）₃的加入有效降低复合材料热释放速率峰值（pHRR）和总热释放（THR）,并明显提高其火灾安全性能,其中20wt% Al（H₂PO₂）₃/TPU的pHRR和THR相对纯TPU分别下降65.7%和20.2%。SEM表明,Al（H₂PO₂）₃/TPU复合材料炭渣致密性有明显提高。在此基础上,采用TGA-FTIR联用分析Al（H₂PO₂）₃/TPU复合材料阻燃机制,研究发现,Al（H₂PO₂）₃在燃烧过程中可以有效促进TPU裂解产物成炭,降低可燃性气体生成量,从而提高复合材料阻燃性能。     

CoFe2与CoFe2O4质量比及MgO稀释对CoFe2@CoFe2O4磁性的影响

采用金属有机盐热分解方法制备了MgO包覆的CoFe₂O₄纳米粒子（CoFe₂O₄@MgO）,然后将CoFe₂O₄@MgO在H₂中还原,接着在空气中氧化制备了一组CoFe₂@CoFe₂O₄@MgO样品;用盐酸溶液溶解CoFe₂@CoFe₂O₄@MgO中的MgO获得另一组样品（CoFe₂@CoF₂O₄）。测量并绘制了CoFe₂@CoFe₂O₄@MgO和CoFe₂@CoF₂O₄的磁化强度随外磁场及温度变化的关系曲线。随着氧化温度升高,CoFe₂@CoFe₂O₄@MgO和CoFe₂@CoF₂O₄的矫顽力H_c、饱和磁化强度M_s、剩磁比M_r/M_s及磁有序状态发生显著变化,这些变化强烈依赖于磁性粒子的各向异性及粒子间的偶极相互作用。     

Crystal structure, thermal analysis and IR spectroscopic investigation of (C6H9N2)H2XO4 (X = As, P)

Crystals of 2-amino-4-methylpyridinium dihydrogenmonoarsenate (C₆H₉N₂)H₂AsO₄ and 2-amino-4-methylpyridinium dihydrogenmonophosphate (C₆H₉N₂)H₂PO₄ have been prepared and grown at room temperature. These materials are isotypic with the following unit cell dimensions (C₆H₉N₂)H₂AsO₄: a = 12.4415(5) Å, b = 6.8224(3) Å, c = 11.3524(5) Å, Z = 4, V = 963.60(6) Å³; (C₆H₉N₂)H₂PO₄: a = 12.4410(9) Å, b = 6.7165(3) Å, c = 11.3417(5) Å, Z = 4, V = 925.09(10) Å³. The common space group is Pnma. The structure of these compounds has been determined by X-ray data collection on single crystals of (C₆H₉N₂)H₂AsO₄ and (C₆H₉N₂)H₂PO₄. Due to the strong hydrogen-bond network connecting the H₂XO₄ groups, the anionic arrangement must be described as a linear organization. The chains composed by the macroanion spread along the b-direction, approximately centered by x = 0 and 1/2. All atoms of the structure, except one oxygen atom, are located in the mirror planes situated at y = 1/4 and 3/4, imparting an internal mirror symmetry to the anionic and the cationic entities. The linear macroanions are crossed by organic cations lying in mirrors perpendicular to the b-direction; this atomic arrangement is then described by a three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds, built up by two types, O–HO bonds inside the chains and N–HO bonds linking adjacent chains. The thermal properties of both compounds are investigated as well as the IR properties supported by group theoretical analyses.     

杂多酸离子液体负载氨基化Fe3O4磁性复合材料的制备及其超声辅助催化脱硫性能

以N-甲基咪唑、溴代正丁烷、磷钨酸为原料制备了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑磷钨酸离子液体[BMIM]₃PW₁₂O₄₀,将其通过超声浸渍法负载于氨基化Fe₃O₄（Fe₃O₄-NH₂）,得到枣糕型结构的[BMIM]₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Fe₃O₄-NH₂磁性复合材料,通过FTIR、XRD、XPS、TEM、振动样品磁强计（VSM）、SEM等对其组成、形貌等进行表征。以[BMIM]₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Fe₃O₄-NH₂磁性复合材料为催化剂,以H₂O₂为氧化剂,催化氧化以二苯并噻吩为硫源的正辛烷模拟油样,通过单因素法分别考察了超声时间、H₂O₂用量、反应温度和催化剂用量等因素对脱硫效果的影响,并初步探讨了[BMIM]₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Fe₃O₄-NH₂磁性复合材料催化脱硫机制。结果表明:0.5 g/L[BMIM]₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Fe₃O₄-NH₂磁性复合材料超声辅助催化氧化浓度为500 mg/g模拟油样,在323 K下H₂O₂与二苯并噻吩的摩尔比n（O）:n（S）为8:1经超声10 min时,催化脱硫率达到最佳,为88.13%;重复使用5次后,[BMIM]₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Fe₃O₄-NH₂磁性复合材料对模拟油样的催化降解率仅下降了2.51%。说明该材料具有良好的催化脱硫性能,并可重复使用。催化机制初步研究表明,活性中心可能为杂多酸阴离子、Fe₃O₄-NH₂和离子液体分别起到载体和协同增容作用。      

复合磁性催化剂β-MnO2/MnxZn1-xFe2O4的制备与表征

采用化学共沉淀法制备了以Mn_xZn_1-x Fe₂O₄为磁性基体的β-MnO₂/Mn_xZn_1-xFe₂O₄复合磁性催化剂,利用XRD、SEM、FTIR和超导量子干涉仪对复合磁性催化剂的结构和性能进行了表征,以罗丹明B （RhB）为模拟污染物,研究了β-MnO₂/Mn_xZn_1-xFe₂O₄的催化活性,并考察了其稳定性。结果表明,球状的β-MnO₂与块状的磁性基体Mn_xZn_1-xFe₂O₄成功复合,且制备的β-MnO₂/Mn_xZn_1-xFe₂O₄复合磁性催化剂具有良好的催化性能和磁学性能。当Mn_xZn_1-xFe₂O₄与β-MnO₂的质量比为20：100时,在2 mL含量为30%的H₂O₂作用下,1 h内β-MnO₂/Mn_xZn_1-xFe₂O₄复合磁性催化剂对100 mL浓度为10 mg/L的RhB降解率（93.9%）远高于纯β-MnO₂（33.7%）;在磁场作用下,β-MnO₂/Mn_xZn_1-xFe₂O₄复合磁性催化剂的回收率为89%,经过5次循环利用之后其对RhB的降解率仍达76%。     

可磁分离ZnFe2O4-TiO2/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及光催化性能

以TiO2(P25)、 Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、 Zn(NO3)2·6H2O和氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,通过一步溶剂热法合成可磁分离的ZnFe2O4-TiO2/还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)复合材料。采用UV-Vis、 Raman、 XRD、 SEM和EDS对ZnFe2O4-TiO2/rGO复合材料进行表征,并研究不同rGO比例的ZnFe2O4-TiO2/rGO对模拟染料废水亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化降解性能。GO在溶剂热反应过程中,被还原成rGO。由于ZnFe2O4和rGO的加入,不仅使ZnFe2O4-TiO2/rGO实现对可见光的吸收,而且使其具有磁性,便于分离和回收利用。当GO质量分数为5wt%时, ZnFe2O4-TiO2/rGO显现出对MB最佳的光催化活性, 60 min光照后的降解率达到99.1%。通过光催化活性物种捕获实验得出ZnFe2O4-TiO2/rGO复合材料降解MB的过程中,活性物种主要为·OH和·O2-, TiO2导带(CB)中的光生电子(e+)转移到ZnFe2O4的价带(VB),遵循Z型转移机制。光催化剂稳定性实验表明, ZnFe2O4-TiO2/rGO复合材料具有优越的稳定性,可作为太阳光照射下降解有机染料的光催化剂。     

Physico-chemical and catalytic studies on the calcination products of BaCrO4-CrO3 mixture

The phase composition, electrical behaviour, and the catalytic activity towards H₂O₂ decomposition were studied for the products of the solid state reaction of BaCrO₄-CrO₃ mixture (1:1 molar ratio) in the temperature range 300–1000 °C. Experimental evidence from acid-soluble chromate estimation and X-ray analysis revealed that the presence of the low melting point component CrO₃ enhances the chromite spinel formation. On the basis of these experimental data together with those obtained from electrical conductivity measurements, a mechanism of chromite formation was suggested. The decisive role of surface Cr⁶⁺ ions in the catalytic decomposition reaction of H₂O₂ indicated the existence of these surface active centers in different energy states depending on the calcination temperature. This was also verified from the electrical conductivity measurements.