熔盐法合成磷酸镧粉体及其形貌

以La(NO3)3b·6H2O和H3PO4为原料,以KNO3-NaNO3为助熔剂,由熔盐法分别经300,400,500,600,700℃和800℃煅烧制备了磷酸镧粉体.利用X射线衍射分析粉体的相结构,用扫描电镜观察其微观结构,研究了不同煅烧温度和熔盐含量对粉体相结构及形貌的影响.结果表明:磷酸镧粉体的形貌、相结构与煅烧温度和熔盐加入量有密切关系,400℃制备的磷酸镧颗粒为束状,500℃制备的为米粒状,600℃制备的的为均匀圆球状的纳米颗粒,700,800℃制备的为层片状的磷酸镧颗粒.300～600℃煅烧后可以得到单斜相的磷酸镧,700℃煅烧后的粉体既有单斜相又有六方相,800℃煅烧后的粉体全部为六方相,磷酸镧由单斜相向六方相转变的温度为735℃.     

镱掺杂二氧化锡纳米粉体的制备工艺影响因素

以SnCl4·5H2O和Yb(NO3)3·6H2O为原料,氨水为沉淀剂,采用化学共沉淀法制备了镱掺杂二氧化锡纳米粉体,考察了反应温度、煅烧温度、分散剂的种类对所得纳米镱掺杂二氧化锡粉体的物相、晶粒度和形貌的影响。对粉体的前驱体进行综合热分析(TG-DTA),用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对产物的结构和形貌进行表征,得到共沉淀法制备纳米镱掺杂二氧化锡粉体的最佳条件为:反应温度60℃,煅烧温度600℃,用非离子型PEG-600为分散剂。     

四方相氧化锆粉体制备工艺研究

以ZrOCl2·8H2O和Y2O3为主要原料,采用醇-水溶液加热结合共沉淀法制备出Y2O3稳定的纳米ZrO2复合粉体.利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了复合粉体的物相组成和晶粒大小.结果显示,当Y2O3含量为2mol%时,复合粉体由单斜相ZrO2和少量四方相ZrO2组成;当Y2O3含量为3mol%、4mol%时,粉体全部由四方相ZrO2,组成.750℃～900℃煅烧时,复合粉体的物相组成变化不大,但四方相ZrO2,的晶粒尺寸随煅烧温度升高而增大.     

燃烧法制备镁铝尖晶石粉体及其烧结活性研究

按Mg(NO3)2.6H2O与A l(NO3)3.9H2O的摩尔比为1∶2配料,分别添加20.120 g尿素、15.015 g尿素+4.500 g甘氨酸、7.987 g尿素+9.980 g甘氨酸为燃烧剂,采用燃烧合成法制备了镁铝尖晶石粉体,分析了镁铝尖晶石粉体的物相组成和显微结构,并用谢乐公式计算粉体的晶粒尺寸;然后,将镁铝尖晶石粉体成型为样块,在1 600℃保温3 h煅烧,计算块体的烧后永久线变化率,并检测烧后块体的吸水率、显气孔率和体积密度,分析其显微结构。结果表明:1)随着燃烧剂中甘氨酸含量的增加,制备的镁铝尖晶石粉体的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,粒径分布逐渐均匀,但团聚现象逐渐明显。2)随着燃烧剂中甘氨酸含量的增加,由镁铝尖晶石粉体制成的块体在1 600℃保温3 h煅烧后的永久线收缩率逐渐增大,烧后块体的吸水率和显气孔率逐渐减小,体积密度逐渐增大;烧后块体中的颗粒粒径逐渐均匀,异常长大的晶粒逐渐减少。这表明,在燃烧剂中添加甘氨酸有利于提高燃烧合成法制备的镁铝尖晶石粉体的烧结活性。     

化学共沉淀法制备纳米铋掺杂氧化锡的影响因素研究

以SnCl4.5H2O和Bi(NO3)3.5H2O为原料,氨水为沉淀剂,采用化学共沉淀法制备了铋掺杂氧化锡（BTO）纳米粉体,研究了反应温度、滴定终点pH值、铋掺杂量,煅烧温度和分散剂PEG-600对所得的纳米BTO粉体物相、晶粒度和形貌的影响,对粉末的前驱体进行综合热分析（TG-DTA）,用X-射线衍射（XRD）,扫描电镜(SEM)对产物的结构和形貌进行表征,得到共沉淀法制备纳米BTO粉体的最佳条件：反应温度60℃,滴定终点pH值为3,煅烧温度600℃;该条件下制得BTO粉体的电阻率最小为3.48Ω•cm。     

化学共沉淀法制备纳米铋掺杂氧化锡

以SnCl4.5H2O和Bi(NO3)3.5H2O为原料,氨水为沉淀剂,采用化学共沉淀法制备了铋掺杂氧化锡(BTO)纳米粉体,考察了反应温度、滴定终点pH、铋掺杂量、煅烧温度和分散剂PEG-600对所得的纳米BTO粉体物相、晶粒度和形貌的影响,对粉末的前驱体进行综合热分析(TG-DTA),用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对产物的结构和形貌进行表征,得到共沉淀法制备纳米BTO粉体的最佳条件:反应温度60℃,滴定终点pH=3,煅烧温度600℃;该条件下制得BTO粉体的电阻率最小为3.48Ω.cm。     

醇-水法制备Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体及其表征

以Al(OH)3和ZrOCl2·8H2O为起始原料,以NH4HCO3为沉淀剂,在醇-水混合溶液中获得前驱体,将前驱体在空气中煅烧,制备了Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体.探讨了不同煅烧温度对Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体的物相组成和显微形貌的影响.采用综合热分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等手段对粉体进行表征.结果表明:前驱体中含锆化合物主要以无定形的形式存在,当煅烧温度为600℃时,粉体中出现较强的t-ZrO2衍射峰,Al(OH)3的衍射峰肖失.当煅烧温度增加到1200℃时,粉体中主要存在α-Al2O3和t-ZrO2主晶相衍射峰.前驱体经600℃热处理后所制备的Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体粒度分布均匀且大多数颗粒在50 ～ 100 nm之间;随着煅烧温度的升高,Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体颗粒出现长大,且其显微形貌由球状颗粒为主逐渐向球状、片状以及短棒状等多样化结构过渡.     

共沉淀法合成Nd：YAG粉体及pH值的影响

以Y2O3、Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Nd(NO3)3为原料,碳酸氢氨为沉淀剂,均相共沉淀法制备Nd0.03Y2.97Al5O12(Nd:YAG)粉体.采用DSC/TG、XRD和TEM测试手段对粉末进行表征,研究pH值的影响.结果表明:pH值对合成粉体的成分和性能影响显著,当pH值为8.0时,前驱粉末在1 000℃热处理2 h后,全部转化成纯YAG相,粉体产生软团聚,主要为层状结构,并伴有小量纳米颗粒.     

正交实验优选共沉淀法制备纯相YAG纳米粉体

为了获得制备纯相YAG纳米粉体且重现性好的工艺,本实验以Al(NO3)3·9H2O、Nd2O3、Y2O3和NH4HCO3为原料,(NH4)2SO4为静电稳定剂,采用L9(34)正交试验方案研究了金属离子溶液浓度、NH4HCO3浓度、滴速和pH值4个重要因素对YAG粉体制备的影响,结果表明pH值是影响YAG纯相的主要因素。获得最佳工艺条件并进行了重复性试验研究,均得到了纯相YAG粉体。采用TG/DTA、XRD、FT-IR、TEM等测试手段对YAG粉体及前体进行表征,结果发现在1000℃煅烧温度下前体已完全转变成YAG相,得到了类球形、分散性较好、尺寸为23nm的YAG粉体。     

溶胶-凝胶-喷雾干燥法制备超细Al_2O_3-SiO_2二元粉体材料

以硝酸铝(Al(NO3)3.9H2O)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶(Sol-Gel)技术并结合喷雾干燥(SPD)技术制得超细Al2O3-SiO2二元复合粉体材料,并分别于400℃、800℃、1000℃、1150℃和1200℃煅烧2h;采用全自动比表面积与孔隙率分析仪、TEM、TG-DSC及XRD等仪器研究了热处理温度、pH值(分别为5.5、7和8)以及干燥方法对粉体材料的表面性能、显微形貌、物相组成及Al2O3-SiO2二元系晶体转变过程的影响。结果表明:由Sol-Gel-SPD制备的超细Al2O3-SiO2二元粉体材料的比表面积>448m2.g-1,而经1200℃煅烧2h后所得的超细莫来石的比表面积为34.05m2.g-1;TG-DSC分析表明:采用Sol-Gel-SPD制得的Al2O3-SiO2二元粉体材料的质量损失主要发生在500℃之前;XRD分析表明:粉体试样的开始莫来石化温度为1000℃,铝硅尖晶石(6Al2O3.SiO2)与非晶态SiO2在1150~1200℃完全转化为莫来石;比较不同pH值试样经1200℃煅烧后的TEM照片发现,当pH=7时,得到的超细莫来石粉体粒径最小,为50nm。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.