多回波环境中多机动目标跟踪的新算法*

目标的状态估计与数据关联是机动多目标跟踪中的关键问题.针对杂波环境中多机动目标的跟踪问题,本文首先引入一种自适应滤波算法,并与快速概率数据关联算法结合,提出一种适于实际应用的密集回波环境下机动多目标跟踪的新算法-快速自适应概率数据关联(FAPDA)算法,利用近似概率数据关联(PDA)算法的计算量达到优于联合概率数据关联(JPDA)算法的跟踪效果,并能快速检测到机动.通过与JPDA算法的仿真结果进行对比,表明了该算法的有效性和快速性.     

Distributed multirate interacting multiple model fusion (DMRIMMF) with application to out-of-sequence GMTI data

This note develops a distributed approach for fusing ground moving target indicator data with out-of-sequence (OOS) measurements. A multirate interacting multiple model (MRIMM) fusion algorithm is developed for effectively fusing multirate information. The multirate approach provides an excellent framework for efficient information retrodiction and forward update. A multirate interacting multiple model filter is employed locally to track a target with or without maneuvering behavior. The combination of global MRIMM fusion and local MRIMM tracking proves to be powerful for tracking and fusing maneuvering and nonmaneuvering targets in an environment of OOS measurement reporting.     

杂波环境下机动目标跟踪算法研究

本文给出了一种基于平方根中心差分卡尔曼滤波（sRcDKF）的交互式多模型-概率数据关联（IMMPDA）算祛。在杂波环境下,该算法较好的解决了非线性条件下机动目标跟踪的问题,可获得比基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）的IMMPDA算法更好的数值稳定性、计算精度和收敛速度,还避免了复杂的Jacobi矩阵运算;本文大量Monte Carlo仿真进一步验证了该算法的可行性和有效性。     

基于ET-GM-PHD的机动多扩展目标跟踪算法

针对原始扩展目标高斯混合概率假设密度（Extended Target Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density,ET-GM-PHD）滤波算法不能解决机动目标跟踪问题,在高斯混合概率假设密度（Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density,GM-PHD）滤波框架下,引入修正的输入估计算法（Modified Input Estimation,MIE）,可以有效地处理多扩展目标的机动问题。此外,提出的算法虽然可以实现对未知数目的多机动扩展目标进行跟踪,但无法获得各个目标的航迹。针对此问题,进一步引入高斯分量标记方法,有效地将多机动扩展目标的航迹进行准确关联,获取各个目标的航迹。实验结果表明,提出的算法在弱机动扩展目标跟踪中具有较好的跟踪性能,同时能够有效地估计多扩展目标的航迹。     

复杂场景下灰度图像的运动目标跟踪

提出了一种对复杂场景下灰度图像序列中运动目标分割和跟踪的新方法:首先,利用光流法分割出运动目标;然后,以mean shift算法为核心跟踪感兴趣的目标.跟踪过程中以目标灰度直方图为特征进行帧与帧之间的目标匹配,其匹配的相似度以Bhattacharyya系数来测量.算法中利用Kalman滤波器对运动目标在图像中的位置进行预测,不仅可以有效解决目标的暂时遮挡问题,而且可以缩小模式匹配的搜索范围,提高处理速度.实验结果和对实验相关数据的分析验证了该跟踪算法的有效性和实时性.     

复杂背景下的快速机动目标跟踪算法

为了解决复杂背景及大视野场景下跟踪机动目标易丢失和跟踪精度低的难题,提出了一种复杂背景下的快速机动目标检测与跟踪算法.利用帧间差分算法提取图像中的机动目标,在初始帧建立机动目标的颜色直方图模型,将后续输入图像的像素值转化为直方图分布下的概率值;根据与目标模型的相似度,将每个候选区域的像素值作为密度;利用自适应均值漂移算法寻找机动目标的真实位置;利用卡尔曼滤波预测目标位置.实验结果表明:算法能够准确地在复杂背景和大视野场景下快速检测并跟踪机动目标.     

Distributed interacted multisensor joint probabilistic data association algorithm based on D-S theory

With the development of science and technique, the surveillance systems used in the battlefield have been developed into multisensor systems. Therefore, the multisenor multitarget tracking algorithms, such as centralized multisensor joint probabilistic da…     

变维卡尔曼滤波算法的机动目标跟踪性能研究

卡尔曼滤波在非平稳矢量信号和噪声环境下具有广泛的应用,针对机动目标具有多个运动模型的特点,采用基于卡尔曼滤波的变维算法对机动目标进行跟踪处理,该算法首先建立了机动目标的非机动模型（CV）和机动模型CA）,然后对观测数据进行滤波和误差估计处理,最后通过计算机的蒙特卡洛仿真得到了滤波轨迹和机动目标的位置和速度误差,仿真结果表明变维卡尔曼滤波算法具有很好的目标跟踪性能.     

机动检测算法特性分析仿真研究

机动检测算法是机动目标跟踪中重要环节,对机动目标跟踪的快速性具有重要影响.针对机动目标跟踪的典型检测器,采用卡尔曼滤波算法,基于新息残差向量来描述三种典型的机动检测器,通过蒙特卡洛仿真的方法,对每种检测器进行仿真计算,详细地分析每种检测器的特点和性能.仿真结果表明检测器B性能最稳定,结果最可靠,通过适当调整滤波中的状态误差方差Q,观测误差r,及滤波估计误差方差矩阵的初始值使得滤波器可以更准确地跟踪机动目标,具有一定的参考价值和指导性意义.     

一种机动目标跟踪的异步航迹融合算法

为实现机动目标跟踪,提出一种异步序贯航迹融合算法。融合中心包含匀速和匀加速2种融合模型,均通过信息去相关方法实现序贯航迹融合,并利用调整过程噪声的方法抑制融合发散。对匀加速融合模型的加速度估计进行显著性检验,实现机动检测。当检测到机动时输出匀加速融合模型的结果,反之输出匀速融合模型的结果。仿真结果表明,该算法能实现对机动目标的稳定跟踪,具有较高的跟踪精度。     

基于改进PDA的弱点状多目标交叉运动跟踪算法

采用独立跟踪区域的划分和公共量测点数据的去藕聚类技术,将原本只适用于单目标跟踪的概率数据关联（PDA）算法改造成能够在强杂波环境中跟踪多个点状目标交叉运动的情况。该算法比传统基于JPDA（联合数据关联）的多目标跟踪算法的计算量和复杂度都小。仿真试验表明,该跟踪算法具有高精度的跟踪性能。     

基于EKF的机动目标跟踪算法的研究

假设一种机动目标运动:目标的速度大小不变,方向一直对准观测站.比较Singer模型和常速度(CV)模型,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法对目标进行跟踪.仿真结果表明,在这种机动目标跟踪中,采用Singer模型比CV模型具有较快的收敛速度,而采用CV模型比Singer模型具有较高的跟踪精度.     

Target tracking using Interactive Multiple Model for Wireless Sensor Network

Target tracking in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) environment is a challenging research problem. Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) is a popular scheme for accurate target tracking. The existing target tracking scheme used in WSN employs Kalman Filter (KF) which fails to track the target accurately due to non availability of target data at regular intervals and missing of packets. Though existing KF based tracking in WSN scheme detects the target, it fails to identify the target. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes a IMM based Target Tracking in WSN named ITTWSN that uses multiple models (velocity and acceleration) to handle both maneuvering and non maneuvering targets and multiple sensors to detect and identify the targets. The performance of the proposed ITTWSN is compared with the KF scheme and it is found that the accuracy of the proposed ITTWSN is better than the existing KF based approach.     

一种双机动频率自适应算法研究

基于当前统计模型,研究机动目标跟踪过程中机动频率的自适应调整方法,使其值更加符合目标的实际机动状况。根据机动频率在噪声方差及状态转移矩阵中对增益的影响不同,设计一种双机动频率自适应算法。仿真表明,该自适应算法能快速跟踪加速度跳跃的机动目标,跟踪机动目标位置精度上有较大的改进。     

新的分布交互式多模型广义概率数据关联算法

为有效解决密集杂波环境下分布式多传感器多机动目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于改进D-S证据组合规则的分布交互式多模型多传感器广义概率数据关联（DIMM-MSGPDA-IDS）算法。该算法首先对各局部节点均应用单传感器的IMM-GPDA算法跟踪多机动目标,并将其各模型的状态估计、协方差估计、模型概率、组合新息及其协方差矩阵等滤波结果送至融合中心;在航迹关联判决结束后,融合中心根据各模型对应似然函数的大小融合不同传感器关于同一目标的模型状态估计及其协方差矩阵,并提出利用三维（3-D）证据进行直接融合的改进D-S算法对来源于同一目标的不同传感器的各模型概率进行有效融合,然后依此概率来更新各目标的状态估计并反馈至各局部节点,使之获得更为精确的状态预测;最后,将该算法与基于D-S证据组合规则的分布交互式多模型多传感器联合概率数据关联（DIMM-MSJPDA-DS）算法进行仿真对比分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法能够很好地对强机动目标进行跟踪,且其计算量相对较小,是一种有效的分布交互式多模型多传感器多机动目标跟踪算法。     

Probability hypothesis density filter based on strong tracking MIE for multiple maneuvering target tracking

Taking into account the difficulties of multiple maneuvering target tracking due to the unknown target number and the uncertain acceleration, a novel multiple maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on the Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter and Modified Input Estimation (MIE) technique is proposed in this paper. First, the unknown acceleration vector is added to the target state to form a new augmented state vector. Then, strong tracking filter multiple fading factors are introduced to the MIE method which can adjust the prediction covariance and the corresponding filter gain at different rates in real time, so that the MIE method can adaptively track high maneuvering targets well. Finally, we combine this adaptive MIE method with the PHD filter, which can effectively track multiple maneuvering targets without much prior information. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a higher tracking precision and a better real-time performance than the conventional maneuvering target tracking algorithms.     

基于最优线性无偏估计的交互式多模型机动目标跟踪

为了解决雷达目标跟踪的非线性估计问题,提出了一种基于最优线性无偏估计的交互式多模型(IMM)机动目标跟踪算法.该算法采用最优线性无偏估计(BLUE),把目标的状态在笛卡尔坐标来表示,而把雷达测量误差保留在极坐标下,并结合交互式多模型算法,实现对机动目标的有效跟踪.仿真实验验证了该算法的准确性和有效性.     

Tracking in a cluttered environment with probabilistic data association

This paper presents a new approach to the problem of tracking when the source of the measurement data is uncertain. It is assumed that one object of interest (‘target’) is in track and a number of undesired returns are detected and resolved at a certain time in the neighbourhood of the predicted location of the target's return. A suboptimal estimation procedure that takes into account all the measurements that might have originated from the object in track but does not have growing memory and computational requirements is presented. The probability of each return (lying in a certain neighborhood of the predicted return, called ‘validation region’) being correct is obtained—this is called ‘probabilistic data association’ (PDA). The undesired returns are assumed uniformly and independently distributed. The estimation is done by using the PDA method with an appropriately modified tracking filter, called PDAF. Since the computational requirements of the PDAF are only slightly higher than those of the standard filter, the method can be useful for real-time systems. Simulation results obtained for tracking an object in a cluttered environment show the PDAF to give significantly better results than the standard filter currently in use for this type of problem.     

Joint probabilistic data association for multitarget tracking with possibly unresolved measurements and maneuvers

In a multitarget environment, when tracking crossing targets, a model is needed for the situation where the measurements from two targets are merged into one due to an inherent resolution threshold. A multidimensional model for the merged measurements is proposed and the resulting pdf is presented. This model is applied to augment the Joint Probabilistic Data Association (JPDA) algorithm used for tracking multiple targets in a cluttered environment, so that it can handle, in a more realistic manner, the situation of crossing targets. An extension to maneuvering targets is also presented.     

强机动目标自适应变结构多模型跟踪算法

在强机动目标跟踪领域,采用传统基于固定模型集合的交互式多模型算法需要大量模型来描述目标机动,需要巨大的计算量,并且过多模型会带来不必要的模型竞争反而降低跟踪性能.为解决它所带来的问题,提出一种自适应变结构多模型算法,采用少量与目标运动模式相关的模型,在不同时刻根据目标当前机动水平自适应调整模型参数建立新的模型集合,并对其进行滤波估计.仿真结果显示该方法能更好的匹配目标运动规律,有效降低计算复杂度,提高跟踪精度.