Analysis of asphalt pavement structural response from an accelerated loading test

This study was to compare theoretical calculation and practical measurement structure response of asphalt pavement. Analysis of the pavement layer moduli was determined from a Back-calculation of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data and the measured stiffness moduli of asphalt layer cores. The pavement response was calculated using a theoretical model and the measured strain response at the bottom different layers. Layered elastic theory was used to back-calculate the layer moduli and three different theory models were used to forward calculate the strain and deflection. The models were: Layered Elastic Theory (LET), the Method of Equivalent Thicknesses (MET) with linear elastic and the Finite Element Method (FEM) where asphalt layer may be viscoelastic. The results showed that the calculation structure response from FEM was consistent with measured results.     

钢筋混凝土短梁挠度的研究

分析了钢筋混凝土简支短梁和连续短梁实测荷载-挠度曲线的特征,剪切斜裂缝的出现引起钢筋混凝土短梁荷载-挠度曲线的明显转折,剪切刚度和剪切变形对钢筋混凝土短梁的挠度有较大影响.斜裂缝出现后,箍筋和水平腹筋对钢筋混凝土短梁的剪切刚度有较大影响,从而对钢筋混凝土短梁的挠度产生较大影响.对钢筋混凝土短梁,只考虑弯曲变形按现行设计规范计算所得挠度与试验实测挠度误差显著,剪切效应对钢筋混凝土短梁挠度的影响不可忽略.     

有限变形下含非完美椭圆界面复合材料刚度的限界

应用文献［１３］中有限变形下非完美界面弹性复合材料有效模量的近似公式和微分几何方法，计算了含一般旋转椭球体夹杂弹性复合材料有效体积模量和有效剪切模量的上下限界。所得结果为研究大变形下实际弹性复合材料的刚度估值提供了定量判据。     

结构弹塑性应力分析的弹性试验模型

材料的塑性表现是弹性表现的延续和发展,二者在物理与力学性质上既有密切的联系,又各有不同．以弹塑性力学的模型理论和塑性力学形变理论的相似方程为基础,根据塑性模型理论以及原型材料的广义应力σi与广义应变εi曲线的关系,提出了以弹性解为原始数据,将其转换为不同塑性变形程度的弹塑性应力分析的弹性试验模型,并讨论了弹性与塑性应力转换的计算方法．     

考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料动力变形特性模拟

颗粒破碎是影响堆石料强度和变形特性的重要因素,但目前针对颗粒破碎的模拟研究多在静力荷载条件下。为研究颗粒破碎对小应变条件下堆石料的动力变形特性的影响,采用多个等粒径小球按最密六方排列随机组合模拟不规则形状的堆石颗粒,通过碎片替换法模拟颗粒破碎,研究了花岗岩堆石料不同围压下的动力响应,探索了孔隙率对动弹性模量的影响,分析了振动过程中的颗粒破碎规律及配位数的频率分布。结果表明模拟的骨架曲线与室内试验结果具有较好的一致性,数值模拟可以较好地再现不同围压下堆石料的动力变形特征。在相同围压和动应力条件下,考虑颗粒破碎的试样会产生更多不可恢复的变形,动应变会明显增大,动弹性模量降低。振动过程中集合体的有效配位数会减小,与不考虑颗粒破碎的情况对比,考虑颗粒破碎的试样具有更多的力学不稳定颗粒,有效配位数的降低更显著。颗粒破碎对最大动弹性模量的影响较小,但会加快动模量随动应变增长而衰减的速率。孔隙率小的试样有效配位数高,且受力性能更好。在相同动应力条件下颗粒破碎较少,动弹性模量随动应变的增加而衰减的速率较慢,最大动弹性模量约为大孔隙率试样的1.2倍。最大动弹性模量主要与有效平均主应力和孔隙率相关,Hardin等提出的经验公式可以较好地描述最大动弹性模量与孔隙比和平均有效主应力的关系。该成果有助于认识粗粒料动荷载下的变形规律,为研究动荷载下的颗粒破碎行为提供参考。     

应变软化及剪胀性土体中考虑大应变的孔扩张问题解析

采用应力跌落模型模拟土体的应变软化,以Mohr-couloub屈服准则和不相关联的流动法则考虑土体屈服塑性流动和剪胀特性,引进对数应变考虑土体的大变形,给出了应变软化及剪胀性土体中考虑大应变的孔扩张问题的弹塑性解析解,为了对比,还给出了小应变情况下位移的解析表达式.分析了大、小应变理论、不同剪胀特性、不同软化程度和考虑塑性区弹性变形与否对结果的影响.结果表明:在孔扩张压力较大时,用小应变理论会引起很大误差,必须考虑大应变;在相同扩张力作用下,土体的软化程度越高,扩张率越大,土体的剪胀角越大则扩张率越小.土体的软化和剪胀特性还影响极限扩张压力,软化越严重,极限扩张压力越小;剪胀角越大,极限扩张压力越大.     

Deformation response of roof in solid backfilling coal mining based on viscoelastic properties of waste gangue

Solid backfill mining(SBM) is a form of green mining, the core of which is to control and minimize the deformation and movement of strata above longwall coal mines. Establishing a mechanical model that can reliably describe roof deformation by considering the viscoelastic properties of waste gangue is important as it assists in improving mine designs and reducing the environmental impact on the surface.In this paper, the time-dependent deformation characteristics of gangue under different stress levels were obtained by using lateral confinement compression, that reliably represents the compaction of goaf.The viscoelastic foundation model for gangue mechanical response is different from the traditionally used elastic foundation model, as it considers the time factor and viscoelasticity. A mechanical model using a thin plate on a fractional viscoelastic foundation was established, and the roof deflection, bending moment, time-dependent, viscous and other characteristics of SBM were included and analyzed.Compared with the existing elastic foundation model, the proposed fractional order viscoelastic foundation model has higher accuracy with laboratory data. The plate deflection increases by 50.9% and the bending moment increases by 37.9% after 100 days, which the elastic model would not have been able to predict.     

预应力混凝土梁受力全过程有限元分析

采用考虑材料非线性的有限元方法,选取适当的混凝土、普通钢筋和预应力筋的本构关系和单元类型,对6根预应力混凝土梁的受力全过程变形性能进行了非线性有限元分析,获得了梁的跨中弯矩-挠度曲线,受压边缘混凝土和预应力筋的荷载-应变曲线以及屈服位移、极限位移和位移延性系数等计算成果,与试验成果对比符合良好表明,基于ANSYS程序建立的有限元数值模型用于研究预应力混凝土受弯构件的变形性能是可行的.     

辊式矫直过程中板带弯曲挠度的确定

利用面积-力矩第二定律,建立弯矩与挠度的关系式;将零弯矩点之间板带承受的弯矩分为四个部分,即加载时的弹性变形、弹塑性变形、考虑到加工硬化现象的弹塑性变形以及卸载时的弹性变形,从而得到较为符合辊式矫直过程中板带弹塑性弯曲变形特点的弯曲挠度,为下一步精确确定矫直辊挠度建立基础。     

Volume Change of Heterogeneous Quasi-brittle Materials in Uniaxial Compression

The volumetric strain was categorized into elastic and plastic parts. The farmer camposed of axial and lateral strains is uniform and determined by Hooke＇s law ; however, the latter consisting of axial and lateral strains is a fuaction af thickness af shear band determined by grndieat-dependeat plasticity by cansidering the heterngeneity of quasi- brittle materials. The non- uniform lateral strain due to the fact that shear band was farmed in the middle of specimen was averaged within specimen to precisely assess the volumetric strain. Then, the analytical expression for volumetric strain was verified by comparison with two earlier experimental results for concrete and rack. Finally, a detailed parametric study was carried out to investigate effects of constitutive parameters （ shear band thickness, elastic and softening rnoduli ） and geometrical size of specimen（ height and width of specimen ） on the volume dilatancy.     

An anisotropic micromechanical model for calculation of effective elastic moduli of Ni-based single crystal superalloys

An anisotropic micromechanical model based on Mori-Tanaka method is developed to calculate the effective elastic moduli of Ni-based single crystal superalloys. In the micromechanical model, the γ' precipitate with very high volume fraction is regarded as matrix, γ phase is divided into three parts as three different kinds of inclusions, and the actual cubic structure and orthogonal anisotropy properties of γ phase and γ′ precipitate are taken into account. Based on this anisotropic micromechanical model, the effective elastic moduli of Ni-based single crystal superalloys composite materials is obtained, and the influences of volume fraction and elastic constants of γ′ precipitate on the effective elastic moduli are also discussed. The results provide useful information for understanding mechanical behavior of composite materials in Ni-based single crystal superalloys and other anisotropic polygonal inclusion problem.     

基于对数应变的圆形巷道围岩开挖应力分析

针对长的圆形巷道,围岩为均质、各向同性的弹性体,基于对数应变,采用变形后的坐标,建立了由应力表示的平衡微分方程和变形协调条件;根据开挖问题的边界条件,采用改进的Eu-lar法提出了该非线性微分方程组的数值求解方法;最后通过算例,根据不同的力学性质参数弹性模量,分析计算了巷道在开挖作用下围岩应力和变形的分布规律与特征,计算结果显示:当相对弹模小于10时,大应变效应十分显著,有明显不同于小应变模型的结果.     

材料参数对短纤维增强金属基复合材料变形行为和性能的影响

运用大应变弹塑性有限元方法和修正混合律,研究了材料参数（纤维长径比、体积分数、根间距）对短纤维金属基复合材料变形行为和性能（弹性模量和屈服应力）的影响。研究结果表明,低应变阶段的应力应变分配系数与复合材料弹性模量之间存在确定的关系,预测的弹性模量与试验结果及Ｅｓｈｅｌｂｙ模型吻合得很好,屈服应力明显小于基体屈服强度。     

Settlement behavior of coal mine waste in different surrounding rock conditions

In order to investigate the influence of complex conditions of in-situ surrounding rocks on the settlement behavior of nubbly coal mine waste subjected to high gravity pressure,four kinds of loading chambers made of different similar materials with different elastic moduli in experiments were used to simulate the deformation features of in-site rocks,including soft,moderate hardness,hard and extra-hard rocks. The results show that all the settlement-axial load （or axial strain-stress） curves obtained under four different surrounding rock conditions present power-exponential function feature. The final settlement of coal mine waste under the same axial load is closely related to the lumpiness gradations and the deformation behavior of chamber materials used to simulate behaviors of different in-situ surrounding rocks. In the same surrounding rock condition,the final settlement under the same maximum axial load decreases with the decrease of the proportion of larger gradation of coal mine waste. While for the same lumpiness gradation case,the settlement increases with the decrease of elastic modulus of simulated surrounding rocks and the lateral pressure induced by axial load increases with the increase of elastic modulus of loading chambers that are used to simulate different surrounding rocks. The test results also reveal that both the compaction curve and lateral pressure curve show a three-stage behavior,and the duration of each stage,which is closely related to gradations and the deformation feature of loading chamber materials,decreases with the increase of the proportion of the small size of coal mine waste and elastic modulus of the simulated rock materials.     

基于模型试验的FRP加固钢筋砼梁抗弯疲劳性能预测

为了解决循环荷载作用下纤维增强复合塑料（FRP）加固钢筋砼桥梁构件疲劳性能问题,根据FRP抗弯加固钢筋混凝土梁的疲劳试验资料,建立FRP加固梁式构件疲劳寿命预测模型、钢筋峰值应变累积并模型和构件挠度累积模型,并与既有相关模型的预测精度进行比较.研究结果表明：以钢筋峰值应变和挠度作为基于变形的疲劳性能指标,不仅可以与传统的基于应力的指标相似的精度预测FRP加固构件承受的循环荷载次数,还可与结构监测系统信息结合,实现疲劳失效预警.     

CFRP环向约束方钢管混凝土压弯构件滞回性能

目的研究CFRP增强方钢管混凝土压弯构件在往复荷载作用下的力学性能．方法以4个CFRP环向约束方钢管混凝土压弯构件的滞回性能试验为基础,对其跨中荷载-挠度（P-△）曲线、跨中弯矩-曲率（M-φ）曲线、跨中挠度-轴向变形（△-d）曲线、应变以及挠度曲线形状进行分析．结果所有试件的挠度曲线均近似为正弦半波曲线;钢管和CFRP管可以协同工作;同一点的纵向应变和环向应变异号．结论CFRP对方钢管混凝土有很好的环向约束作用,钢管的局部屈曲得到了延缓．所有试件的跨中荷载-挠度滞回曲线均较为饱满,基本没有捏缩现象,表现出很好的滞回性能．所有试件的弯矩-曲率滞回曲线均较为饱满,在加载初期,试件的变形为弹性变形,进入位移控制后,产生不太明显的“包兴格”效应．     

可压缩粘弹性材料Ⅰ型动态扩展裂纹尖端场

为了研究粘性效应作用下的动态扩展裂纹尖端渐近场,建立了可压缩粘弹性材料Ⅰ型动态扩展裂纹的力学模型,推导了可压缩材料Ⅰ型动态扩展裂纹的本构方程.在稳态蠕变阶段,弹性变形和粘性变形同时在裂纹尖端场中占主导地位,应力和应变具有相同的奇异量级.通过渐近分析求得了裂纹尖端应力、应变和位移分离变量形式的渐近解,并采用打靶法求得了裂纹尖端应力、应变和位移的数值结果,给出了应力、应变和位移随各种参数的变化曲线.数值计算表明,弹性可压缩变形对Ⅰ型裂纹尖端应力场影响甚微,而对应变场和位移场影响较大.裂纹尖端场主要受材料的蠕变指数n和马赫数M控制.当泊松比v=0.5时,可以退化为不可压缩粘弹性材料Ⅰ型动态扩展裂纹.     

Mechanical model for yield strength of nanocrystalline materials under high strain rate loading

To understand the high strain rate deformation mechanism and determine the grain size,strain rate and porosity dependent yield strength of nanocrystalline materials,a new mechanical model based on the deformation mechanism of nanocrystalline materials under high strain rate loading was developed.As a first step of the research,the yield behavior of the nanocrystalline materials under high strain rate loading was mainly concerned in the model and uniform deformation was assumed for simplification.Nanocrystalline materials were treated as composites consisting of grain interior phase and grain boundary phase,and grain interior and grain boundary deformation mechanisms under high strain rate loading were analyzed,then Voigt model was applied to coupling grain boundary constitutive relation with mechanical model for grain interior phase to describe the overall yield mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline materials.The predictions by the developed model on the yield strength of nanocrysatlline materials at high strain rates show good agreements with various experimental data.Further discussion was presented for calculation results and relative experimental observations.     

线性软化土体中球孔扩张问题的解析解

采用三折线线性软化模型描述了土体应力－应变关系，以Mohr-Coulomb为屈服准则，同时考虑塑性区弹性变形、土体剪胀以及土体软化的特性，推导了孔扩张后孔周各个区域的应力、应变及位移解析解，讨论了剪胀角、应变软化系数、是否考虑塑性区弹性变形对解答结果的影响.结果表明，最终扩张压力、塑性区半径都随剪胀角的增大而增大；软化系数对塑性区半径影响很小，但对最终扩张压力影响较大，随着软化系数的增大，最终扩张压力增大；考虑塑性区弹性变形对扩张问题解答的影响随扩张半径的增大越趋明显；考虑塑性区的弹性变形，最终扩孔压力偏小.     

硅基大位移低驱动电压静电微驱动器变形分析

针对目前横向加载单向变形静电微驱动器存在的位移过小或驱动电压过大的问题,提出一种基于纵横弯曲变形原理的硅基大位移低电压静电微驱动器模型,将弹性力由传统意义的恢复力改变为驱动力,推导出微驱动器挠度变形的控制方程．通过仿真发现,该驱动器的驱动位移高达145μm,远大于目前微驱动器的变形量; 驱动电压仅为5V,远低于目前微驱动器的驱动电压值．