多元非共沸混合物池内核态沸腾传热实验研究

对3种二元混合物和1种三元混合物进行了池内核态沸腾传热的实验研究,从系统压力、热流密度以及混合物组成3个方面进行了分析,指出了在三元混合物中高沸点工质对传热系数曲线变化的趋势具有重要影响.将实验结果同现有经验关联式的计算结果相比较,指出了现有关联式在计算不同混合物时出现的问题.     

混合工质管内流动沸腾传热研究进展

混合物流动沸腾传热是一种非常重要的传热方式,在现代工业中有着大量应用.在总结了对单工质和混合物管内流动沸腾传热相关理论和研究成果的基础上,对相关传热预估关联式进行了介绍,指出了现有研究的不足,例如:不适用于低温流体,关联式的适用性和精度不足.为进一步的研究指明了方向.     

混合物和纯氮工质在一种JT节流制冷机上热力性能的对比实验

报道了采用混合物工质及纯氮工质在一种开式快速ＪＴ节流制冷机上的实验对比研究。采用纯氮工质在压力为１１．０Ｍｐａ左右，该ＪＴ节流冷机可获得的最低温度为８３－８４Ｋ，启动时间是７５Ｓ左右；而采用混合物质后，在压力为５．０ＭＰａ左右，该制冷机可获得７３－７４Ｋ的最低温度；降温时间与纯氮相当。     

R417A在水平双侧强化管外沸腾换热研究

对3根双侧强化管在饱和温度为8℃工况下进行了水平管外R417A沸腾换热特性研究。采用Wilson热阻分离法得到管外沸腾表面传热系数,并对实验结果进行了热阻分析。实验结果表明:管内轧制出0.32~0.34 mm的螺旋槽道,可以使管内对流传热系数提高到光管Gnielinski公式计算值的2.524~2.658倍。相同管型的强化换热表面,其沸腾传热系数随壁面温差变化的趋势相似,肋密度42fpi的E30管沸腾传热系数比50fpi的E32管大4.5%,表明沸腾传热系数的大小及变化趋势与肋密度(孔隙直径)及管型密切相关。双侧强化管外R417A沸腾换热,管外热阻约占总热阻的70%,管外仍需进一步强化,才能明显提高总体传热性能。R417A在强化管外沸腾传热系数仅为近似条件下其主要组分R134a的三分之一,表明混合工质沸腾换热与纯工质有较大差异。     

空调替代工质R404A在水平内螺纹管中的沸腾换热研究

比较了CAVALLINI的纯质和混合工质水平内螺纹管中流动沸腾换热系数的关联式,结果显示在内螺纹管中,对近共沸混合工质R404A的沸腾换热系数进行工程计算时,R404A被看作纯质和混合工质计算所得的沸腾换热系数值差别最大不到10%,因此可将其以纯质对待;对CAVALLINI的纯质和混合工质、KOYAMA及THOME等四个水平内螺纹管流动沸腾换热系数的影响因素进行对比分析,结果表明R404A的沸腾换热中对流沸腾换热占主导地位,且随干度增加而增加.对关联式的理论预测和实验结果进行对比,表明CAVALLINI和THOME关联式的预测误差小于21%,因此它们对R404A适用性较好,这对R404A蒸发器的工程设计及优化具有一定参考意义.     

采用混合物作工质的J—T节流制冷机

报告了国内外采用混合物作工质的Ｊ一Ｔ节流制冷机的实验研究情况。理论计算的两个重要参数（等温节流效应和正常沸点）与这些实验的结果作了对比。另外，给出了工作在不同压力下的一种混合工质及纯氮的焓温图。从理论计算和实验的结果可以看出混合工质Ｊ一Ｔ节流制冷机比单纯工质的Ｊ一Ｔ节流制冷机有更大的制冷量和更高的热效率。     

使用惰性气体混合物的回热器性能研究

对使用惰 性气体混合物与使用纯氮气的回热器性能进行了比较，研究了混合工质有Ｈｅ－Ａｒ和Ｈｅ－Ｋｒ，这些混合工质对一些换热表面来说，传热会有适度的增强，但是压降随之增大，其值大于传热的增强，因此在研究的所有条件下回热器的净损失都会增大。     

矩形微通道内制冷剂流动沸腾传热特性及可视化研究

为了探究微通道内流动沸腾及传热现象的机理,以制冷剂R22为工质在矩形微通道内进行了流动沸腾及可视化实验。结果表明,在核态沸腾下传热系数受质量流率的影响较小,却随着热流密度的增加而快速增加;微通道的尺寸越小,传热效果越好,水力直径为0.92 mm和1.33 mm微通道内的传热系数比2 mm微通道内的传热系数分别提高约25%、12%;根据实验值与预测值的对比情况,在Oh H K等[15]和Yun R等[7]模型基础上拟合得到新的传热系数预测关联式,平均绝对误差降至8.8%;通过可视化实验发现,在临界热流密度下微通道内出现波浪式气体层的现象。     

水-乙醇混合工质振荡热管的传热特性研究

分别对充液率45%、55%、62%、70%下水、乙醇两组分按体积比13∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶13混合而成的二元混合工质振荡热管的传热特性进行了实验研究,并与水和乙醇纯工质在相同充液率下的传热特性进行对比,结果表明,小充液率时,水-乙醇混合工质振荡热管烧干时热阻较纯工质小,大充液率时,水纯工质传热特性优于水-乙醇混合工质及乙醇纯工质。分析实验结果得出,水-乙醇二元混合工质振荡热管传热特性与充液率及混合工质配比有关,配比对传热特性的影响主要表现为气液平衡、物性及缔合作用。     

CFCs替代工质R134a,R142b在水平管外池沸腾传势与强化

研究了Ｒ１３４ａ，Ｒ１４２ｂ在光滑管和机械加工表面多孔管水平管外的池沸腾换热性能，分析了工质在水平管外的沸腾传热机理，实验的对比压力Ｐ／Ｐｃ＝０．２０。实验结果表明，光滑管外沸腾实验结果与取平均表面粗糙度为２μｍ和Ｇｏｒｅｎｆｌｏ公式预测结果吻合较好，与光滑管相比，机械加工表面多孔管能显著地强化沸腾传热，且随着热流密度的增加，强化倍度减小。     

Heat transfer coefficient during two-phase flow boiling of HFC-134a

This paper reports a study of the evaporation of HFC-134a inside smooth, horizontal tubes. Tests were performed with the pure refrigerant and with oil-refrigerant mixtures. The heat flux was varied from 2 to 10 kW m⁻². The inner diameter of the tubes was 12 mm. Two evaporators were used, 4 and 10 m long, and the oil content was varied from 0 to 2.5 mass percentage (synthetic oil, EXP-0275). Oil-free HFC-134a had a higher heat transfer coefficient than HCFC-22 at the same heat and mass fluxes. The effect of oil in the refrigerant is dependent on the heat flux. At 2 and 4 kW m⁻² the heat transfer coefficient had a maximum value for an oil content of around 0.5 mass percentage; no increase is registered for a heat flux of 6 kW m⁻². The heat transfer coefficients for the pure refrigerant were also compared with two existing correlations. The measured heat transfer coefficients averaged over the evaporator deviate less than 40% from the correlation according to Pierre. The heat transfer coefficients at the short evaporator lie within 20%. The correlation given by Jung overestimates the heat transfer coefficient by approximately 50%.     

Prediction of in-tube condensation heat transfer characteristics of binary refrigerant mixtures

This study presents a prediction model for the condensation heat transfer characteristics of binary zeotropic refrigerant mixtures inside horizontal smooth tubes. In this model, both the vapor-side and liquid-side mass transfers are considered, and the high flux mass transfer correction factor is used to evaluate mass transfer coefficients. The model was applied to the binary zeotropic refrigerant mixture R134a/R123, which has a large temperature glide. Calculation results showed that the heat transfer degradation of R134a/R123 due to gradients in the mass fraction and temperature is considerable, and depends on the mass fraction of the more volatile component and the vapor mass quality of the refrigerant mixture. By comparison with experimental data, incorporating the present finite mass transfer model for the liquid film side into the calculation algorithm was shown to reasonably well predict the condensation heat transfer coefficients of binary refrigerant mixtures with the mean deviation of about 10.3%. In the present calculations, however, it was also found that the high flux mass transfer correction factor had only a slight effect on the condensation heat transfer.     

Condensation heat transfer of a pure fluid and binary mixture outside a bundle of smooth horizontal tubes. Comparison of experimental results and a classical model

The condensation of pure HFC134a and different zeotropic mixtures with pure HFC134a and HFC23 on the outside of a bundle of smooth tubes was studied. The local heat transfer coefficient for each row was experimentally determined using a test section composed by a 13×3 staggered bundle of smooth copper tubes, measuring cooling water temperature in the inlet and the outlet of each tube, and measuring the vapour temperature along the bundle. All data were taken at the inlet vapour temperature of 40°C with a wall subcooling ranging from 4 to 26 K. The heat flux was varied from 5 to 30 kW/m² and the cooling water flow rate from 120 to 300 l/h for each tube. The visualisation of the HFC134a condensate flow by means of transparent glass tubes reveals specific flow patterns and explains the difference between the measured values of the heat transfer coefficient and the calculated values from Nusselt's theory. On the other hand, the experimental heat transfer data with the binary mixtures HFC23-HFC134a show the important effects of temperature glide and the strong decrease of the heat transfer coefficient in comparison with the pure HFC134a data. The measured values with the different zeotropic mixtures were compared with the data calculated with the classical condensation model based on the equilibrium model. An improvement of this model is proposed.     

Influence of the heat flux in mixture boiling: experiments and correlations

Heat transfer at nucleate pool boiling of the binary and ternary refrigerant mixtures R404A, R407C and R507 at the outside of a horizontal tube with emery ground surface has been investigated in a wide range of pressures and heat fluxes. Together with experimental data of Bednar and Bier for wide boiling ethane/n-butane mixtures, the results of these comparatively narrow boiling mixtures are used to investigate the influence of heat flux q on the heat transfer coefficient as predicted by various correlations for nucleate boiling of mixtures. At comparatively high saturation pressures with experimental -values markedly smaller than the molar average of the pure components, the ,q-relationships predicted differ significantly from the experimental, particularly for wide boiling mixtures.     

The effect of lubricant concentration, miscibility, and viscosity on R134a pool boiling

This paper presents pool boiling heat transfer data for 12 different R134a/lubricant mixtures and pure R134a on a Turbo-BII™-HP surface. The mixtures were designed to examine the effects of lubricant mass fraction, viscosity, and miscibility on the heat transfer performance of R134a. The magnitude of the effect of each parameter on the heat transfer was quantified with a regression analysis. The mechanistic cause of each effect was given based on new theoretical interpretation and/or one from the literature. The model illustrates that large improvements over pure R134a heat transfer can be obtained for R134a/lubricant mixtures with small lubricant mass fraction, high lubricant viscosity, and a large critical solution temperature (CST). The ratio of the heat flux of the R134a/lubricant mixture to that of the pure R134a for fixed wall superheat was given as a function of pure R134a heat flux for all 12 mixtures. The lubricant that had the largest CST with R134a exhibited the greatest heat transfer: 100%±20% greater than that of pure R134a. By contrast, the heat transfer of the mixture with the lubricant that had the smallest viscosity and the smallest CST with R134a was 55%±9% less than that of pure R134a. High-speed films of the pure and mixture pool boiling were taken to observe the effect of the lubricant on the nucleate boiling.     

Performance and heat transfer characteristics of hydrocarbon refrigerants in a heat pump systemPerformance et caractéristiques de transfert de chaleur des frigorigènes hydrocarbures utilisés dans un système de pompe à chaleur

Performance of a heat pump system using hydrocarbon refrigerants has been investigated experimentally. Single component hydrocarbon refrigerants (propane, isobutane, butane and propylene) and binary mixtures of propane/isobutane and propane/butane are considered as working fluids in a heat pump system. The heat pump system consists of compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion device with auxiliary facilities such as evacuating and charging unit, the secondary heat transfer fluid circulation unit, and several measurement units. Performance of each refrigerant is compared at several compressor speeds and temperature levels of the secondary heat transfer fluid. Coefficient of performance (COP) and cooling/heating capacity of hydrocarbon refrigerants are presented. Experimental results show that some hydrocarbon refrigerants are comparable to R22. Condensation and evaporation heat transfer coefficients of selected refrigerants are obtained from overall conductance measurements for subsections of heat exchangers, and compared with those of R22. It is found that heat transfer is degraded for hydrocarbon refrigerant mixtures due to composition variation with phase change. Empirical correlations to estimate heat transfer coefficients for pure and mixed hydrocarbons are developed, and they show good agreement with experimental data. Some hydrocarbon refrigerants have better performance characteristics than R22.     

Enhancement of R123 pool boiling by the addition of hydrocarbonsAmélioration de l'ébullition libre du R123 par l'ajout d'hydrocarbures

This paper presents pool boiling heat transfer data for 10 different R123/hydrocarbon mixtures. The data consisted of pool boiling performance of a GEWA-T^™ surface for pure R123 and for 10 dilute solutions of five different hydrocarbons: (1) pentane, (2) isopentane, (3) hexane, (4) cyclohexane, and (5) heptane with R123. The heat flux and the wall superheat were measured for each fluid at 277.6 K. A maximum (19±3.5)% increase over the pure R123 heat flux was achieved with the addition of 0.5% mass isopentane to R123. Other mixtures of isopentane, pentane, hexane, and cyclohexane with R123 exhibited smaller maximums than that of the R123/isopentane (99.5/0.5) mixture. Presumably, a layer enriched in hydrocarbon at the heat transfer surface caused the heat transfer enhancement. Conversely, an R123/heptane (99.5/0.5) mixture and an R123/cylcohexane (99.5/0.5) mixture exhibited only degradations with respect to the pure component performance for all test conditions. Several characteristics of the hydrocarbons were examined to determine their influence on the boiling heat transfer performance: molecular weight, molecular structure, composition, surface tension, and vapor pressure.     

Thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids and fluid mixtures in the extended critical region

A practical representation of the thermodynamic properties and the transport coefficients related to diffusion, heat conduction, and their cross-processes in pure fluids and binary mixtures near the liquid-vapor critical line is developed. Crossover equations for the critical enhancement of those coefficients incorporate the scaling laws near the critical point and are transformed to the regular background far away from the critical point. The crossover behavior of the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusion ratio in binary mixtures is also discussed. A comparison is made with thermal-conductivity data for pure carbon dioxide, pure ethane, and carbon dioxide add ethane mixtures.     

Condensation of pure refrigerants R12, R134a and their mixtures on a horizontal tube with capillary structure: An experimental study

We experimentally studied free convection condensation heat transfer of pure refrigerants R12, R134a, and their mixtures on a horizontal single tube. Approximately equimolar mixtures of these refrigerants are azeotropic. The outside surface of the tube used had a capillary structure. The tube was integrated in an experimental set-up in a way that allowed its rotation around the axis. Movable thermocouples inserted in the tube wall enabled the determination of the average surface temperature. This temperature, the vapour bulk temperature, and the heat flux obtained from condensate collection served for the determination of the heat transfer coefficient. The condensation heat transfer of the pure refrigerants examined is observed to change with the driving temperature difference largely in accordance with the Nusselt theory. The experimental values of the heat transfer coefficient on the tube used, however, are by a factor of 2 larger than those on a smooth tube according to this theory. Under comparable conditions, the refrigerant R134a shows by 10 to 15% better heat transfer than R12. The heat transfer of mixtures decisively depends on the compositions of their phases. Basically, the stronger the compositions of the phases differ from each other, the lower the heat transfer coefficients; they always lie below those of R134a. In the range of low temperature difference, the heat transfer coefficient of mixtures increases with the temperature difference. This is the region of the so-called partial condensation. At a larger temperature difference, a local total condensation of the mixtures takes place and the heat transfer qualitatively follows the Nusselt theory.     

Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of mixtures containing HFC32, HFC125, and HFC134a

Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of binary and ternary mixtures composed of HFC32, HFC125, and HFC134a on a horizontal smooth tube of 19.0 mm outside diameter were measured. A cartridge heater was used to generate uniform heat flux on the tube. Data were taken in the order of decreasing heat flux from 80 kW m⁻² to 10 kW m⁻² with an interval of 10 kW m⁻² in the pool temperature at 7 °C. HTCs of nonazeotropic mixtures of HFC32/HFC134a, HFC125/HFC134a, and HFC32/HFC125/HFC134a showed a reduction of HTCs as much as 40% from the ideal values while the near azeotropic mixture of HFC32/HFC125 did not show the reduction. Four of the well known correlations were compared against the present data for binary mixtures. Stephan and Körner's and Schlünder's correlations yielded a good agreement with a deviation of less than 10% but they can not be easily extended to multi-component mixtures of more than three components. A new correlation was developed utilizing only the phase equilibrium data and physical properties. A regression analysis was carried out to account for the reduction of HTCs and the final correlation, which can be easily extended to multi-component mixtures of more than three components, yielded a deviation of 7% for all binary and ternary mixtures.