K-means算法初始聚类中心选择的优化

针对传统K-means算法对初始聚类中心敏感的问题,提出了基于数据样本分布情况的动态选取初始聚类中心的改进K-means算法。该算法根据数据点的距离构造最小生成树,并对最小生成树进行剪枝得到K个初始数据集合,得到初始的聚类中心。由此得到的初始聚类中心非常地接近迭代聚类算法收敛的聚类中心。理论分析与实验表明,改进的K-means算法能改善算法的聚类性能,减少聚类的迭代次数,提高效率,并能得到稳定的聚类结果,取得较高的分类准确率。     

最小方差优化初始聚类中心的K-means算法

传统K-means算法随机选取初始聚类中心,容易导致聚类结果不稳定,而优化初始聚类中心的K-means算法需要一定的参数选择,也会使聚类结果缺乏客观性。为此,根据样本空间分布紧密度信息,提出利用最小方差优化初始聚类中心的K-means算法。该算法运用样本空间分布信息,通过计算样本空间分布的方差得到样本紧密度信息,选择方差最小(即紧密度最高)且相距一定距离的样本作为初始聚类中心,实现优化的K-means聚类。在UCI机器学习数据库数据集和含有噪音的人工模拟数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法不仅能得到较好的聚类结果,且聚类结果稳定,对噪音具有较强的免疫性能。     

一种融合K-means和快速密度峰值搜索算法的聚类方法

K-means算法的初始聚类中心是随机选取的,不同的初始中心输入会得出不同的聚类结果。针对K-means算法存在的问题,提出一种融合K-means算法与聚类的快速搜索和发现密度峰算法的聚类算法(K-CBFSAFODP)。该算法是这样考虑的:类簇中心被具有较低局部密度的邻居点包围,且与具有更高密度的任何点都有相对较大的距离,以此来刻画聚类中心;再运用K-means算法进行迭代聚类,弥补了K-means聚类中心随机选取导致容易陷入局部最优的缺点;并且引入了熵值法用来计算距离,从而实现优化聚类。在UCI数据集和人工模拟数据集上的实验表明,融合算法不仅能得到较好的聚类结果,而且聚类很稳定,同时也有较快的收敛速度,证实了该融合算法的可行性。     

密度峰值优化初始中心的K-means算法

K-means算法随机选取初始聚类中心,容易导致聚类结果不稳定。为此,提出一种快速密度峰值搜索算法CFSFDP(clustering by fast search and find of density peaks)优化初始中心的K-means算法。首先针对CFSFDP算法中截断距离的选取影响局部密度的计算这一缺点,提出用动力学中的势能替换数据点的局部密度;在此基础上,利用改进的CFSFDP算法选取初始聚类中心,实现K-means聚类。在UCI数据集和人工模拟数据集上的测试结果表明,优化后的新算法具有更好的聚类结果。     

基于距离和权重改进的K-means算法

K-means聚类算法简单高效,应用广泛。针对传统K-means算法初始聚类中心点的选择随机性导致算法易陷入局部最优以及K值需要人工确定的问题,为了得到最合适的初始聚类中心,提出一种基于距离和样本权重改进的K-means算法。该聚类算法采用维度加权的欧氏距离来度量样本点之间的远近,计算出所有样本的密度和权重后,令密度最大的点作为第一个初始聚类中心,并剔除该簇内所有样本,然后依次根据上一个聚类中心和数据集中剩下样本点的权重并通过引入的参数[τi]找出下一个初始聚类中心,不断重复此过程直至数据集为空,最后自动得到[k]个初始聚类中心。在UCI数据集上进行测试,对比经典K-means算法、WK-means算法、ZK-means算法和DCK-means算法,基于距离和权重改进的K-means算法的聚类效果更好。     

K-means聚类算法的研究综述

K-均值聚类算法（K-means）是基于划分的聚类算法中的典型算法,针对K-means算法初始聚类中心存在对K依赖的缺陷,提出一种新的选取K-means算法初始聚类中心的方法,该方法提高聚类结果的有效性和稳定性;还提出一种极值选择法,将最大距离法和最小距离法相结合,进一步提高初始聚类中心选择的准确性。     

优化初始聚类中心选择的K-means算法

K-means算法的聚类效果与初始聚类中心的选择以及数据中的孤立点有很大关联,具有很强的不确定性。针对这个缺点,提出了一种优化初始聚类中心选择的K-means算法。该算法考虑数据集的分布情况,将样本点分为孤立点、低密度点和核心点,之后剔除孤立点与低密度点,在核心点中选取初始聚类中心,孤立点不参与聚类过程中各类样本均值的计算。按照距离最近原则将孤立点分配到相应类中完成整个算法。实验结果表明,改进的K-means算法能提高聚类的准确率,减少迭代次数,得到更好的聚类结果。     

基于数据分段的K-means的优化研究

K-means聚类算法是一种主流的迭代下降聚类算法,收敛于局部最优化状态.由于K-means随机选取k个初始聚类中心,使得聚类结果的有效性随初始输入而波动,为此文中采取一种预处理的方式来选取初始聚类中心.首先在某种范数的意义下,确定相隔最远的两个数据点之间的距离,然后采用数据分段的方法,将数据集分成k段,在每段中选取一个中心,以此来减小聚类结果随初始输入的波动.实验显示优化后的K-means有效地消除了初始输入的影响,并显著地减少了算法迭代次数和聚类误差.     

基于相异性度量选取初始聚类中心改进的K-means聚类算法

选取合理的初始聚类中心是正确聚类的前提,针对现有的K-means算法随机选取聚类中心和无法处理离群点等问题,提出一种基于相异性度量选取初始聚类中心改进的K-means聚类算法.算法根据各数据对象之间的相异性构造相异性矩阵,定义了均值相异性和总体相异性两种度量准则;然后据此准则来确定初始聚类中心,并利用各簇中数据点的中位数代替均值以进行后续聚类中心的迭代,消除离群点对聚类准确率的影响.此外,所提出的算法每次运行结果保持一致,在初始化和处理离群点方面具有较好的鲁棒性.最后,在人工合成数据集和UCI数据集上进行实验,与3种经典聚类算法和两种优化初始聚类中心改进的K-means算法相比,所提出的算法具有较好的聚类性能.     

一种服务于K-means的初始中心选取方法

聚类是数据挖掘领域最重要的技术之一,K-means是其中使用频率最高的举足轻重的聚类算法。然而,Kmeans算法表现严重依赖于初始中心,选取多少个初始中心以及选择哪些数据点作为初始中心对K-means算法十分重要。基于此,提出一种初始中心选取方法 DPCC(Density Peak Clustering Centers)。DPCC方法基于密度和距离生成一个选取决策图,将数据集中所有的密度峰值点凸显出来。这些密度峰值点即为DPCC方法为K-means算法提供的初始中心。实验表明,DPCC方法不仅可为K-means提供初始中心数量,还能有效提高K-means算法的准确度,并缩减K-means算法的执行时间。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。