磷酸活化碱木质素制备活性炭

以造纸黑液回收的碱木质素为前驱体,经磷酸活化制备低成本的木质素活性炭,对活性炭进行比表面积、孔结构及形貌的表征;考察活化温度、磷酸与碱木质素浸渍比、活化时间以及N2流量对活性炭产率及孔结构的影响。结果表明:磷酸活化碱木质素制备活性炭的产率都大于60%;在活化温度为550℃,磷酸与木质素浸渍比为1.5,活化时间3 h以及N2体积流量为75 m L/min时,活性炭比表面积达到1 139 m2/g;低成本的碱木质素是制备低成本活性炭的潜在的前驱体材料。     

马尾藻基高比表面积活性炭的制备及表征

以马尾藻为原料,采用KOH活化法制备高比表面积活性炭。探索制备马尾藻基活性炭的实验方案和最佳工艺条件。采用正交实验法研究了炭化温度、炭化时间、低温活化温度、低温活化时间和浸渍时间对制得活性炭比表面积和孔容的影响。采用N_2吸附、SEM表征考察了活性炭的孔隙结构和表面形貌。通过正交实验法分析发现,制备马尾藻基高比表面积活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:炭化温度600℃,炭化时间180min,低温活化温度400℃,低温活化时间45min,浸渍时间2h。在16组实验条件下,制备的活性炭比表面积最大为3 122m2/g,所有样品的孔径几乎全部分布在6nm以内。     

超级电容器用马尾藻基超级活性炭的制备及其电化学性能

以马尾藻为原料,采用KOH活化法制备用于超级电容器的生物质基超级活性炭。制备的超级活性炭不仅比表面积巨大,孔隙结构丰富,而且以海藻作为前驱体原料明显降低了活性炭的生产成本。采用单因素实验法分析了浸渍比、活化温度和活化时间对马尾藻基活性炭孔隙结构(比表面积、孔容及孔径分布等)的影响,探索了制备马尾藻基超级活性炭的最佳工艺条件,并研究了所制活性炭用于制备超级电容器时的电化学性能。采用N2吸附-解吸附、SEM、XRD,恒电流充放电以及循环伏安法等表征手段考察超级活性炭样品的比表面积,孔结构以及电化学性能。实验结果表明,制备马尾藻基超级活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:浸渍比4∶1,活化时间120min,活化温度800℃。在该实验条件下制得的活性炭比表面积高达2926m2/g,孔容高达1.536cm3/g,且所有活性炭的孔径大小几乎全部分布在4nm以内,孔径分布均匀。制备的超级电容器以6mol/L的KOH为电解液时,其比电容高达358.5F/g,表现出良好的电化学性能。     

ZnCl2活化茄子秸秆制备活性炭及表征

以茄子秸秆为原料、ZnCl2为活化剂制备活性炭。通过正交实验方法确定了制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件,采用低温氮气吸附、BET、Langmuir和BJH理论对其孔结构进行了表征,利用红外光谱分析样品的表面官能团,扫描电镜观察表面形貌。结果表明以茄杆活性炭的最佳工艺条件:浸渍比为2,浸渍时间为8h,活化温度为550℃,活化时间为60min,所得的活性炭的碘吸附值为1270.06mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为17.4mL/g;BET和Langmuir比表面积分别为1649.615和1851.649m2/g,吸附总孔容为0.488cm3/g,吸附平均孔径为2.241nm。     

KOH活化制备石油焦基微孔活性炭及表征

以新疆克拉玛依石油焦为原料,KOH为活化剂,在N2保护下,采用化学活化法制备高比表面积活性炭。系统考察了碱焦比、活化温度、活化时间以及N2流速对所制备活性炭的碘吸附值及产率的影响。结果表明:当碱焦比为4∶1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为0.5h及N2流速为50mL/min时,制备出的活性炭BET比表面积高达2806.69m2/g,碘吸附值为2941mg/g,活化产率为62.1%。采用N2吸附-脱附及X射线衍射等实验手段对活性炭进行了表征。     

兰炭基中孔活性炭的制备及性能表征

以兰炭粉为原料,水蒸汽为活化剂,采用物理活化法制备中孔活性炭。分别讨论了活化温度、活化时间、水蒸汽质量流量对活性炭碘吸附值的影响,并采用正交实验对工艺条件进行了优化。利用全自动物理吸附仪对活性炭的比表面积和孔结构进行表征。结果表明:随着活化温度的升高、活化时间的延长和水蒸汽流量的增大,活性炭的碘吸附值均呈现先升高后下降的变化规律。正交实验结果表明,水蒸汽活化兰炭粉的适宜条件为:活化温度900℃,活化时间60min,水蒸汽流量1.25g/min。此条件下制得的活性炭具有多级孔的特征,而且以中孔为主,其碘吸附值为924.45mg/g,比表面积为818.52m2/g。     

超高比表面积活性炭的制备与表征

以无患子残渣为原料,KOH与K2CO3作为活化剂,采用微波炭化和活化两步法制备超高比表面积活性炭,通过正交实验优化活性炭的制备工艺,探讨了碱炭比、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。利用N2吸脱附实验、XRD、FT-IR等实验技术,对制备的活性炭结构与性能进行了表征。结果表明,在碱炭质量比为4∶1、活化温度800℃、活化时间30 min的条件下,所制备的活性炭对亚甲基蓝吸附值为595 mg/g,BET比表面积为3 479 m2/g,吸附累积总孔容达1.8262 cm3/g,平均孔径为2.0997 nm。     

不同浸渍方式对氯化锌活化竹纤维活性炭理化结构和性能的影响

为探究浸渍工艺对活性炭理化性质及性能的影响,以脱除木质素的竹纤维为原料,氯化锌为活化剂,通过真空浸渍、常温搅拌浸渍、物理混合浸渍3种不同的方式浸渍竹纤维,采用化学活化法制备竹纤维基活性炭。通过比表面积及孔径分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪等对活性炭的孔隙结构、化学结构和晶体结构进行表征,并探讨不同浸渍方式制备的活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力及电化学性能。结果表明：常温搅拌浸渍制备的活性炭比表面积最大,为2096.981m²/g,物理混合浸渍制备的活性炭比表面积最小,为1788.566m²/g;常温搅拌浸渍制备的活性炭微孔最多,真空浸渍制备的活性炭中孔最多;竹纤维活化后纤维素及半纤维素基本分解,不同浸渍方式制备的活性炭官能团并无显著差异;活化后纤维晶型遭到破坏形成无序炭结构,3种浸渍方式制备的活性炭均具有部分石墨和无序石墨的特征。电化学性能测试表明：3种活性炭均表现出明显的双电层电容特性及可逆性;不同电流密度条件下搅拌浸渍制备的活性炭比电容均最高,电流密度为0.2A/g时比电容达到257F/g;真空浸渍制备的活性炭电荷转移电阻更低,物理混...     

橄榄渣基活性炭活化工艺的优化（英文）

采用KOH对橄榄渣进行活化得到活性炭。设计2~3正交试验来优化制备工艺条件,水平和因子包括活化温度(600,900℃)、活化时间(1,3 h)和浸渍比(1∶2,1∶4)。活性炭的比表面积作为优化的评价指标。通过氮吸附仪、红外光谱仪和扫描电镜等手段对活性炭的表面化学和孔结构进行表征。结果表明,所有因子及其交互水平都非常显著(p0.05)。活性炭的比表面积和制备条件的相关系数为99.2%。在最条件下制备的活性炭,比表面积为672 m~2/g、平均孔径为2.05 nm,微孔和介孔率分别为81.36%和18.37%。     

兰炭基均匀超微孔活性炭的制备及其表征

以KNO_3为氧化剂,经5%~15%(质量分数)KOH常温浸渍,在N_2-水蒸气混合气氛下进行控制热分解制备均匀超微孔活性炭。试验选用正交试验法,选择活化温度、活化时间、KOH浸渍浓度、浸渍时间等参数为影响因素,以碘吸附值为考察指标,得到最佳水平组合,活化温度900℃,活化时间1h,KOH浓度15%,浸渍时间24h。对活性炭表征结果如下:最佳样品碘吸附值达840 mg/g。BET比表面积为725cm~2/g,中值孔径为0.489nm,其中微孔容积占总孔容的70.8%,氢气最大吸附量达76.85cm3/g。该样品以超微孔为主,超微孔孔径主要分布在0.45~0.52nm之间,孔分布比较集中,可用于混合气体分离。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.