电子和原子理论计算在高碳合金钢合金设计中的应用

利用量子化学从头计算方法、密度泛函理论的超软赝势方法和半经验原子间相互作用对势相结合,计算出高碳合金钢DM8A钢与DM8钢马氏体晶胞的结合能信息.计算分析表明(1)含有Si-C的偏聚结构或含有Ni-C的偏聚结构都具有比含C的偏聚结构强的结合能,因此Si、Ni能对高碳合金钢起到大的固溶强化的作用.而且,含Si-C的偏聚结构的晶胞结合能值比含Ni-C的偏聚结构的晶胞结合能值高,它们在合金中权重的大小,将直接影响基体马氏体的强度,影响合金的机械性能.(2)Si的原子量与其它合金元素相比质量小很多,因此合金中加入同样重量的合金元素时,Si-C偏聚结构单元的权重是很大的,总的结合能就大.将合金中的Si含量降低,同时加入少量Ni时,会降低整体的结合能值并加速了在低温回火时的组织转变进程.     

基于RBF神经网络的马氏体开始转变温度预测研究

分析马氏体转变温度的影响因素,基于RBF神经网络建立马氏体开始转变温度预测模型,对其训练至稳定,预测钢的马氏体开始转变温度。与经验公式计算结果对比,基于RBF神经网络的马氏体开始转变温度预测模型具有较高预测精度。对4种钢的合金元素进行定量分析,结果表明:增加C含量能降低马氏体开始转变温度;马氏体开始转变温度与C、Si、Mn、Cr、Ni和Mo含量一般呈非线性关系。     

Si含量对DP-600级别热轧双相钢组织及性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、纳米力学探针、透射电镜等技术对不同Si含量(0.03%和1.077%)的DP600级别热轧双相钢单向拉伸过程组织特征进行研究,分析了Si含量对相同工艺条件下双相钢显微组织特征,以及塑性变形过程中强化相与基体协调变形行为的影响。结果表明:Si作为一种铁素体形成元素,能够增加铁素体的形核率,具有细化铁素体晶粒的作用,可增加铁素体体积分数,分割并细化马氏体。Si含量的增加促进了C元素向马氏体富集,提升了单位体积马氏体的碳含量,使部分板条马氏体转变为孪晶马氏体,增加了马氏体硬度。由于Si对铁素体的净化作用,高Si实验钢中位错在铁素体中滑移时不易受到碳化物的钉扎作用。因此在相同工艺条件下,Si含量的增加可以提高双相钢的抗拉强度,提高硬度,降低屈强比。     

超纯净18Ni马氏体时效钢的晶粒尺寸及其对拉伸性能的影响

研究了不同固溶处理温度下超纯净18Ni(2200 MPa级）马氏体时效钢晶粒尺寸及分布的变化，以及原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对马氏体时效钢在固溶和时效状态下拉伸性能的影响，初步探讨了其影响机理，结果表明，原奥氏体晶粒随固溶温度的升高而均匀持续地正常长大，晶粒尺寸对固溶态马氏体时效钢的强度和塑性影响微弱，有害元素含量的大幅度降低避免了Ti(C,N)等夹杂物在晶界偏聚而引起的高温固溶下的“热脆”现象，时效状态马氏时效钢的屈服强度与原奥氏体晶粒尺寸之间符合Hall-Petch关系，随着原奥氏体晶粒尺寸的增大，马氏体时效钢出现“时效脆性”是由于明效析出相在晶界偏聚所致。     

304�����Ӧ���շ�������������估����ѧ���ܵ�Ӱ��

 借助于X射线衍射，研究了C、Mn、Cr和Ni 含量对304奥氏体不锈钢拉伸力学性能和应变诱发 马氏体相变倾向的影响。结果表明：C、Mn、Cr和Ni在允许的成分范围内变化，应变诱发α′马氏体相变倾向差异很大，这导致屈服强度和抗拉强度复杂的变化，尽管应变诱发α′马氏体相变使加工硬化速率提高，相变可以诱发塑性，但相变速率较快，相变倾向较大的钢塑性反而下降，此外，由于室温变形还增大热诱发马氏体相变倾向，从而限制了C、Mn、Cr和Ni下限钢在高精度和低温环境下构件的应用。     

H13钢激光熔覆TiC/Ni合金复合涂层的组织与耐磨性北大核心CSCD

为提高H13模具钢的耐磨性能,利用激光熔覆技术,在H13钢表面制备了不同Ti C含量的Ti C/Ni基合金复合涂层,通过显微组织观察、硬度测试、滑动摩擦磨损试验方法对H13钢表面激光熔覆的不同复合涂层的组织及耐磨性能进行分析测试。结果表明,Ni60+Ti C激光熔覆涂层中物相主要为γ-(Fe,Ni)、Fe3C、Cr23C6、Ni2Si及Ti C,激光熔覆层具有较高显微硬度,Ti C的加入及含量增加可使熔覆层组织细化,复合熔覆层硬度提高,Ti C含量为30%时熔覆层内平均硬度最大,为873 HV0.2;激光熔覆Ti C+Ni60复合涂层的耐磨性显著高于H13钢基体,随Ti C含量增加而先增加后降低,Ti C含量20%耐磨性较佳;H13钢基体的磨损机制主要以犁削、切削为主,激光熔覆Ti C/Ni合金复合涂层以脆性剥落机制为主。     

利用APT对RPV模拟钢中界面上原子偏聚特征的研究

核反应堆压力容器(RPV)模拟钢样品经过660℃调质处理和370℃时效3000 h后,用原子探针层析法研究了晶界和相界面上原子偏聚的特征.结果表明,Ni,Mn,Si.C,P和Mo在晶界处均有不同程度的偏聚,偏聚倾向由强到弱依次为:C,P,Mo,Si,Mn和Ni.Cu在晶界处会出现贫化现象.Si在晶界上的偏聚程度与晶界的特性有关.在这几种元素中,C在晶界上偏聚的宽度最大,如以成分分布图中浓度峰的半高宽来比较,C的偏聚宽度是Mn,Ni和M0的1.5倍.在富Cu相与α-Fe的相界面处,Ni和Mn有明显的偏聚,而C,P.Mo和Si倾向偏聚在相界面的α-Fe一侧,且偏聚的程度比晶界处的低.     

H13钢激光熔覆TiC/Ni合金复合涂层的组织与耐磨性

为提高H13模具钢的耐磨性能,利用激光熔覆技术,在H13钢表面制备了不同Ti C含量的Ti C/Ni基合金复合涂层,通过显微组织观察、硬度测试、滑动摩擦磨损试验方法对H13钢表面激光熔覆的不同复合涂层的组织及耐磨性能进行分析测试。结果表明,Ni60+Ti C激光熔覆涂层中物相主要为γ-(Fe,Ni)、Fe3C、Cr23C6、Ni2Si及Ti C,激光熔覆层具有较高显微硬度,Ti C的加入及含量增加可使熔覆层组织细化,复合熔覆层硬度提高,Ti C含量为30%时熔覆层内平均硬度最大,为873 HV0.2;激光熔覆Ti C+Ni60复合涂层的耐磨性显著高于H13钢基体,随Ti C含量增加而先增加后降低,Ti C含量20%耐磨性较佳;H13钢基体的磨损机制主要以犁削、切削为主,激光熔覆Ti C/Ni合金复合涂层以脆性剥落机制为主。     

两种超高强度钢控制冷速后相变产物及性能的对比分析

研究了两种新型超高强度钢30Cr3SiNiMoWNb和30Cr Ni5Si2MoNb奥氏体化后以30～3.5℃/min速度冷却的相变产物,及其对随后回火材料强韧性的影响。结果表明,30Cr3Si Ni MoWNb钢奥氏体化后以30和15℃/min冷却得到马氏体组织;以7℃/min冷却,过冷奥氏体的相变产物为马氏体和25%～30%的下贝氏体;以3.5℃/min冷却,过冷奥氏体的相变产物为珠光体、贝氏体和马氏体。30Cr Ni5Si2MoNb钢降低冷却速度后回火强度上升,韧性下降不大,在3.5℃/min冷速时强度达到最高值。与30Cr3SiNiMoWNb钢相比,30Cr Ni5Si2MoNb钢因其合金元素含量高,马氏体形成能力强,更难形成贝氏体和珠光体组织。     

固溶温度对超纯净18Ni(350)马氏体时效钢断裂韧性及微观组织的影响

研究了在1083—1483K温度范围内，固溶温度对超纯净18Ni(350)马氏体时效钢断裂韧性(KIC)的影响．通过透射电镜(TEM)研究了马氏体时效钢微观组织的变化，结合相变曲线和断口扫描电镜(SEM)观察，探讨了固溶温度对断裂韧性的影响机理．结果表明：超纯净马氏体时效钢的断裂韧性(KIC)随着固溶温度的升高或再结晶晶粒尺寸的长大而增加，不存在常见的Ti(C，N)在晶界偏聚而引起的“热脆”现象．固溶态马氏体时效钢由单一的马氏体板条组成，其形貌、间距以及位错密度不受固溶温度的影响．在时效过程中，随着固溶温度的升高或再结晶晶粒的粗化，Ni3(Mo，Ti)等时效析出相在晶界或板条界的偏聚程度逐渐加重并导致基体软化，合金元素Ni，Mo的富集诱发了逆转变奥氏体形成．这使裂纹尖端易于钝化而表现出韧窝状穿晶断裂和保持较高的断裂韧性．     

0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金平衡析出相热力学计算

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,模拟计算了0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金的平衡析出相和凝固过程。结果表明:0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金的平衡析出相主要包括γ、γ′、MC、M23C6;合金凝固过程中Ti和Nb属于正偏析,Cr、Fe、Si等属于负偏析。Al和Ti是影响0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金中γ′相析出温度和最大析出含量的主要因素。MC相的析出温度和最大析出含量主要由C元素决定。M23C6相的析出温度主要由Cr元素决定,M23C6相的析出量主要由C元素控制。0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb优化合金成分(质量分数)为C(0.03%~0.05%)-Al(0.7%~0.9%)-Ti(2%~2.25%)-Nb(0.75%~0.95%)-Cr(13.5%~15.5%)。研究结果可为合金的成分设计和热处理工艺制定提供理论指导。     

Comment on “The role of non-equilibrium segregation in impurity segregation in steels”

The kinetics of impurity segregation in alloy steels can be a strong function of the alloy content. The case discussed here is the effect of molybdenum on the segregation of phosphorus, and a point to be made is that in a steel quenched to form martensite the vacancy content of the parent austenite is of little relevance.     

Characterization of a New Fe-C-Mn-Si-Cr Bearing Alloy: Tempered Martensite Embrittlement Susceptibility

Bearing steels containing 1% C and 1.5% Cr have been the usual material of choice for machine components submitted to rolling and contact fatigue, for more than a century. As a rule these steels are quenched from the intercritical gamma + carbide region and tempered at low temperatures (less than 250 °C), in order to retain the high hardness of the martensite matrix and avoid the tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) phenomena, which compromise the toughness of steels tempered at higher temperatures. A new high Si alloy was developed for bearing applications. The inhibiting and/or retarding effect of Si on the kinetics of cementite precipitation leads to a higher temperature of TME occurrence, allowing the tempering of the components at a higher temperature, thus increasing the toughness, without sacrificing the high hardness. The purpose of this work was to confirm the TME resistance of the new alloy. In this work, impact tests result for commercial SAE/AISI 52100 (0.25% Si) and for a modified 52100 containing 1.74% Si, were compared. No evidence of TME was detected on the Si-modified steel.     

高合金马氏体耐热钢的热变形表观激活能

采用Gleeble-3500试验机对0Cr11Ni2MoVNb、1Cr20Co6Ni2Mo1WV和403Nb高合金马氏体耐热钢进行热压缩试验,结果表明,3种钢的热变形表观激活能分别为461.6、508.1l和571.1 kJ/mol。通过同其他研究对比,发现影响钢的表观激活能的因素主要是碳含量和合金元素含量。在普碳钢以及微合金钢中,合金元素含量少,形成的碳化物少,对钢的表观激活能影响不大;对于高合金钢,一方面是由于碳化物,尤其是细小的NbC粒子对位错的钉扎作用,另一方面是由于合金元素的固溶强化作用,使得高合金钢的热变形表观激活能随钢中碳含量和合金元素含量的增加而增加。     

Bildung und Einfluß von α'-Martensit auf die Spannungsrißkorrosion von Chrom-Nickel-Stählen

Formation of martensite and influence of the latter on stress corrosion cracking of chromium nickel steels Martensite formation depends from alloy composition, deformation and undercooling. By contrast to an industrial alloy corresponding to (DIN) X 10 CrNiTi189 a pure Fe 19 Cr 10 Ni alloy becomes partially martensitic upon deformation and quenching to ?190 °C. Undercooling and subsequent deformation give rise to the addition of deformation and quenching martensite. The formation of α′-martensite is largely suppressed by addition of 2% Mo. Since corrosion resistance in aqueous MgCl₂ solutions increases with the α′-martensite contents, cracks grow predominantly along the martensite plates. Addition of molybdenum reduces stress corrosion resistance because of the suppression of martensite formation. In this type of alloy cracking is intercrystalline nature.     

预置镍基合金片对异种钢UNGW接头组织及性能的影响

研究了预置镍基合金片对15CrMo/1Cr18Ni9Ti异种钢超窄间隙焊接接头组织及性能的影响。结果表明,预置镍基合金片厚度小于0.6 mm时,15CrMo熔合线附近焊缝区部分区域以A模式凝固并形成奥氏体胞状晶,而其它区域仍以FA模式凝固,其组织为等轴晶奥氏体+枝晶状铁素体,并且焊缝中心无凝固裂纹形成。预置0.9~1.2 mm厚的镍基合金片时,焊缝中心因镍偏聚而以A模式凝固,形成粗大的奥氏体柱状枝晶,并有凝固裂纹形成。预置镍基合金片厚度在0.6~0.9 mm时,可使15CrMo熔合线附近焊缝区的Ni质量分数比填充金属(ER347L)的提高约2%,明显比未预置镍基合金片的接头具有更好的抑制碳扩散效果,但当镍基合金片厚度在0.3~1.2 mm范围内变化时接头抑制碳扩散的效果并无明显变化。焊态的异种钢接头不均匀混合区内存在马氏体层,而热时效后在熔合线附近会形成一定宽度的富碳硬化区及贫碳软化区。     

On the use of temperature dependences of the coercive force for an analysis of structural and phase changes that occur upon tempering of alloy carbon steels

The effect of alloying elements Mn, Cr, and Si on the magnetic hysteresis properties of cementite and model steels with a carbon concentration of 0.6 wt % has been studied. It has been shown that alloying with carbide-forming elements (Mn, Cr) reduces the coercive force and the Curie temperature of cementite. Measurements of the temperature dependences of the coercive force of the model steels with carbon content of 0.6 wt % alloyed with manganese, chromium, or silicon have been performed in the temperature range of ?196 to +300°C. It has been established that the local maximum of the coercive force of these steels in this temperature range coincides with the Curie point of the precipitates of the carbide phases. Based on an analysis of the temperature dependences of the coercive force, the content of the alloying element in the precipitates of cementite of steels tempered at different temperatures has been estimated. It has been shown that the character of the dependence of the coercive force of alloy steels on the temperature of tempering in the temperature range of 250–700°C is mainly determined by the coercivity and by the kinetics of the formation of cementite precipitates.     

热循环对Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金形状记忆效应的影响

采用电阻法和OM等手段研究了不同温度区间的热循环对Fe-14Mn-5.5Si-8Cr-5Ni合金微观组织和形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明:298 K～353 K、520 K、773 K和77 K～773 K热循环1次后,合金形状回复率均大幅度提高;298～773 K循环5次后的形状回复率提高了26%,77～773 K热循环5次后的形状回复率提高了36%。热循环显著减少了因淬火热应力导致的热诱发ε马氏体量,并且热诱发ε马氏体的逆转变向基体引入了大量的堆垛层错。与固溶态相比,热循环后再变形不仅使α’马氏体的数量显著减少,而且应力诱发ε马氏体以区域化的方式形成,因而合金的形状记忆效应显著提高。77～773 K的热循环比298～773 K的热循环更能显著提高合金形状记忆效应的原因是由于其引入了更多的堆垛层错。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si alloy modified with Al–3P

Al–Si alloy was modified with Al–3P master alloy at 740 °C. The effects of Si content (7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 wt.%) and adding amount of alterant Al–3P (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.%) on microstructures and tensile properties of the alloy were investigated with optical microscope (OP), Image Pro Plus 6.0, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and universal testing machine. When the content of Al–3P is 0.6 wt.%, the area fraction of primary α(Al) in the Al–Si alloy increases more compared to the unmodified alloy with an increase in Si content, which could be explained by the movement of non-equilibrium eutectic point. When the Si content is constant (Al–10Si), with the increase of Al–3P content, the increased rate in area fraction of primary α(Al) phase in the Al–10Si alloy increases first and then decreases. And when 0.6 wt.% Al–3P is added, the increase in area fraction of primary α(Al) phase is the largest. Compared to the unmodified Al–10Si alloy, the tensile strength and elongation of Al–10Si alloy increase by 2.3% and 47.0%, respectively, after being modified with 0.6 wt.% Al–3P alloy. The fracture mode of the modified Al–10Si alloy is ductile fracture.     

EFFECT OF ALLOY ELEMENTS ON QUASIEQUILIBRIUM MICROSTRUCTURE IN Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr STEELS

The microstructures of Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr steels with medium carbon and the effect of alloy ele-ments on them have been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction quantitative phase ana-lyses,metallography and hardness tests.The volume fraction of martensite in steels quenchedat 1100℃ can be expressed as:f_M~(1100)=162.643-15.482Mn-7.36Ni-4.286(Cr+Mo+V)Based on this expression,the quasi-equilibrium microstructure diagram has been obtained.Itis shown that the effect of Mn on the austenite stability is greater than that of Ni.The equiva-lent [Ni]=2.104Mn+Ni and equivalent [Cr]=Cr+Mo+V.The driving force for martensite transformation at M_s point has been calculated to hedrastically decreased by element Mn.