浅析发电机端电压降低故障现象分析及处理

为了提高发电机端运行安全性,降低发生故障的概率,以QFSN-660-2三相同步汽轮发电机为例,讨论电压降低故障现象,阐述该故障的原理与原因,以及在运行过程中出现故障的表现,提出解决电压降低故障的处理方法与预防建议.电压降低故障对于发电机端运行的影响,需要在今后设备运行与管理中加强关注,重点预防与解决,才能够实现汽轮发电机的稳定运行.     

基于故障树和概率神经网络的风电机组故障诊断方法

风电机组各传动设备之间耦合性强,故障发生的原因复杂、多样,使用单一的故障诊断方法受自身的局限性影响,诊断效果不太理想。针对这一问题,通过分析风力发电机组转速故障数据及其影响因素,以风力发电机转速超限故障为例,提出一种基于故障树和概率神经网络的风电机组发电机转速超限故障智能诊断方法。首先,给出多层故障树构建方法,使用故障树分析法得到故障模式。然后,根据故障树节点关系规则和故障模式,提取风力发电机运行数据的特征值,建立概率神经网络的故障诊断模型,根据实际运行故障样本训练网络,将训练后的网络用于故障诊断。现场实验表明,基于故障树和概率神经网络算法对于风力发电机转速故障诊断准确率显著。     

300MW汽轮机高压缸通流部分故障的热参数模糊诊断

分析了３００ＭＷ汽轮机高压缸通流部分故障与热力过程参数的关系，提出了对汽轮机通流部分故障分层次模糊诊断的方法，并用电厂运行中采集到的实际故障参数对这种方法进行了考核，得到了比较满意的结果。     

基于AR-Hankel矩阵的风力发电机早期故障诊断方法研究

针对风力发电机故障早期阶段,故障特征不明显,继电保护装置检测不到相关电气量异常的问题,文章提出了基于AR模型、Hankel矩阵和奇异值分解的风力发电机早期故障诊断方法。该方法先对主轴径向振动信号进行总体平均经验模式分解,再按照互相关准则选择若干个固有模态函数建立AR模型,然后对自回归系数构建Hankel矩阵并作奇异值分解,将奇异值作为故障特征输入支持向量机判断发电机的运行状态。试验结果表明,该方法能对直驱风力发电机正常运行、定子线圈匝间短路、发电机主轴偏心、发电机轴承磨损4种状态进行准确诊断。     

大型电站对分式凝汽器故障的征兆提取和模糊诊断研究

针对大电站对分式凝汽器的结构特点及现场凝汽系统构成和实际测点布置,运用凝汽器有关原理,建立了对分式凝汽器的动态仿真数学模型,并首次运用基于模型的故障仿真方法结合现场运行经验总结并完善了对分式凝汽器的典型故障征兆集,对故障征兆的具体表达方法进行了有益的探讨,在此基础上运用模糊模式识别方法实现对分式凝汽器故障诊断,改进了模糊诊断的隶属函数,通过诊断实例比较了改进前后的诊断效果。     

自适应学习率的BP网络算法及其在汽轮发电机组故障模糊诊断中的应用

针对ＢＰ网络的不足，提出了自适应学习率的ＢＰ网络算法，从根本上解决了ＢＰ网络学习率的取值问题和收敛速度慢的问题，并有效地克服了ＢＰ网络易陷入局部最小点缺点，采用这种改进算法成功地实现了对汽轮发电机线故障的模糊诊断。     

模糊理论在风力发电机组故障诊断中的应用

模糊理论为基础，结合风力发电机组的实际运行工况、现场运行人员和专家的经验，分析了故障与征兆之间的模糊关系，形成了模糊故障诊断规则，建立了风力发电机组模糊故障诊断自适应修正数学模型。最后对一个具体故障实例加以分析，验证了模糊理论在风力发电机组故障诊断中的可行性。     

基于模糊聚类分析的燃气轮机振动故障诊断研究

通过对燃气轮机振动故障的研究分析,提出一种基于模糊聚类分析的燃气轮机振动故障诊断实践方案。针对某海上平台石油作业区单轴燃气轮机的现场运行状况,通过比利时LMS信号采集分析仪进行目标机组的振动测试,运用模糊聚类分析原理对振动故障进行分类,并充分利用各种振动故障征兆,建立燃气轮机振动故障模糊关系方程,通过计算查找机组故障原因,更准确地进行燃气轮机的故障识别及诊断。通过现场验证,对于燃气轮机发电机组的可靠性运行产生一定的积极作用。     

发电机定子单相接地故障诊断模型研究与设计

发电机定子单相接地故障较为常见,其对发电机安全运行构成威胁,如何设计发电机定子单相接地故障诊断模型对判断发电机安全可靠运行有重要意义。本文从软件设计的角度综合考虑包括事件描述、数据输入和输出、所用算法及逻辑关系等,未软件实现发电机定子接地故障诊断判断提供方法和基础。     

黑体炉系统故障诊断专家系统实现问题

为了实现黑体炉系统已发故障或潜在故障的快速高效诊断,根据黑体炉系统运行过程特征参数知识表示的模糊特性,建立了多库多层次方式的知识库,并采用黑体炉故障类型诊断的反向推理和故障原因分析及故障消除措施正向推理相结合的混合推理机制设计了总体目标推理和级目标推理相结合的推理机.该系统采用Visual Basic6.0进行编程,在windows xp平台上运行.应用效果表明,黑体炉故障诊断专家系统的预报准确率较高,具有较大的实用性.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.