发酵木糖酵母菌株的选育

本文介绍了发酵木糖产酒精酵母菌种的筛选方法并利用该方法筛选出一株性能优良的发酵木糖产酒精酵母菌株Zs。该菌株性能测试结果为：发酵木糖产乙醇能力相当于理论产量的60．0％；发酵葡萄糖浓度为8％的发酵液，乙醇转化率为0.388g/g；最低乙醇抑制浓度14％（v/v)；在温度高达42℃的条件下仍能正常生长。并初步鉴定该菌株为奥默毕赤氏酵母（Pichia ahmeri)。     

TTC在发酵木糖高产乙醇的休哈塔假丝酵母选育中的应用

TTC可以作为筛选发酵葡萄糖产酒精能力强的酵母茵的显色剂,但发酵木糖产乙醇的酵母茵的代谢和发酵途径与之相比都有所不同,本实验用TTC作为初筛显色剂筛选发酵木糖产酒精能力较强的休哈塔假丝酵母.紫外诱变后从TTC平板上挑取显红色菌株150株进行摇瓶发酵测定乙醇产量,得到的正突变率为29%,负突变率为10%;挑取显白色菌株100株,得到的正突变率为0,负突变率为56%.将紫外诱变后产量已经有所提高的突变株S28进行氮离子注入诱变,从TTC平板上挑取显红色菌株100株进行摇瓶发酵测定乙醇产量,得到的正突变率为20.05%,负突变率为10.14%,其中的部分突变株的产量相比S28又有所提高.可见TTC能将乙醇产量较低的菌株淘汰,筛选出乙醇产量高的休哈塔假丝酵母菌.     

耐高温高产酒精酵母菌的筛选鉴定及特性研究

为了筛选耐高温产酒精酵母菌,以贵州省茅台镇酱香型酒厂的第四轮次酒醅为实验材料,采用平板划线分离法筛选出37株酵母菌,从37株酵母菌中通过热致死温度、TTC染色法获得1株耐高温且高产酒精的J18菌株,对其在最高发酵温度的耐乙醇、耐酸、耐糖及发酵力进行了研究。结果表明：J18菌株的最高发酵温度为44℃,耐乙醇浓度18%vol,最适生长pH值为5.5;最适生长葡萄糖浓度为35%,最适发酵条件下发酵力为4.881 g/100 mL。对该菌株进行形态学鉴定和26S rDNA测序,确定该菌株为酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。     

Candida shehatae 的纯化及其利用木糖和葡萄糖发酵的特性研究

通过对休哈塔假丝酵母TZ1 分离纯化以获取高产乙醇菌株,并对木糖、葡萄糖以及不同比例的混合糖发酵产乙醇进行实验研究。结果显示,筛选出的TZ8-13 对木糖和葡萄糖都有良好的发酵性能,糖浓度为60g/L 时的乙醇产量分别达到了21.6g/L 和24.2g/L,糖利用率分别为97.81%(72h)和99.13%(36h),较初始菌株TZ1 发酵木糖乙醇产量提高了55.38%、木糖利用率提高了19.54%;混合糖发酵存在糖的二次利用关系,TZ8-13 首先利用葡萄糖。木糖和葡萄糖比为1:1 时乙醇产量为22.8g/L。     

多耐性酒精酵母菌的选育及特性研究

以酿酒酵母spc1,Y14,S16为出发菌株,经紫外线诱变和筛选,获得了3株对温度、乙醇浓度、pH耐性有所提高的正向突变株UVs,UV14,UV16;以这些菌株为出发菌株,进行三轮原生质体融合,最终获得了能耐受48℃,19%vol乙醇浓度和耐酸(pH 2.6)的酵母菌TY33.该突变株对温度和耐酒精能力分别提高了17.1%和58.3%.该菌株在35℃下发酵72h酒精产量为101.58g/L,比出发菌株spc1在35℃发酵液中最高乙醇浓度83.82g/L提高了21.1%.     

多样品耐高温产乙醇酵母的筛选及生长特性研究

从未经蒸煮的压滤酒糟、蒸煮酒糟、菜园土壤以及家用面头等4种样品中,经菌种富集、纯化、耐酒精和耐高温的驯化以及发酵产气和产乙醇能力的比较,选育出一株耐性优良的高产菌株LZ2.该菌株的最低乙醇致死浓度为22%(v/v),37～40℃生长良好,在10°麦汁的初步发酵研究中,40℃条件下发酵5d,最终乙醇浓度为5.21%(v/v),发酵液中残还原糖和总糖浓度分别为12.751mg/mL和32.758mg/mL.该菌的成功选育为酵母菌实际利用稻草粉的同步糖化发酵提供了菌种来源.     

耐高温酵母的筛选鉴定及发酵性能的初步研究

为获得耐高温酵母菌,从白酒糟醅中分离筛选出1株在45℃生长良好且产乙醇能力较高的酵母菌株.经ITS和26S rDNAD1/D2区域序列分析比对,结合菌落菌体形态鉴定其为库德毕赤酵母.其最适生长温度为30℃,与安琪酵母相比较,高温条件下生长优势明显.以浓度为10％ (w/v)的葡萄糖为底物,在45℃进行静置发酵,其产乙醇浓度为18.74g/L,安琪酵母产乙醇浓度为11.40g/L,该菌株较安琪酵母表现出明显的优势.     

发酵木糖高产乙醇休哈塔假丝酵母突变株的选育

木糖的乙醇发酵是利用木质纤维原料生产乙醇的关键环节。休哈塔假丝酵母是木糖发酵性能较好的天然酵母之一。研究中对Candida shehatae CICC1766进行了紫外诱变和离子注入诱变,力求选育出发酵木糖产乙醇能力强的假丝酵母。先将其进行紫外诱变,得到的突变株S28在木糖添加量为60g/L的条件下乙醇产量为2364g/L,相比原始菌株提高1498%,乙醇得率达到0394g/g(乙醇/木糖)。再对S28进行氮离子注入诱变,得到的突变株SY58乙醇产量为2508g/L,相比S28提高609%,乙醇得率为0418g/g(乙醇/木糖),达到理论得率的908%。进而对SY58菌株进行了5L罐发酵实验,乙醇产量达到2504g/L,得率为0417g/g(乙醇/木糖),同摇瓶发酵结果基本相同,并且发酵时间由原来的72h缩短到52h。     

黑麦草纤维发酵产乙醇菌种的筛选及特性研究

从酒渣、土壤和酵母粉3种样品中筛选出可利用黑麦草纤维发酵生产乙醇的菌种。试验利用梯度法和划线分离法从3种样品中筛选出18株酵母菌,其中有3菌株可高效利用木糖,通过理化分析及预发酵试验,确定其中的Rr菌株最适合黑麦草纤维的发酵;并对其耐受性的研究表明,其pH值耐受范围为3.3~5.2、最佳木糖浓度为0.02g/mL、耐受NaCl浓度范围为0.00~0.04g/mL、耐受乙醇浓度为0%vol~4%vol。     

青海东部野生酵母菌株抗性及发酵特性研究

以分离自青海的97株野生酵母菌株为材料,通过杜氏管发酵法初筛出35株发酵力强、有香味的酵母菌株,对其抗性和发酵特性进行研究.结果表明,35株酵母菌对SO2具有高度的抗性,大部分菌株在SO2浓度为600 mg/L时仍可正常生长并发酵;有7株耐NaCl高达120.0g/L,菌株QXN2在160.0 g/L的浓度下仍可正常生长并发酵;但大多数菌株的酒精耐受力弱,仅有6株可耐12%vol的乙醇,但已不能发酵产气;部分酵母菌株的耐温性较高,如菌株QHL4、QXS1、QJD12可耐受55℃高温;pH耐受范围在2.5～12.0之间,大部分菌株可在600 g/L的葡萄糖溶液中生长,其中9株仍可发酵产气.这9株发酵力较好且产香酵母的酒精发酵结果表明,4株产酒精度为0,具有浓郁的芳香;4株产酒度在2.1%vol～2.4%vol之间,且残糖较低,有浓郁果香.优良酵母菌株有望应用于面包生产、无醇饮料的开发、工业废水处理等领域.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.